Use Of Natural and Heart Rate Responses in The Dental Surgery
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 27 - 34, 24.04.2022
Atanur Sarıoğlu
,
Mehmet Faruk Koca
,
Tuğrul Kırtıloğlu
Öz
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition that affects the gums and tissues around the teeth. Many natural and herbal products for the treatment of periodontal diseases have been used as a support
for mechanical treatment since ancient times. Many studies have been conducted to eliminate gingivitis and microbial dental plaque, which is the main cause of periodontal disease, with extracts obtained from plants and natural products. In this review, the usage areas of natural products in periodontology are discussed.
Kaynakça
- 1. Taheri JB, Azimi S, Rafieian N, Akhavan Zanjani H. Herbs in dentistry. Int Dent J 2011;61:287-296.
- 2. Kumar G, Jalaluddin M, Rout P, Mohanty R, Dileep CL. Emerging trends of herbal care in dentistry. J Clin Diagn Res 2013;7:1827-1829.
- 3. Sinha D, Sinha A. Natural medicaments in dentistry. Ayu 2014;35:113-118.
- 4. Cruz Martínez C, Diaz Gómez M, Oh MS. Use of traditional herbal medicine as an alternative in dental treatment in Mexican dentistry: A review. Pharm Biol 2017;55:1992-1998.
- 5. Hattab FN. Miswak: the natural toothbrush. J Clin Dent 1997 8:125-129.
- 6. Almas K. The antimicrobial effects of seven different types of Asian chewing sticks. Odontostomatol Trop 2001;24(96):17-20.
- 7. Ahmad H, Ahamed N. Therapeutic properties of meswak chewing sticks: A review. Afr J Biotechnol 2012;11:14850-14857.
- 8. Al-Lafi T, Ababneh H. The effect of the extract of the miswak (chewing sticks) used in Jordan and the Middle East on oral bacteria. Int Dent J 1995;45:218–222.
- 9. Almas K. The antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks. Indian J Dent Res 1999;10(1):23–26.
- 10. Almas K, Al-Bagieh N, Akpata E. In vitro antimicrobial effect of extracts of freshly cut and 1-month- old miswak (chewing stick). Biomed Lett 1997;56:145–149.
- 11. Darout IA, Albandar J, Skaug N, Ali R. Salivary microbiota levels in relation to periodontal status, experience of caries and miswak use in Sudanese adults. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:411-420.
- 12. Sofrata A, Santangelo EM, Azeem M, Borg-Karlson AK, Gustafsson A, Pütsep K. Benzyl isothiocyanate, a major component from the roots of Salvadora persica is highly active against Gram-negative bacteria. PLoS One 2011;6:23045.
- 13. Al-Bayati FA, Sulaiman KD. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica L. extracts against some isolated oral pathogens in Iraq. Turk J Biol 2008;32:57-62.
- 14. Niazi FH, Kamran MA, Naseem M, AlShahrani I, Fraz TR, Hosein M. Anti-plaque Efficacy of Herbal Mouthwashes Compared to Synthetic Mouthwashes in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2018;16(5):409-416.
- 15. Niazi FH, Noushada M, Tanvird SY, Alie S, Al-Khalifa KS, Qamarb Z, Al-Sheikh R. Antimicrobial efficacy of indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy compared with Salvadora persica gel application in the treatment of moderate and deep pockets in periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020;29:101665.
- 16. DebMandal M, Mandal S. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L: Arecaceae): In health promotion and disease prevention. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011;4:241-247.
- 17. Ogbolu DO, Oni AA, Daini OA, Oloko AP. In vitro antimicrobial properties of coconut oil on Candida species in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Med Food 2007;10:384-387.
- 18. Pehowick D J, Gomes AV, Barnes JA. Fatty acid composition and possible health effects of coconut constituents. West Indian Med J 2000;49:128-133.
