Research Article
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Examining the Levels of Intercultural Sensitivity of Tourist Guides

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 96 - 107, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.34090/tured.1722275

Abstract

Purpose and Importance: The purpose of this study is to examine the intercultural sensitivity levels of active tour guides working in the Central Anatolia and Western Black Sea Regions in terms of age and gender. With the impact of globalization, the decisive role of tour guides' intercultural sensitivity levels in service quality, tourist satisfaction, and cultural interaction processes is becoming increasingly important. In this context, this study aims to contribute to the relevant literature and make theoretical and practical contributions to the field of tourism guiding by analyzing how intercultural sensitivity varies according to demographic variables.

Methodology: Quantitative research methods were used in the study. Data were collected using the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS), a 24-item, 5-factor scale developed by Chen and Starosta (2000). The study sample consisted of 352 active tour guides working in the Central Anatolia and Western Black Sea Regions, out of 13,638 tour guides registered with TUREB. Data were collected through online and face-to-face surveys between November and December 2024. A reliability test (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.853), normal distribution checks (skewness and kurtosis values), an independent samples t-test, and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted. Tukey's post-hoc test was used for differences between groups.

Findings: The intercultural sensitivity levels of the participants in the sample differed significantly by age. Guides under the age of 25 had higher sensitivity levels than other age groups. Guides aged 50 and over had the lowest sensitivity levels. On the other hand, no significant difference was found between male and female guides in terms of intercultural sensitivity levels.

Originality/Value: This study is one of the few studies examining the intercultural sensitivity levels of tourist guides in Turkey within the context of demographic variables. The finding that younger age groups, in particular, have higher intercultural sensitivity, and that this situation is explained by globalization and digital media interactions, makes an original contribution from both sectoral and academic perspectives. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of intercultural sensitivity in the guiding profession and offers recommendations for training and professional development programs.

Limitations: The study is limited to tour guides working exclusively in the Central Anatolia and Western Black Sea regions. Data were collected only between November and December 2024; therefore, temporal variability was ignored.

Practical Implications: The study results may guide practices such as strengthening the content of tour guide training programs with intercultural sensitivity modules, incorporating intercultural interaction scenarios into professional development training, and encouraging young guides to participate in international exchange programs. Furthermore, it is recommended that criteria measuring intercultural sensitivity be added to guide certification and professional qualification criteria.

References

  • Arasaratnam, L. A. (2009). The development of a new instrument of intercultural communication competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 38(2), 87-98.
  • Arasaratnam, L. A. & Doerfel, M. L. (2005). Intercultural communication competence: Identifying key components from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(2), 137–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.04.001
  • Bakshi, I., Sharma, S., & Sharma, S. (2025). Impact of cross cultural training on enhancing customer experience in Hotels of Amritsar. International Journal of Education, Culture and Society, 10(2), 82-92. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijecs.20251002.13
  • Bennett, M. J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10(2), 179-196.
  • Bennett, M. J. (1993a). Intercultural sensitivity: Principles and practices. Portland State University.
  • Bennett, M. J. (1993b). Toward ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In R. M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 21-71). Intercultural Press.
  • Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. (1992). The measurement of intercultural sensitivity using the concepts of individualism and collectivism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16(4), 413-436.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2005). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (5th ed.) Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Multilingual Matters.
  • Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2000). The development and validation of the intercultural Sensitivity Scale. Human Communication, 3(1), 1-15.
  • Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12(1), 5-29.
  • Çokal, Z. (2023). Turist rehberlerinin mesleki yeterliliklerinin önem performans analizine göre değerlendirilmesi. Turist Rehberliği Dergisi, 6(2), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.34090/tured.1336682
  • Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 241-266.
  • Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421-443.
  • Heinzmann, S., Künzle, R., Schallhart, N., & Müller, M. (2015). The effect of study abroad on intercultural competence: Results from a longitudinal quasi experimental study. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 151-169.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Huang, S., Hsu, C. H., & Chan, A. (2010). Tour guide performance and tourist satisfaction: A study of the package tours in Shanghai. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 34(1), 3-33.
  • Jaworski, A., & Pritchard, A. (Eds.). (2005). Discourse, communication and tourism (Vol. 5). Channel View Publications.
  • Kim, Y. Y. (2012). Intercultural personhood: Globalization and a way of being. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(5), 726-732.
  • Mattila, A. S. (2000). The role of culture in the service evaluation process. Journal of Service Research, 3(2), 250-261.
  • Mesleki Yeterlilik Kurumu. (2010). Profesyonel turist rehberi (Seviye 5) Ulusal meslek standardı. https://www.myk.gov.tr/images/articles/editor/PROFESYONELTURST_REHBER_STANDART.docMYK
  • Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. (2012). Hofstede’s fifth dimension: New evidence from the World Values Survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(1), 3-14.
  • Reisinger, Y., & Turner, L. (2003). Cross-cultural behaviour in tourism: Concepts and analysis. Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Richter, L. K. (2018). The role of tour guides in intercultural communication. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 16(1), 49-65.
  • Salazar, N. B. (2006). Tourism and glocalization: Local tour guiding. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 628-646.
  • Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & McDaniel, E. R. (2010) Communication between cultures. (7th Edition). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
  • Schartner, A. (2015). The effect of study abroad on intercultural competence: A longitudinal case study of international postgraduate students at a British university. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 37(4), 402-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1073737
  • Sharma, B. K. (2018). Training workers for intercultural communication in tourism. Language and Intercultural Communication, 18(4), 408-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2018.1478849
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı (Çev. M. Baloğlu). Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Wang, K. C., Hsieh, A. T., & Chen, W. Y. (2002). Is the tour leader an effective communicator? Tourism Management, 23(4), 371-382.
  • Williams, T. R. (2005). Exploring the impact of study abroad on students' intercultural communication skills: Adaptability and sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(4), 356-371.

