Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 245 - 264, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46592/turkager.1133558

Abstract

References

  • Adedeji TO (2017). Development and quality evaluation of jam from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and pawpaw (Carica papaya) juice. Archive Food Nutritional Science 1: 63-71.
  • Adeolu AT and Enesi DO (2013). Assessment of proximate, mineral, vitamin and phytochemical compositions of plantain (Musa paradisiaca) bract-an agricultural waste. International Research Journal of Plant Science, 4(7): 192-197.
  • Akpinar EK, Bicer Y and Yildiz C (2006). Thin layer drying of red pepper. Journal of Food Engineering, 59(1): 99-104.
  • Akpinar EK and Bicer Y (2005). Modelling of the drying of eggplants in thin-layers. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 40(3): 273-281.
  • Alam MH (2013). A Study on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice preserved with chemical preservatives at refrigeration temperature. Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, 5(2): 23–28.
  • Ambreen N Masood SB, Imran P and Nawaz H (2013). Antioxidant indices of watermelon juice and lycopene extract. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 12(3): 255-260.
  • Antia BS, Akpan EJ, Okon PA and Umoren IU (2006). Nutritive and anti-nutritive evaluation of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5(2): 166-168.
  • AOAC (1995). AOAC Official Methods of Analysis (16th Edition). Arlington, VA., USA.
  • Arocho YD, Bellmer D, Maness N, Mcglynn W and Rayas-Duarte P (2012). Watermelon pomace composition and the effect of drying and storage on lycopene content and colour. Journal of Food Quality, 35(5): 331-340.
  • Arunachalam KD, Arun LB, Annamala SK, Annamalai SK and Arunachalam AM (2014). Potential anti-cancer properties of bio active compounds of Gymnema sylvestre and its bio functionalized silver nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 10: 31-41.
  • Auta R, James SA, Auta T and Sofa EM (2011). Nutritive value and phytochemical composition of processed (Solanum aethiopicum) Bitter garden egg. Science World Journal, 6: 5-6.
  • Barba AO, Hurtado MC, Mata MS, Ruiz VF and Tejada ML (2006). Application of a UV–vis detection-HPLC method for a rapid determination of lycopene and b-carotene in vegetables. Food Chemistry, 95(2): 328–336.
  • Berry RE, Wagner CJ, Bissett OW and Veldhuis MK (1972). Preparation of instant orange juice by foam-mat drying. Journal of Food Science, 37: 803-808.
  • Berry R, Bissett O and Lastinger J (1965). Methods for evaluating foams from citrus concentrates. Food Technology, 19(7): 144-147.
  • Brunner J (1984). Direct spectrophotometer determination of saponin. Analytical Chemistry, 34: 1314-1326.
  • Cakmak H (2020). Evaluation of foam-mat drying behaviour of crab apple (Malus floribunda) fruit juice and powder quality. Journal of Food,45(3): 530-543.
  • Charoensiri R, Kongkachuichai R, Suknicom S and Sungpuag P (2009). Beta-carotene, lycopene, and alpha-tocopherol contents of selected Thai fruits. Food Chemistry, 1132: 202-207.
  • Chaux-Gutiérrez AM, Adriana BS, Granda-Restrepo DM and Maria AM (2017). Foam mat drying of mango: Effect of processing parameters on the drying kinetic and product quality. Drying Technology, 35(5): 631-641.
  • Colla G, Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Massa D, Salerno A and Rea E (2006). Yield, fruit quality and mineral composition of grafted melon plants grown under saline conditions. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 81(1): 146-1522.
  • Dangoggo SM, Muhammad AI, Tsafe AA, Aliero AA and Itodo AU (2011). Proximate, mineral and anti-nutrient composition of Gardenia aqualla seeds. Arch. Applied Science Resources, 3(4): 485-492.
  • Egbuonu AC (2015). Assessment of some antinutrient properties of the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind and seed. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences. 9(5): 225-232.
  • Egwaikhide PA and Gimba CE (2007). Analysis of the phytochemical content and antimicrobial activity of Plectranthus glandulosis whole plant. Middle-East. Journal of Scientific Research, 2(3-4): 135-138.
  • FAOSTAT (2008). Crops. FAOSTAT. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (Database). Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor
  • Figueroa A, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Wong A and Arjmandi BH (2012). Watermelon extract supplementation reduces ankle blood pressure and carotid augmentation index in obese adults with prehypertension or hypertension. American journal of hypertension, 25: 640-643.
