Çatışma Sonrası Başarısız ve Kırılgan Devletlerde Tepeden Aşağı Devlet İnşası: Irak ve Somali Örneği

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 315 - 343, 31.12.2024

Ahmet Cülük

https://doi.org/10.71138/turkav.1576684

Abstract

Soğuk Savaş’ın bitimiyle birlikte küresel siyasette en azından bir süre hakim olan görüş haline gelen “liberalizmin zaferi”, politik, ekonomik ve askeri alanlarda olduğu gibi diğer alanlarda da etkisini göstermiştir. Aynı tarihlerde literatüre girmeye başlayan ve giderek daha sık kullanılır hale gelen başarısız devlet ve kırılgan devlet gibi kavramlar da dönemin ruhunu yansıtan bir anlayış çerçevesinde ele alınmış, bu doğrultuda Batılı liberal devletler tarafından savaş sonrası bir dönemi yaşayan devletler, başarısız veya kırılgan devletler, sonrasında ise gelişmekte olan devletler, Batı’nın devlet inşası perspektifinden etkilenmiştir. 1990’lardan itibaren Bosna ya da Kosova gibi örnekler doğrultusunda devlet inşasına dair uluslararası kurumların ve devletlerin müdahaleleri, dönemin hakim görüşü çerçevesinde daha çok tepeden aşağı müdahaleci bir anlayış çerçevesinde şekillenmiştir. Bununla birlikte devlet inşasına dair süreçte devletlere karşı uluslararası müdahaleler doğrultusunda yapılması planlanan politik ve kurumsal reformlara Uluslararası Para Fonu, Dünya Bankası gibi kurumlar aracılığıyla da ekonomik reform adı altında müdahaleler gerçekleşmiştir. Çalışma, kimi örneklerde nispeten başarılı sonuçlar veren tepeden aşağı müdahale modelinin ortaya koyduğu anlayışın savaş sonrası dönemi yaşayan, başarısız veya kırılgan olarak atıfta bulunulan devletler için her coğrafyada benzer bir başarıya imza atabildiği mi yoksa çok daha farklı sonuçlarla mı karşılaşıldığı üzerinde durmaktadır. Bu kapsamda tanımsal bakış, devlet inşasına dair kavramsal ve tarihsel çerçeve, tepeden aşağı müdahale ile birlikte başarısız örnekler olduğu düşünülen Irak ve Somali örnek vakaları ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

Devlet İnşası, Irak, Somali, Tepeden Aşağı Müdahale, Başarısız Devlet

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