- 19. Asokan S, Rathan J, Muthu MS, Rathna PV, Emmadi P; Raghuraman; Chamundeswari. Effect of oil pulling on Streptococcus mutans count in plaque and saliva using Dentocult SM Strip mutans test: a randomized, controlled, tripleblind study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2008; 26: 12-17.
- 20. Shanbhag VKL. Oil pulling maintaining oral hygiene – a review. J. Tradit. Complementary Med. 2017;7(1):106-109.
- 21. Sezgin Y, Özgül BM, Alptekin NO. Efficacy of oil pulling therapy with coconut oil on four-day supragingival plaque growth: A randomized crossover clinical trial 2019;47:102193.
- 22. Peedikayil FC, Remy V, John S, Chandru TP, Sreenivasan P, Bijapur GA. Comparison of antibacterial efficacy of coconut oil and chlorhexidine on Streptococcus mutans: An in vivo study J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2016;6(5):447-452.
- 23. Kavalalı G. Çay Ağacı Bitkisinin (Melaleuca alternifolia, Maiden & Betche, Cheel) Halk Hekimliğinde Kullanılışının Etnofarmakolojik Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 2017;7(2):211-214.
- 24. Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;19:50–62.
- 25. Mantle D, Gok MA, Lennard TW. Adverse and beneficial effects of plant extracts on skin and skin disorders. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 2001;20:89-103.
- 26. Koh KJ, Pearce AL, Marshman G, Finlay- Jones JJ, Hart PH. Tea tree oil reduces histamine- induced skin inflammation. Br J Dermatol 2002;147(6):1212-1217.
- 27. Esteves I, Souza IR, Rodrigues M, Cardoso LG, Santos LS, Sertie JA. Gastric antiulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil from Casearia sylvestris Sw. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;101(1-3):191-196.
- 28. Soukoulis S, Hirsch R. The effects of a tea tree oil-containing gel on plaque and chronic gingivitis. Australian Dental Journal 2004;49:78–83.
- 29. Casarin M, Pazinatto J, Santos RCV, Zanatta FB. Melaleuca alternifolia and its application against dental plaque and periodontal diseases: A systematic review. Phytother Res 2018;32(2):230-242.
- 30. Ripari F, Cera A, Freda M, Zumbo G, Zara F, Vozza I. Tea Tree Oil versus Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Treatment of Gingivitis: A Pilot Randomized, Double Blinded Clinical Trial. Eur J Dent 2020;14(1):55-62.
- 31. Takarada K, Kimizuka R, Takahashi N, Honma K, Okuda K, Kato T. A comparison of the antibacterial efficacies of essential oils against oral pathogens. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 2004;19:61–64.
- 32. Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK, Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Curr Sci 2002;82:1336–1345.
- 33. Sinha DJ, Nanda KDS, Jaiswal N, Vasudeva A, Tyagi SP, Singh UP. Antibacterial Effect of Azadirachta indica (Neem) or Curcuma longa (Turmeric) against Enterococcus faecalis Compared with That of 5% Sodium Hypochlorite or 2% Chlorhexidine in vitro. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 2017;58(2):103-109.
- 34. Rosaline H, Kandaswamy D, Gogulnath D, Rubin M. Influence of various herbal irrigants as a final rinse on the adherence of Enterococcus faecalis by fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscope. J Conserv Dent 2013;16:352-355.
- 35. Ercan E, Gülal E. Diş hekimliğinde kullanılan bazı bitkilerin antibakteriyel ve antifungal etkileri. Atatürk Üniv. Diş Hek. Fak. Derg. 2015;12:92-97.
- 36. Vennila K, Elanchezhiyan S, Ilavarasu S. Efficacy of 10% whole Azadirachta indica (neem) chip as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in chronic periodontitis: A clinical and microbiological study. Indian J Dent Res 2016;27(1):15-21.
- 37. Heyman L, Houri-Haddad Y, Heyman SN, Ginsburg I, Gleitman Y, Feuerstein O. Combined antioxidant effects of Neem extract, bacteria, red blood cells and Lysozyme: possible relation to periodontal disease. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017;17(1):399.