  • Fila WA, Ifam EH, Johnson JT, Odey MO, Effiong EE and Dasofunjo KA (2013). Comparative proximate compositions of watermelon Citrullus lanatus, Squash cucurbita pepo'l and Rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum, 2(1): 81-88.
  • Fish WW and Davis AR (2003). The effects of frozen storage conditions on lycopene stability in watermelon tissue. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(12): 3582-3585.
  • Franco TS, Perussello CA, Ellendersen LN and Masson ML (2015). Effect of process parameters on foam mat drying kinetics of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and thin‐layer drying modeling of experimental data. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 40(1): 12264-12273.
  • Gin WA, Jimoh A, Abdulkareem AS and Giwa A (2014). Production of activated carbon from watermelon peel. International Journal of Scientific Enginering andResearch, 5(2): 66-71.
  • Ginnette LE, Graham RP, Miers JC and Morgan JA (1963). Tomato powder by foam-mat drying. Food Technology, 17(6): 133-135.
  • Hart M, Graham R, Ginnette L and Morgan JA (1963). Foams for foam-mat drying. Food Technology, 17(10): 90-92.
  • Ijeh I, Ejike CE, Nkwonta OM and Njoku BC (2010). Effect of traditional processing techniques on the nutritional and phytochemical composition of African bread-fruit (Treculia africana) Seed. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management,14(4): 169-173.
  • Inuwa HM, Aina VO, Gabi BI., Aimola I and Thompson, V. (2011). Determination of differences in nutrient composition of Citrullus vulgaries (watermelon) fruits after plucking. British Journal of Dairy Sciences, 2(2): 27-30.
  • Isa J and Olalusi AP (2019) Optimization of foam-mat drying process of watermelon pulp using response surface methodology. Journal of Energy Research and Reviews 3(1): 1-11.
  • Jagtiani HT, Chan J and Sakai WS (1988). Tropical fruit processing. In Food Science and Technology. London: Academic Press Inc.pp. 9-43.
  • Javed IM, Aleem A, Hamad R, Furqan NM and Ammad R (2018) A review paper on foam-mat drying of fruits and vegetables to develop powders. MOJ Food Process Technol. 6(6): 465‒467.
  • Jeffrey C (2001). Cucurbitaceae. In Mansfeld's Ornamentals (pp. 1510-1557). Germany: Springer, Berlin.
  • Johnson JT, Iwang EU, Hemen JT, Odey MO, Effiong EE and Eteng OE (2013). Evaluation of anti-nutrient contents of watermelon A. Annals of Biological Research, 3(11): 5145-5150.
  • Katherine LS, Edgar CC, Jerry WK, Luke RH and Carrier DJ (2008). Extraction conditions affecting supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of lycopene from watermelon. Bioresource Technology, 99(16): 7835-7841.
  • Lakshmi AJ and Kaul P (2011). Nutritional potential, bioaccessibility of minerals and functionality of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seeds. LWT-Food Science Technology, 44(8): 1821-1826.
  • Liu C, Zhang H, Dai Z, Liu X and Liu Y (2012). Volatile chemical and carotenoid profiles in watermelons [Citrullus vulgaris (Thunb.) and Schrad (Cucurbitaceae)] with different flesh colors. Food Science and Biotechnology, 21(2): 531-541.
  • Makkar HP (1996). Quantification of tannins: a laboratory manual. Aleppo, Syria.: ICARDA.
  • Morgan A, Graham R, Ginnette L and Williams G (1961). Recent developments in foam mat drying. Food Technology, 15: 37-39.
  • Munawar N, Najjah A, Nur SR, Norhayati H (2020). Characterization of watermelon rind powder using foam mat drying with different types of foaming agents and temperatures. Asian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 1(3): 1-10.
  • Nagaski M (2006). Phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of cassiasiamea leaves. M.Sc. Dissertation. Sokoto: Postgraduate School, Usman Danfodiyo University Sokoto.
  • Njoku VO and Obi C (2009). Phytochemical constituents of some selected medicinal plants. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 3(2): 228-233.
  • Noordia A, Yetty SM and Nining WK (2020) Foam mat drying of banana juice: varieties of ripe banana analysis and egg albumen foam. Food Science and Technology, Campinas, 40(2): 465-468.
  • Oms-Oliu G, Odriozola-Serrano I, Soliva-Fortuny R and Belloso OM (2009). Use of Weibull distribution for describing kinetics of antioxidant potential changes in fresh-cut watermelon. Journal of Food Engineering, 95(1): 99-105.