Turist Rehberlerinin Kültürlerarası Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 96 - 107, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.34090/tured.1722275

Abstract

Amaç ve Önem: Bu çalışmanın amacı, İç Anadolu ve Batı Karadeniz Bölgelerinde görev yapan eylemli turist rehberlerinin kültürlerarası duyarlılık düzeylerini yaş ve cinsiyet değişkenleri açısından incelemektir. Küreselleşmenin etkisiyle birlikte, turist rehberlerinin kültürlerarası duyarlılık düzeylerinin hizmet kalitesi, turist memnuniyeti ve kültürel etkileşim süreçleri üzerindeki belirleyici rolü giderek daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, kültürlerarası duyarlılığın demografik değişkenlere göre nasıl farklılaştığını analiz ederek, ilgili literatüre katkı sağlamayı ve turizm rehberliği alanına kuramsal ve uygulamalı katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Yöntem: Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veriler, Chen ve Starosta (2000) tarafından geliştirilen, 24 madde ve 5 faktörden oluşan Kültürlerarası Duyarlılık Ölçeği (ISS) ile toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini, TUREB’e kayıtlı 13.638 rehberden, İç Anadolu ve Batı Karadeniz Bölgelerinde eylemli olarak görev yapan 352 rehber oluşturmuştur. Veriler Kasım-Aralık 2024 tarihleri arasında çevrimiçi ve yüz yüze anketlerle toplanmıştır. Güvenirlik testi (Cronbach Alpha = 0,853), normal dağılım kontrolleri (çarpıklık ve basıklık değerleri), bağımsız örneklem t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) yapılmıştır. Gruplar arası farklarda Tukey post-hoc testi kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular: Örneklemde yer alan katılımcıların kültürlerarası duyarlılık düzeyleri yaşa göre anlamlı biçimde farklılık göstermektedir. 25 yaş altı rehberler, diğer yaş gruplarına göre daha yüksek duyarlılık düzeyine sahiptir. 50 yaş ve üzeri rehberler ise en düşük duyarlılık düzeyine sahiptir. Diğer yandan kadın ve erkek rehberler arasında kültürlerarası duyarlılık düzeyleri açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır.

Özgünlük/Bilimsel Katkı: Araştırma, Türkiye’de turist rehberlerinin kültürlerarası duyarlılık düzeylerini demografik değişkenler bağlamında inceleyen sayılı çalışmalardan biridir. Özellikle genç yaş gruplarının daha yüksek kültürlerarası duyarlılığa sahip olduğunu göstermesi ve bu durumun küreselleşme ve dijital medya etkileşimleriyle açıklanması, sektörel ve akademik açıdan özgün katkı sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca çalışma, rehberlik mesleğinde kültürlerarası duyarlılığın önemine vurgu yaparak, eğitim ve mesleki gelişim programları için öneriler sunmaktadır.

Sınırlılıklar: Araştırma yalnızca İç Anadolu ve Batı Karadeniz Bölgelerinde eylemli olarak görev yapan turist rehberleriyle sınırlıdır. Veriler sadece Kasım-Aralık 2024 döneminde toplanmıştır; bu nedenle zamansal değişkenlik göz ardı edilmiştir.

