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Analysis of Authentic Brand Activism Activities on Twitter from a Public Relations Perspective: The Case of Ben&Jerry’s and Patagonia

Year 2022, Issue: 39, 73 - 103, 29.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1019457

Abstract

Consumers’ expectation of brands to be sensitive to social problems and their solutions has led some brands
to take part in activist movements in line with their corporate culture, field of activity and management
approach. This activist strategy, which is described as brand activism, while is at the point of voicing and
solving social issues; intersecting with sustainability, it has turned into one of the new fields of activity of
the discipline of public relations. In this context, the main purpose of the study is to analyze the activist
posts of Ben&Jerry’s and Patagonia brands on social media in the United States, where brand activism
activities are intense; determine the strategies and types of brand activism they implement. In this regard,
the substance of activist content in the Twitter accounts of the relevant brands between 01 January 2021 and
31 October 2021 was analyzed by qualitative and quantitative content analysis method in the context of the
quality of their messages, message approach, source, interaction level, mobilization and public strategies
used. As a result of the research, both brands exhibited a progressive attitude; It has been determined that
they engaged in brand activism activities on Twitter; Ben&Jerry’s social activism on different issues; It has
been also determined that Patagonia carries out environmental activism activities. In addition, in line with
activist values and strategies; It has been determined that both brands carry out different digital activism
activities on Twitter such as an online signature campaign and a call to action, they create links to their
own pages and the pages of various social movement organizations in order to create interaction, and they
effectively use traditional public relations strategies such as public disclosure.

References

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  • Bhagwat, Y., Warren, N. L., Beck, J. T., & Watson IV, G. F. (2020). Corporate sociopolitical activism and firm value. Journal of Marketing, 84(5), 1–21.
  • Bıçakçı, A.B. (2012). Sürdürülebilirlik yönetiminde halkla ilişkilerin rolü. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 47-56.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. vd. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Castells, M. (2012). İsyan ve umut ağları: İnternet çağında toplumsal hareketler. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
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  • Clement, M. (2020). Patagonia brand manifests success through environmental activism. Retrived from: https:// www.nxtbookmedia.com/blog/patagonia-manifests-brand-success-through-environmental-activism/
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  • Çetinkaya, A. & Dondurucu, Z. B. (2021). Markalar Politik Olabilir mi? Türkiye ve ABD’deki Politik Marka Aktivizmi Örnekleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme. Ö. Seçim & D. Çiftçi (Ed.). Siyasal İletişimciler Diyor ki içinde (ss. 63-117). Konya: Literatürk.
  • Çetinkaya, A., Dondurucu, Z.B. & Yetkin Cılızoğlu, G. (2020). Brand activism in the new media age: USA and Turkey Samples. S. Darıcı (Ed.), Consumer from communication, marketing and advertising perspectives içinde. (ss.1-36). Poland: Sciendo.
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  • Dodd, M. D. & Supa, D. W. (2014). Conceptualizing and measuring ‘corporate social advocacy’ communication: Examining the impact on corporate financial performance. Public Relations Journal, 8 (3), 1–23.
  • Dondurucu, Z. B. (2019). Çevre hareketi bağlamında sivil toplum örgütlerinin sosyal medya platfomlarında iletişim süreci: Greenpeace ve WWF örneği. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Kocaeli: Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
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  • Holtzhausen, D. (2007). Activism. In E. Toth (Ed.). The future of excellence in public relations and communication management (ss. 357-379). London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Hoppner, J.J. & Vadakkepatt, G.G. (2019). Examining moral authority in the marketplace: A conceptualization and framework, Journal of Business Research, 95, 417-427.
  • Jamoneau, M. (2019). Brand activism: An analysis on how brand activism could ınfluence the buying behaviour of dutch consumers. Master Thesis. Holland: Erasmus University of Rotterdam.
  • Kam, C. D., & Deichert, M. (2020). Boycotting, buycotting, and the psychology of political consumerism. Journal of Politics, 82(1), 72–88.
  • Korkmaz, A. (2015). Yeni toplumsal hareketler ve Twitter. S. Ersöz Karakulakoğlu & Ö. Uğurlu (Ed.). İletişim çalışmalarında dijital yaklaşımlar: Twitter içinde (ss. 93-116). Ankara: Heratik Basın Yayın.
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  • Kumar, N. (2020). Study the impact of brand activism and political activism on marketing trends. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(10), 2010-2021.
  • Lee, M. & Yoon, H. J. (2020). When brand activism advertising campaign goes viral: An analysis of always #likeagirl video networks on youtube. International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology, 8(2).146- 158.
  • Lelandais, G. E. (2009). Sosyal hareket teorileri ve küreselleşme. B. Çoban (Ed.). Küreselleşme, direniş ve ütopya: Küreselleşme çağında toplumsal muhalefet içinde (ss. 63-90). İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayınları.
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Twitter’da Otantik Marka Aktivizmi Faaliyetlerinin Halkla İlişkiler Perspektifinden Analizi: Ben&Jerry’s ve Patagonia Örneği