  • Ornamentals JC (2001). Cucurbitaceae. In H. P (Ed.), Mansfeld's (Vol. 3, pp. 1510-1557). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
  • Oseni OA and Okoye VI (2013). Studies of phytochemical and antioxidant properties of the fruit of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences, 27(27): 508-514.
  • Parmar HS and Kar A (2009). Protective role of Mangifera indica, Cucumis melo and Citrullus vulgaris peel extracts in chemically induced hypothyroidism. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 177(3): 254-258.
  • Perkins-Veazie P, Collins, JK, Pair SD and Roberts W (2006). Lycopene content differs among red-fleshed watermelon cultivars. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81: 983-987.
  • Proietti SR, De Agazio M, Zacchini M, Rea E, Moscatello S and Battistelli A (2008). Fruit quality of mini-watermelon as affected by grafting and irrigation regimes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88: 1107-1114.
  • Robinson RW and Decker-Walteri DS (1997). Cucurbits. CAB International Wallingford, UK., 226.
  • Sadler G, Davis J and Dezman D (1990). Rapid extraction of lycopene and b -carotene from reconstituted tomato paste and pink grapefruit homogenates. Journal of Food Science, 55: 1460–1461.
  • Sadler G, Davis J and Dezman D (1990). Rapid extraction of lycopene and β-carotene from reconstituted tomato paste and pink grapefruit homogenates. Journal of Food Science, 55: 1460-1461.
  • Setiawan B, Sulaeman A, Giraud D and Driskell J (2001). Carotenoid content of selected Indonesian fruits. Journal of Food Composition Analysis, 14(2): 169-176.
  • Shivani A, Verma K, Sharma PC, Anil G and Manisha K (2019) Effect of foaming agent on quality and yield of foam mat dried papaya powder. International Journal of Currently Microbiology and Applied Science, 8(12): 2821-2835
  • Shofian N, Hamid A, Osman A, Saari N, Anwar F, Pak DM and Hairuddin M (2011). Effects of freeze-drying on the antioxidant compounds and antioxidants activity of selected fruits. International Journalof Molecular Sciences, 12(7): 4678-4692.
  • Siddiqui M, Ravi R, Harte JB and Dolan KD (2010). Physical and functional characteristics of selected dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) flours. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 43: 232–237.
  • Simmonds NW (1976). Evolution of Crop Plants. London: Longman.
  • Snowdon AL (1990). Quality of fruit and vegetable. In color atlas of postharvest (pp.207-209). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Sodipo OA, Akiniyi JA and Ogunbamosu JU (2000). Studies on certain characteristics of extracts of bark of Pausinystalia johimbe and Pausinystalia macroceras (K Schum) Pierre ex Beille. Global Journal of Pure Applied Science, 6: 83-87.
  • Sofowora A (1993.). Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicinal in Africa. In Screening Plants for Bioactive Agents; p. 134-156. Ibadan: 2nd Ed. Sunshine House, Spectrum Books Ltd.
  • Sundia (2007). Watermelon production and consumption demographics. Sundra Corporation, 35-40.
  • Tindall HD (1991). Growing Commercial Vegetable. National College of Agricultural Engineering.
  • Togrul IT and Pehlivan D (2004). Modeling of thin layer drying kinetics of some fruits under open air sun drying process. Journal of Food Engineering, 65(3): 413-425.
  • USDA (U.S Dept. Agr.). (n.d.). Nutritional Composition of Watermelon. Retrieved from http://watermelon.ifas.ufl.edu/Uses_and_Nutritional_Composition.html
  • USDA (2010). USDA national nutrient database forstandard reference, release 23. Nutrient Data Laboratory HomePage. Retrieved January 15, 2015, from e http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl
  • Van der Vossen HAM, Denton OA and El-Tahir IM (2004). Citrillus lanatus. In: Grubben, G. J. H andDenton, O. A. Plant resources of Tropical Africa 2 Vegetables. Wageningen. The Netherlands; CTA, Leiden, the Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, p. 185-191.
  • Wasylikowa K and Var de Veen M (2004). An archaeobotanical contribution to the history of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai (syn. C. vulgaris Schrad.). Vegetation. History Archaeobotany, 13: 213-217.
  • Yau EW, Rosnah S, Noraziah M, Chin NL and Osman H (2010). Physico-chemical compositions of the red seedless watermelons (Citrullus lanatus). International Food Research Journal, 17(2): 327-334.
  • Zhu M, Philipson TD, Greengrass PM, Bowmey R and Cal T (1997). Plant polyphenols: biologically active compounds or non-selective binders to protein. Phytochemistry, 44(3): 441-447.