- 38. Dhimole P, Bhahya DP, Gupta S, Kumar P, Tiwari S, Pandey S. Evaluation of the efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) as storage media in maintaining periodontal ligament cell viability: An in vitro study. Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2019;37(2):140-145.
- 39. Tekin F, Şahin OZ, Karasu Z, Nart D, Özütemiz O, Ersöz G, Batur Y, İlter T. Aloe veraya bağlı ciddi toksik hepatit: Olgu sunumu. Akademik Gastroenteroloji Dergisi 2006;5(2):134-136.
- 40. Mansour G, Ouda S, Shaker A, Abdallah HM. Clinical efficacy of new aloe vera- and myrrh-based oral mucoadhesive gels in the management of minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A randomized, double-blind, vehicle controlled study. J Oral Pathol Med 2014;43:405-409.
- 41. Moghaddam AA, Radafshar G, Jahandideh Y, Kakaei N. Clinical evaluation of effects of local application of Aloe vera gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Dent Shiraz Univ Med Sci 2017;18:165-172.
- 42. Vangipuram S, Jha A, Bhashyam M. Comparative efficacy of aloe vera mouthwash and chlorhexidine on periodontal health: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Exp Dent 2016;18:442-447.
- 43. Kudalkar MD, Nayak A, Bhat KS, Nyak RN. Effect of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Aloe vera as compared to subantimicrobial dose doxycycline on matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9: An in-vitro study. Ayu 2014;35(1):85-89.
- 44. Ghisalberti EL, Jefferies PR , Lanteri R, Matisons J, “Constituents of propolis”. Experientia 1978;34 (2):157-158.
- 45. Starks PT, Blackie CA, Thomas D, Seeley PT. “Fever in honeybee colonies”. Naturwissenschaften 2000;87(5):229-231.
- 46. Wilson-Rich N, Spivak M, Fefferman NH , Starks PT. “Genetic, individual, and group facilitation of disease resistance in insect societies”. Annual Review of Entomology 2009;54:405–423.
- 47. Libério SA, Pereira AL, Araújo MJ, Dutra RP, Nascimento FR, Monteiro-Neto V, Ribeiro MN, Gonçalves AG, Guerra RN. The potential use of propolis as a cariostatic agent and its actions on mutans group streptococci. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;125:1-9.
- 48. Ozan F, Sümer Z, Polat ZA, Er K, Ozan U, Değer O. Effect of mouth rinse containing propolis on oral microorganisms and human gingival fibroblast. Eur J Dent 2007;1:195-201.
- 49. Seidel V, Peyfoon E, Watson DG, Fearnley J. Comparative study of the antibacterial activity of propolis from different geographical and climatic zones. Phytother Res 2008;22:1256-1263.
- 50. Nirala KS, Bhaduria M. Propolis reverses acetaminophen induced acute hepatorenal alterations: A biochemical and histopathological approach. In Archives of Pharmacal Research 2008;31(4):451-461.
- 51. Feres M, Figueiredo LC, Barreto IM, Coelho MH, Araujo MW, Cortelli SC. In vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and propolis in saliva samples of healthy and periodontally-involved subjects. J Int Acad Periodontol 2005;7:90-96.
- 52. Coutinho A. Honeybee propolis extract in periodontal treatment: A clinical and microbiological study of propolis in periodontal treatment. Indian Journal of Dental Research 2012;23:294.
- 53. Gjertsen AW, Stothz KA, Neiva KG, Pileggi R. Effect of propolis on proliferation and apoptosis of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 2011;112(6):843-848.
- 54. Goel A, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB. “Curcumin as ‘Curecumin’: from kitchen to clinic. Biochemical Pharmacology 2008;75(4):787-809.
- 55. Gaedeke J, Noble NA, Border WA. Curcumin blocks multiple sites of the TGF-beta signaling cascade in renal cells. Kidney Int 2004;66:112- 120.