Year 2022, Issue: 39, 73 - 103, 29.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1019457

Abstract

Tüketicilerin markalardan toplumsal sorunlara ve çözümlerine duyarlı olmalarını beklemeleri, bazı markaların
kurumsal kültürlerine, faaliyet alanlarına ve yönetim anlayışlarına uygun aktivist hareketler içinde yer
almalarına neden olmuştur. Marka aktivizmi olarak nitelendirilen bu aktivist strateji, toplumsal meselelerin
dile getirilmesi ve çözümü noktasında; sürdürülebilirlikle kesişerek, halkla ilişkileri disiplininin yeni faaliyet
alanlarından birine dönüşmüştür. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın temel amacı, marka aktivizmi faaliyetlerinin
yoğun biçimde gerçekleştiği Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde, Ben&Jerry’s ve Patagonia markalarının sosyal
medyada gerçekleştirdikleri aktivist paylaşımları analiz ederek; uyguladıkları marka aktivizmi stratejileri
ve türlerini belirlemektedir. Bu amaçla, ilgili markaların Twitter hesaplarında 01 Ocak 2021-31 Ekim 2021
tarihleri arasında aktivist özellik taşıyan içerikler, iletilerinin niteliği, mesaj yaklaşımı, kaynak, etkileşim
düzeyi, kullanılan mobilizasyon ve halkla stratejileri bağlamında nitel ve nicel içerik analizi yöntemiyle analiz
edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda her iki markanın da ilerici bir tutum sergileyerek; Twitter’da marka aktivizmi
faaliyetlerinde bulunduğu saptanmış olup; Ben&Jerry’s’in farklı konularda sosyal aktivizm; Patagonia’nın ise
çevresel aktivizm faaliyetleri gerçekleştirdiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, çalışmada aktivist değer ve stratejileri
doğrultusunda; iki markanın da Twitter’da çevrimiçi imza kampanyası ve eylem çağrısı gibi farklı dijital
aktivizm faaliyetleri gerçekleştirdikleri, etkileşim oluşturma amacıyla kendi sayfalarına ve çeşitli toplumsal
hareket örgütlerinin sayfalarına yönelik bağlantılar oluşturdukları ve kamuoyu açıklaması gibi geleneksel
halkla ilişkiler stratejilerini etkin kullandıkları saptanmıştır.