Quality Evaluation of Foam Dried Watermelon Flakes

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 245 - 264, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46592/turkager.1133558

Abstract

Watermelon is mostly eaten in fresh form due to its high moisture content which is responsible for its deterioration within a short time. Foam-mat drying of watermelon was carried out using a mechanical dryer. In the foam mat drying experiments, 10% egg albumen and 2% carboxyl methylcellulose were used as the foaming agent and stabilizing agent, respectively. Thin layer drying was carried out in the mechanical dryer under temperatures of 60 and 70C. Some nutritional qualities and chemical compositions of the watermelon were determined before and after drying. The result of the phytochemical properties revealed that the watermelon flakes have a high value of flavonoid content of 1.18±0.02 and 1.09±0.00 mg 100 g-1 with low terpenoid contents of 0.10±0.00 and 0.11±0.00 mg 100 g-1 for the sample dried using 60 and 70C respectively. High ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value of 38.73±0.90 and 41.25±0.90 mg g-1 with low lycopene value of 0.312±0.00 and 0.323±0.01 mg g-1 was observed for the antioxidant properties of watermelon dried at 60 and 70⁰C. The vitamin content shows that the flakes are highly rich in vitamin C (46.26±0.03 and 47.35±0.02 mg g-1 for 60 and 70C, respectively) and had a low vitamin B1 content (0.15±0.01 and 0.13±0.00 mg g-1 for drying temperature of 60 and 70C, respectively). Therefore, the results of the foam-dried watermelon flakes showed that the qualities of the watermelon were preserved during drying and safe for consumption.