- 56. Brouet I, Ohshima H. Curcumin, an anti-tumour promoter and anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase in activated macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;206:533-540.
- 57. Mohammad CA. Efficacy of Curcumin Gel on Zinc, Magnesium, Copper, IL-1 β, and TNF- α in Chronic Periodontitis Patients. Biomed Res Int 2020;2020:8850926.
- 58. Zhang M, Deng CS, Zheng JJ, Xia J. Curcumin regulated shift from Th1 to Th2 in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced chronic colitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006;27:1071-1077.
- 59. Li B, Li X, Lin H, Zhou Y. Curcumin as a Promising Antibacterial Agent: Effects on Metabolism and Biofilm Formation in S. Mutans. Biomed Res Int 2018;3:1-11.
- 60. Zambrano LMG, Brandao DA, Rocha FRG, Marsiglio RP, Longo IB, Primo FL, Tedesco AC, Guimaraes-Stabili1 MR, Junior CR. Local administration of curcumin loaded nanoparticles effectively inhibits inflammation and bone resorption associated with experimental periodontal disease. Sci Rep 2018;27;8(1):6652.
Doğal Ürünlerin Periodontolojide Kullanımı
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 27 - 34, 24.04.2022
Atanur Sarıoğlu
,
Mehmet Faruk Koca
,
Tuğrul Kırtıloğlu
Öz
Periodontal hastalık, diş eti ve dişlerin çevresindeki dokuları etkileyen inflamatuar bir durumdur. Periodontal hastalıkların tedavisine yönelik birçok doğal ve bitkisel ürün mekanik tedaviye destek olarak çok eski zamanlardan günümüze kadar kullanılmıştır. Bitkilerden ve doğal ürünlerden elde edilen özütler ile diş eti iltihabını ve periodontal hastalığın temel sebebi olan mikrobiyal dental plağı ortadan kaldırmaya yönelik birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu derlemede doğal ürünlerin periodontolojide kullanım alanları tartışılmıştır.
Kaynakça
- 1. Taheri JB, Azimi S, Rafieian N, Akhavan Zanjani H. Herbs in dentistry. Int Dent J 2011;61:287-296.
- 2. Kumar G, Jalaluddin M, Rout P, Mohanty R, Dileep CL. Emerging trends of herbal care in dentistry. J Clin Diagn Res 2013;7:1827-1829.
- 3. Sinha D, Sinha A. Natural medicaments in dentistry. Ayu 2014;35:113-118.
- 4. Cruz Martínez C, Diaz Gómez M, Oh MS. Use of traditional herbal medicine as an alternative in dental treatment in Mexican dentistry: A review. Pharm Biol 2017;55:1992-1998.
- 5. Hattab FN. Miswak: the natural toothbrush. J Clin Dent 1997 8:125-129.
- 6. Almas K. The antimicrobial effects of seven different types of Asian chewing sticks. Odontostomatol Trop 2001;24(96):17-20.
- 7. Ahmad H, Ahamed N. Therapeutic properties of meswak chewing sticks: A review. Afr J Biotechnol 2012;11:14850-14857.
- 8. Al-Lafi T, Ababneh H. The effect of the extract of the miswak (chewing sticks) used in Jordan and the Middle East on oral bacteria. Int Dent J 1995;45:218–222.
- 9. Almas K. The antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks. Indian J Dent Res 1999;10(1):23–26.
- 10. Almas K, Al-Bagieh N, Akpata E. In vitro antimicrobial effect of extracts of freshly cut and 1-month- old miswak (chewing stick). Biomed Lett 1997;56:145–149.
- 11. Darout IA, Albandar J, Skaug N, Ali R. Salivary microbiota levels in relation to periodontal status, experience of caries and miswak use in Sudanese adults. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:411-420.
- 12. Sofrata A, Santangelo EM, Azeem M, Borg-Karlson AK, Gustafsson A, Pütsep K. Benzyl isothiocyanate, a major component from the roots of Salvadora persica is highly active against Gram-negative bacteria. PLoS One 2011;6:23045.