References

  • Ackland, R. (2013). Web social science: Concepts, data and tools for social scientists in the digital age. London: Sage Publications.
  • Alhouti, S., Johnson, C. M. & Holloway, B. B. (2016). Corporate social responsibility authenticity: Investigating its antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 69 (3), 1242–49.
  • Aydınoğlu, M. & Susur, M. (2021). Destek olmak veya ol(a)mamak: Marka aktivizmi bağlamında bir değerlendirme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 8(2), 847-869.
  • Baxter, L. A. & Babbie E. R. (2004). The basics of communication research. USA: Thompson and Wadsworth.
  • Ben &Jerry’s (2021). Activism. Retrived from: https://www.benjerry.com/values
  • Bennett, W. L. & Segerberg, A. (2015). Bağlantısal eylemin mantığı: Sayısal medya ve çekişmeci siyasetin kişiselleştirilmesi (B. Özçetin, Çev.). Folklor ve Edebiyat Dergisi Yeni Medya Çalışmaları Özel Sayısı, 21 (83): 49-74.
  • Bhagwat, Y., Warren, N. L., Beck, J. T., & Watson IV, G. F. (2020). Corporate sociopolitical activism and firm value. Journal of Marketing, 84(5), 1–21.
  • Bıçakçı, A.B. (2012). Sürdürülebilirlik yönetiminde halkla ilişkilerin rolü. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 47-56.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. vd. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Castells, M. (2012). İsyan ve umut ağları: İnternet çağında toplumsal hareketler. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Champlin, S., Sterbenk, Y., James, J. & Griffin, G. (2019). Special topics session: From Nike to Pepsi: Best and worst practices in brand activism research and teaching. American Academy of Advertising Conference Proceedings, 24–27.
  • Clement, M. (2020). Patagonia brand manifests success through environmental activism. Retrived from: https:// www.nxtbookmedia.com/blog/patagonia-manifests-brand-success-through-environmental-activism/
  • Coombs, T. W. & Holladay, S. J. (2010). PR strategy and application. United Kingdom: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Çetinkaya, A. & Dondurucu, Z. B. (2021). Markalar Politik Olabilir mi? Türkiye ve ABD’deki Politik Marka Aktivizmi Örnekleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme. Ö. Seçim & D. Çiftçi (Ed.). Siyasal İletişimciler Diyor ki içinde (ss. 63-117). Konya: Literatürk.
  • Çetinkaya, A., Dondurucu, Z.B. & Yetkin Cılızoğlu, G. (2020). Brand activism in the new media age: USA and Turkey Samples. S. Darıcı (Ed.), Consumer from communication, marketing and advertising perspectives içinde. (ss.1-36). Poland: Sciendo.
  • Çetinkaya, D.(2015). Tarih ve kuram arasında toplumsal hareketler. D. Çetinkaya (Ed.), Toplumsal hareketler, tarih, teori, deneyim içinde (ss.25-74.) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Denning, E. D. (2000), Activism, hacktivism, and cyberterrorism: the ınternet as a tool for ınfluencing foreign policy. The Computer Security Journal, 17(3), 15-35.
  • Dodd, M. D. & Supa, D. W. (2014). Conceptualizing and measuring ‘corporate social advocacy’ communication: Examining the impact on corporate financial performance. Public Relations Journal, 8 (3), 1–23.
  • Dondurucu, Z. B. (2019). Çevre hareketi bağlamında sivil toplum örgütlerinin sosyal medya platfomlarında iletişim süreci: Greenpeace ve WWF örneği. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Kocaeli: Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. B. & Sen, S. (2010). Maximizing business returns to corporate social responsibility (csr): The role of csr communication. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12 (1), 8–19.
  • Edelman, 21st Annual Edelman Trust Barometer (2021). Retrieved from https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/ files/aatuss191/files/2021-03/2021%20Edelman%20Trust%20Barometer.pdf
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  • Gray, A. (2019). Brands take a stand for good: The effect of brand activism on social media engagement. Master Thesis. Durham: University of New Hampshire.
  • Göker, G. (2014). Yeni toplumsal hareketler ve internet ilişkisi: Türkiye’de muhalif toplumsal hareketlerin e-grupları. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Hermann, A. (2020). Ensuring brand activism in ıntegrated marketing communications campaigns resonates with millennial consumers. Undergraduate Thesis. USA: University of Mississippi.
  • Holtzhausen, D. (2007). Activism. In E. Toth (Ed.). The future of excellence in public relations and communication management (ss. 357-379). London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Hoppner, J.J. & Vadakkepatt, G.G. (2019). Examining moral authority in the marketplace: A conceptualization and framework, Journal of Business Research, 95, 417-427.