References

  • Adedeji TO (2017). Development and quality evaluation of jam from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and pawpaw (Carica papaya) juice. Archive Food Nutritional Science 1: 63-71.
  • Adeolu AT and Enesi DO (2013). Assessment of proximate, mineral, vitamin and phytochemical compositions of plantain (Musa paradisiaca) bract-an agricultural waste. International Research Journal of Plant Science, 4(7): 192-197.
  • Akpinar EK, Bicer Y and Yildiz C (2006). Thin layer drying of red pepper. Journal of Food Engineering, 59(1): 99-104.
  • Akpinar EK and Bicer Y (2005). Modelling of the drying of eggplants in thin-layers. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 40(3): 273-281.
  • Alam MH (2013). A Study on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice preserved with chemical preservatives at refrigeration temperature. Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, 5(2): 23–28.
  • Ambreen N Masood SB, Imran P and Nawaz H (2013). Antioxidant indices of watermelon juice and lycopene extract. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 12(3): 255-260.
  • Antia BS, Akpan EJ, Okon PA and Umoren IU (2006). Nutritive and anti-nutritive evaluation of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5(2): 166-168.
  • AOAC (1995). AOAC Official Methods of Analysis (16th Edition). Arlington, VA., USA.
  • Arocho YD, Bellmer D, Maness N, Mcglynn W and Rayas-Duarte P (2012). Watermelon pomace composition and the effect of drying and storage on lycopene content and colour. Journal of Food Quality, 35(5): 331-340.
  • Arunachalam KD, Arun LB, Annamala SK, Annamalai SK and Arunachalam AM (2014). Potential anti-cancer properties of bio active compounds of Gymnema sylvestre and its bio functionalized silver nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 10: 31-41.
  • Auta R, James SA, Auta T and Sofa EM (2011). Nutritive value and phytochemical composition of processed (Solanum aethiopicum) Bitter garden egg. Science World Journal, 6: 5-6.
  • Barba AO, Hurtado MC, Mata MS, Ruiz VF and Tejada ML (2006). Application of a UV–vis detection-HPLC method for a rapid determination of lycopene and b-carotene in vegetables. Food Chemistry, 95(2): 328–336.
  • Berry RE, Wagner CJ, Bissett OW and Veldhuis MK (1972). Preparation of instant orange juice by foam-mat drying. Journal of Food Science, 37: 803-808.
  • Berry R, Bissett O and Lastinger J (1965). Methods for evaluating foams from citrus concentrates. Food Technology, 19(7): 144-147.
  • Brunner J (1984). Direct spectrophotometer determination of saponin. Analytical Chemistry, 34: 1314-1326.
  • Cakmak H (2020). Evaluation of foam-mat drying behaviour of crab apple (Malus floribunda) fruit juice and powder quality. Journal of Food,45(3): 530-543.
  • Charoensiri R, Kongkachuichai R, Suknicom S and Sungpuag P (2009). Beta-carotene, lycopene, and alpha-tocopherol contents of selected Thai fruits. Food Chemistry, 1132: 202-207.
  • Chaux-Gutiérrez AM, Adriana BS, Granda-Restrepo DM and Maria AM (2017). Foam mat drying of mango: Effect of processing parameters on the drying kinetic and product quality. Drying Technology, 35(5): 631-641.
  • Colla G, Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Massa D, Salerno A and Rea E (2006). Yield, fruit quality and mineral composition of grafted melon plants grown under saline conditions. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 81(1): 146-1522.
  • Dangoggo SM, Muhammad AI, Tsafe AA, Aliero AA and Itodo AU (2011). Proximate, mineral and anti-nutrient composition of Gardenia aqualla seeds. Arch. Applied Science Resources, 3(4): 485-492.
  • Egbuonu AC (2015). Assessment of some antinutrient properties of the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind and seed. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences. 9(5): 225-232.
  • Egwaikhide PA and Gimba CE (2007). Analysis of the phytochemical content and antimicrobial activity of Plectranthus glandulosis whole plant. Middle-East. Journal of Scientific Research, 2(3-4): 135-138.
  • FAOSTAT (2008). Crops. FAOSTAT. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (Database). Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor
  • Figueroa A, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Wong A and Arjmandi BH (2012). Watermelon extract supplementation reduces ankle blood pressure and carotid augmentation index in obese adults with prehypertension or hypertension. American journal of hypertension, 25: 640-643.
  • Fila WA, Ifam EH, Johnson JT, Odey MO, Effiong EE and Dasofunjo KA (2013). Comparative proximate compositions of watermelon Citrullus lanatus, Squash cucurbita pepo'l and Rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum, 2(1): 81-88.