Uygulanabilirlik: Araştırma sonuçları, turist rehberliği eğitim programlarının içeriklerinin kültürlerarası duyarlılık modülleriyle güçlendirilmesi, meslek içi gelişim eğitimlerinde kültürlerarası etkileşim senaryolarının kullanılması ve genç rehberlerin uluslararası değişim programlarına teşvik edilmesi gibi uygulamalara yön verebilir. Ayrıca rehber sertifikalandırma ve mesleki yeterlilik kriterlerine kültürlerarası duyarlılığı ölçen kriterlerin eklenmesi önerilebilir.

References

  • Arasaratnam, L. A. (2009). The development of a new instrument of intercultural communication competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 38(2), 87-98.
  • Arasaratnam, L. A. & Doerfel, M. L. (2005). Intercultural communication competence: Identifying key components from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(2), 137–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.04.001
  • Bakshi, I., Sharma, S., & Sharma, S. (2025). Impact of cross cultural training on enhancing customer experience in Hotels of Amritsar. International Journal of Education, Culture and Society, 10(2), 82-92. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijecs.20251002.13
  • Bennett, M. J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10(2), 179-196.
  • Bennett, M. J. (1993a). Intercultural sensitivity: Principles and practices. Portland State University.
  • Bennett, M. J. (1993b). Toward ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In R. M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 21-71). Intercultural Press.
  • Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. (1992). The measurement of intercultural sensitivity using the concepts of individualism and collectivism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16(4), 413-436.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2005). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (5th ed.) Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Multilingual Matters.
  • Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2000). The development and validation of the intercultural Sensitivity Scale. Human Communication, 3(1), 1-15.
  • Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12(1), 5-29.
  • Çokal, Z. (2023). Turist rehberlerinin mesleki yeterliliklerinin önem performans analizine göre değerlendirilmesi. Turist Rehberliği Dergisi, 6(2), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.34090/tured.1336682
  • Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 241-266.
  • Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421-443.
  • Heinzmann, S., Künzle, R., Schallhart, N., & Müller, M. (2015). The effect of study abroad on intercultural competence: Results from a longitudinal quasi experimental study. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 151-169.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Huang, S., Hsu, C. H., & Chan, A. (2010). Tour guide performance and tourist satisfaction: A study of the package tours in Shanghai. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 34(1), 3-33.
  • Jaworski, A., & Pritchard, A. (Eds.). (2005). Discourse, communication and tourism (Vol. 5). Channel View Publications.
  • Kim, Y. Y. (2012). Intercultural personhood: Globalization and a way of being. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(5), 726-732.
  • Mattila, A. S. (2000). The role of culture in the service evaluation process. Journal of Service Research, 3(2), 250-261.
  • Mesleki Yeterlilik Kurumu. (2010). Profesyonel turist rehberi (Seviye 5) Ulusal meslek standardı. https://www.myk.gov.tr/images/articles/editor/PROFESYONELTURST_REHBER_STANDART.docMYK
  • Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. (2012). Hofstede’s fifth dimension: New evidence from the World Values Survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(1), 3-14.
  • Reisinger, Y., & Turner, L. (2003). Cross-cultural behaviour in tourism: Concepts and analysis. Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Richter, L. K. (2018). The role of tour guides in intercultural communication. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 16(1), 49-65.
  • Salazar, N. B. (2006). Tourism and glocalization: Local tour guiding. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 628-646.
  • Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & McDaniel, E. R. (2010) Communication between cultures. (7th Edition). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
  • Schartner, A. (2015). The effect of study abroad on intercultural competence: A longitudinal case study of international postgraduate students at a British university. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 37(4), 402-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1073737
  • Sharma, B. K. (2018). Training workers for intercultural communication in tourism. Language and Intercultural Communication, 18(4), 408-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2018.1478849
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı (Çev. M. Baloğlu). Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Wang, K. C., Hsieh, A. T., & Chen, W. Y. (2002). Is the tour leader an effective communicator? Tourism Management, 23(4), 371-382.
  • Williams, T. R. (2005). Exploring the impact of study abroad on students' intercultural communication skills: Adaptability and sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(4), 356-371.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yakup Erdoğan 0000-0002-0234-8102

Canan Tanrısever 0000-0003-4747-5903

Submission Date June 18, 2025
Acceptance Date August 19, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Erdoğan, Y., & Tanrısever, C. (2025). Turist Rehberlerinin Kültürlerarası Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Turist Rehberliği Dergisi (TURED), 8(2), 96-107. https://doi.org/10.34090/tured.1722275