  • Jamoneau, M. (2019). Brand activism: An analysis on how brand activism could ınfluence the buying behaviour of dutch consumers. Master Thesis. Holland: Erasmus University of Rotterdam.
  • Kam, C. D., & Deichert, M. (2020). Boycotting, buycotting, and the psychology of political consumerism. Journal of Politics, 82(1), 72–88.
  • Korkmaz, A. (2015). Yeni toplumsal hareketler ve Twitter. S. Ersöz Karakulakoğlu & Ö. Uğurlu (Ed.). İletişim çalışmalarında dijital yaklaşımlar: Twitter içinde (ss. 93-116). Ankara: Heratik Basın Yayın.
  • Kotler, P. &, Sarkar, C. (2017). Finally, brand activism! The Marketing Journal (January 9). Retrived from http:// www.marketingjournal.org/finally-brand-activism-philip-kotler-and-chris tian-sarkar/.
  • Kumar, N. (2020). Study the impact of brand activism and political activism on marketing trends. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(10), 2010-2021.
  • Lee, M. & Yoon, H. J. (2020). When brand activism advertising campaign goes viral: An analysis of always #likeagirl video networks on youtube. International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology, 8(2).146- 158.
  • Lelandais, G. E. (2009). Sosyal hareket teorileri ve küreselleşme. B. Çoban (Ed.). Küreselleşme, direniş ve ütopya: Küreselleşme çağında toplumsal muhalefet içinde (ss. 63-90). İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayınları.
  • Lievrouw, L. A. (2001). Alternative and activist new media. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Manfredi-Sánchez, J. L. (2019). Brand activism. Communication &Society, 32(4), 343-359.
  • Marzilli, T. (2017). Brands and politics: Spotlight on Starbucks. Retrived from: YouGov BrandIndex website https://www.brandindex.com/article/brands-and-politics-spotlight-on-starbucks.
  • Moorman, C. (2018). Brands taking a stand: Authentic brand activism or woke washing?. Forbes, Retrived from https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinemoorman.
  • Moorman, C. (2020). Commentary: Brand activism in a political world. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 39(4), 388-392.
  • Mukherjee, S. & Althuizen, N. (2018). Brand activism: does courting controversy help or hurt a brand? International Journal of Research in Marketing (published online March 13), 1-17.
  • Nalick, M., Josefy, M., Zardkoohi, A., & Bierman, L. (2016). Corporate sociopolitical involvement: A reflection of whose preferences?. Academy of Management Perspectives, 30 (4), 384–403.
  • Offe, C. (2016). Yeni sosyal hareketler kurumsal politikanın sınırlarının zorlanması. K. Çayır (Ed.). Yeni sosyal hareketler – teorik açılımlar içinde, (ss.47-73). İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Patagonia (2021). Activism. Retrieved from https://www.patagonia.com/activism/
  • Pomering, A. & Dolnicar, S. (2009). Assessing the prerequisite of successful CSR implementation: are consumers aware of CSR initiatives? Journal of Business Ethics, 85(2): 285-301.
  • Sarkar, C. & Kotler, P. (2018). Brand activism: From purpose to action. Idea Bite Press.
  • Serin N. & Sinha, J. (2021). Is brand activism the new normal? scale development and application. T. Williams Bradford, A Keinan & M. Thomson (Ed.). Advances in consumer research vol. 49 içinde (ss. 535-536). Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research.
  • Shetty, S. vd. (2019). Brand activism and millennials: An empirical investigation into the perception of millennials towards brand activism, Problems and Perspectives in Management 17(4),162-175.
  • Smith, N. C. & Korschun, D. (2018). Finding the middle ground in a politically polarized world. MIT Sloan Management Review, 60 (1), 1–6.
  • Sproutsocial, (2019). Brands creating change in the conscious consumer era. Retrieved from https://media. sproutsocial.com/uploads/SproutSocial-BrandsGetReal-StandUp-StandAside.pdf
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Aysel Çetinkaya 0000-0003-2526-323X

Zeynep Dondurucu 0000-0002-2634-1001

Publication Date April 29, 2022
Submission Date November 5, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 39

Cite

APA Çetinkaya, A., & Dondurucu, Z. (2022). Twitter’da Otantik Marka Aktivizmi Faaliyetlerinin Halkla İlişkiler Perspektifinden Analizi: Ben&Jerry’s ve Patagonia Örneği. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi(39), 73-103. https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1019457

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