  • Fish WW and Davis AR (2003). The effects of frozen storage conditions on lycopene stability in watermelon tissue. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(12): 3582-3585.
  • Franco TS, Perussello CA, Ellendersen LN and Masson ML (2015). Effect of process parameters on foam mat drying kinetics of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and thin‐layer drying modeling of experimental data. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 40(1): 12264-12273.
  • Gin WA, Jimoh A, Abdulkareem AS and Giwa A (2014). Production of activated carbon from watermelon peel. International Journal of Scientific Enginering andResearch, 5(2): 66-71.
  • Ginnette LE, Graham RP, Miers JC and Morgan JA (1963). Tomato powder by foam-mat drying. Food Technology, 17(6): 133-135.
  • Hart M, Graham R, Ginnette L and Morgan JA (1963). Foams for foam-mat drying. Food Technology, 17(10): 90-92.
  • Ijeh I, Ejike CE, Nkwonta OM and Njoku BC (2010). Effect of traditional processing techniques on the nutritional and phytochemical composition of African bread-fruit (Treculia africana) Seed. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management,14(4): 169-173.
  • Inuwa HM, Aina VO, Gabi BI., Aimola I and Thompson, V. (2011). Determination of differences in nutrient composition of Citrullus vulgaries (watermelon) fruits after plucking. British Journal of Dairy Sciences, 2(2): 27-30.
  • Isa J and Olalusi AP (2019) Optimization of foam-mat drying process of watermelon pulp using response surface methodology. Journal of Energy Research and Reviews 3(1): 1-11.
  • Jagtiani HT, Chan J and Sakai WS (1988). Tropical fruit processing. In Food Science and Technology. London: Academic Press Inc.pp. 9-43.
  • Javed IM, Aleem A, Hamad R, Furqan NM and Ammad R (2018) A review paper on foam-mat drying of fruits and vegetables to develop powders. MOJ Food Process Technol. 6(6): 465‒467.
  • Jeffrey C (2001). Cucurbitaceae. In Mansfeld's Ornamentals (pp. 1510-1557). Germany: Springer, Berlin.
  • Johnson JT, Iwang EU, Hemen JT, Odey MO, Effiong EE and Eteng OE (2013). Evaluation of anti-nutrient contents of watermelon A. Annals of Biological Research, 3(11): 5145-5150.
  • Katherine LS, Edgar CC, Jerry WK, Luke RH and Carrier DJ (2008). Extraction conditions affecting supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of lycopene from watermelon. Bioresource Technology, 99(16): 7835-7841.
  • Lakshmi AJ and Kaul P (2011). Nutritional potential, bioaccessibility of minerals and functionality of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seeds. LWT-Food Science Technology, 44(8): 1821-1826.
  • Liu C, Zhang H, Dai Z, Liu X and Liu Y (2012). Volatile chemical and carotenoid profiles in watermelons [Citrullus vulgaris (Thunb.) and Schrad (Cucurbitaceae)] with different flesh colors. Food Science and Biotechnology, 21(2): 531-541.
  • Makkar HP (1996). Quantification of tannins: a laboratory manual. Aleppo, Syria.: ICARDA.
  • Morgan A, Graham R, Ginnette L and Williams G (1961). Recent developments in foam mat drying. Food Technology, 15: 37-39.
  • Munawar N, Najjah A, Nur SR, Norhayati H (2020). Characterization of watermelon rind powder using foam mat drying with different types of foaming agents and temperatures. Asian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 1(3): 1-10.
  • Nagaski M (2006). Phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of cassiasiamea leaves. M.Sc. Dissertation. Sokoto: Postgraduate School, Usman Danfodiyo University Sokoto.
  • Njoku VO and Obi C (2009). Phytochemical constituents of some selected medicinal plants. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 3(2): 228-233.
  • Noordia A, Yetty SM and Nining WK (2020) Foam mat drying of banana juice: varieties of ripe banana analysis and egg albumen foam. Food Science and Technology, Campinas, 40(2): 465-468.
  • Oms-Oliu G, Odriozola-Serrano I, Soliva-Fortuny R and Belloso OM (2009). Use of Weibull distribution for describing kinetics of antioxidant potential changes in fresh-cut watermelon. Journal of Food Engineering, 95(1): 99-105.
  • Ornamentals JC (2001). Cucurbitaceae. In H. P (Ed.), Mansfeld's (Vol. 3, pp. 1510-1557). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
  • Oseni OA and Okoye VI (2013). Studies of phytochemical and antioxidant properties of the fruit of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences, 27(27): 508-514.
  • Parmar HS and Kar A (2009). Protective role of Mangifera indica, Cucumis melo and Citrullus vulgaris peel extracts in chemically induced hypothyroidism. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 177(3): 254-258.
  • Perkins-Veazie P, Collins, JK, Pair SD and Roberts W (2006). Lycopene content differs among red-fleshed watermelon cultivars. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81: 983-987.
  • Proietti SR, De Agazio M, Zacchini M, Rea E, Moscatello S and Battistelli A (2008). Fruit quality of mini-watermelon as affected by grafting and irrigation regimes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88: 1107-1114.
  • Robinson RW and Decker-Walteri DS (1997). Cucurbits. CAB International Wallingford, UK., 226.
  • Sadler G, Davis J and Dezman D (1990). Rapid extraction of lycopene and b -carotene from reconstituted tomato paste and pink grapefruit homogenates. Journal of Food Science, 55: 1460–1461.
  • Sadler G, Davis J and Dezman D (1990). Rapid extraction of lycopene and β-carotene from reconstituted tomato paste and pink grapefruit homogenates. Journal of Food Science, 55: 1460-1461.
  • Setiawan B, Sulaeman A, Giraud D and Driskell J (2001). Carotenoid content of selected Indonesian fruits. Journal of Food Composition Analysis, 14(2): 169-176.
  • Shivani A, Verma K, Sharma PC, Anil G and Manisha K (2019) Effect of foaming agent on quality and yield of foam mat dried papaya powder. International Journal of Currently Microbiology and Applied Science, 8(12): 2821-2835
  • Shofian N, Hamid A, Osman A, Saari N, Anwar F, Pak DM and Hairuddin M (2011). Effects of freeze-drying on the antioxidant compounds and antioxidants activity of selected fruits. International Journalof Molecular Sciences, 12(7): 4678-4692.
  • Siddiqui M, Ravi R, Harte JB and Dolan KD (2010). Physical and functional characteristics of selected dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) flours. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 43: 232–237.
  • Simmonds NW (1976). Evolution of Crop Plants. London: Longman.
  • Snowdon AL (1990). Quality of fruit and vegetable. In color atlas of postharvest (pp.207-209). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Sodipo OA, Akiniyi JA and Ogunbamosu JU (2000). Studies on certain characteristics of extracts of bark of Pausinystalia johimbe and Pausinystalia macroceras (K Schum) Pierre ex Beille. Global Journal of Pure Applied Science, 6: 83-87.
  • Sofowora A (1993.). Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicinal in Africa. In Screening Plants for Bioactive Agents; p. 134-156. Ibadan: 2nd Ed. Sunshine House, Spectrum Books Ltd.
  • Sundia (2007). Watermelon production and consumption demographics. Sundra Corporation, 35-40.
  • Tindall HD (1991). Growing Commercial Vegetable. National College of Agricultural Engineering.
  • Togrul IT and Pehlivan D (2004). Modeling of thin layer drying kinetics of some fruits under open air sun drying process. Journal of Food Engineering, 65(3): 413-425.
  • USDA (U.S Dept. Agr.). (n.d.). Nutritional Composition of Watermelon. Retrieved from http://watermelon.ifas.ufl.edu/Uses_and_Nutritional_Composition.html
  • USDA (2010). USDA national nutrient database forstandard reference, release 23. Nutrient Data Laboratory HomePage. Retrieved January 15, 2015, from e http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl
  • Van der Vossen HAM, Denton OA and El-Tahir IM (2004). Citrillus lanatus. In: Grubben, G. J. H andDenton, O. A. Plant resources of Tropical Africa 2 Vegetables. Wageningen. The Netherlands; CTA, Leiden, the Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, p. 185-191.
  • Wasylikowa K and Var de Veen M (2004). An archaeobotanical contribution to the history of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai (syn. C. vulgaris Schrad.). Vegetation. History Archaeobotany, 13: 213-217.
  • Yau EW, Rosnah S, Noraziah M, Chin NL and Osman H (2010). Physico-chemical compositions of the red seedless watermelons (Citrullus lanatus). International Food Research Journal, 17(2): 327-334.
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There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

John Isa 0000-0002-0803-4550

Ayoola Olalusi 0000-0003-4564-6182

Omoba Olufunmilayo 0000-0002-9273-8023

Early Pub Date December 16, 2022
Publication Date December 31, 2022
Submission Date June 21, 2022
Acceptance Date November 9, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Isa, J., Olalusi, A., & Olufunmilayo, O. (2022). Quality Evaluation of Foam Dried Watermelon Flakes. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 3(2), 245-264. https://doi.org/10.46592/turkager.1133558

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