- 13. Al-Bayati FA, Sulaiman KD. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica L. extracts against some isolated oral pathogens in Iraq. Turk J Biol 2008;32:57-62.
- 14. Niazi FH, Kamran MA, Naseem M, AlShahrani I, Fraz TR, Hosein M. Anti-plaque Efficacy of Herbal Mouthwashes Compared to Synthetic Mouthwashes in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2018;16(5):409-416.
- 15. Niazi FH, Noushada M, Tanvird SY, Alie S, Al-Khalifa KS, Qamarb Z, Al-Sheikh R. Antimicrobial efficacy of indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy compared with Salvadora persica gel application in the treatment of moderate and deep pockets in periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020;29:101665.
- 16. DebMandal M, Mandal S. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L: Arecaceae): In health promotion and disease prevention. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011;4:241-247.
- 17. Ogbolu DO, Oni AA, Daini OA, Oloko AP. In vitro antimicrobial properties of coconut oil on Candida species in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Med Food 2007;10:384-387.
- 18. Pehowick D J, Gomes AV, Barnes JA. Fatty acid composition and possible health effects of coconut constituents. West Indian Med J 2000;49:128-133.
- 19. Asokan S, Rathan J, Muthu MS, Rathna PV, Emmadi P; Raghuraman; Chamundeswari. Effect of oil pulling on Streptococcus mutans count in plaque and saliva using Dentocult SM Strip mutans test: a randomized, controlled, tripleblind study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2008; 26: 12-17.
- 20. Shanbhag VKL. Oil pulling maintaining oral hygiene – a review. J. Tradit. Complementary Med. 2017;7(1):106-109.
- 21. Sezgin Y, Özgül BM, Alptekin NO. Efficacy of oil pulling therapy with coconut oil on four-day supragingival plaque growth: A randomized crossover clinical trial 2019;47:102193.
- 22. Peedikayil FC, Remy V, John S, Chandru TP, Sreenivasan P, Bijapur GA. Comparison of antibacterial efficacy of coconut oil and chlorhexidine on Streptococcus mutans: An in vivo study J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2016;6(5):447-452.
- 23. Kavalalı G. Çay Ağacı Bitkisinin (Melaleuca alternifolia, Maiden & Betche, Cheel) Halk Hekimliğinde Kullanılışının Etnofarmakolojik Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 2017;7(2):211-214.
- 24. Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;19:50–62.
- 25. Mantle D, Gok MA, Lennard TW. Adverse and beneficial effects of plant extracts on skin and skin disorders. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 2001;20:89-103.
- 26. Koh KJ, Pearce AL, Marshman G, Finlay- Jones JJ, Hart PH. Tea tree oil reduces histamine- induced skin inflammation. Br J Dermatol 2002;147(6):1212-1217.
- 27. Esteves I, Souza IR, Rodrigues M, Cardoso LG, Santos LS, Sertie JA. Gastric antiulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil from Casearia sylvestris Sw. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;101(1-3):191-196.
- 28. Soukoulis S, Hirsch R. The effects of a tea tree oil-containing gel on plaque and chronic gingivitis. Australian Dental Journal 2004;49:78–83.
- 29. Casarin M, Pazinatto J, Santos RCV, Zanatta FB. Melaleuca alternifolia and its application against dental plaque and periodontal diseases: A systematic review. Phytother Res 2018;32(2):230-242.
- 30. Ripari F, Cera A, Freda M, Zumbo G, Zara F, Vozza I. Tea Tree Oil versus Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Treatment of Gingivitis: A Pilot Randomized, Double Blinded Clinical Trial. Eur J Dent 2020;14(1):55-62.
- 31. Takarada K, Kimizuka R, Takahashi N, Honma K, Okuda K, Kato T. A comparison of the antibacterial efficacies of essential oils against oral pathogens. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 2004;19:61–64.
- 32. Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK, Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Curr Sci 2002;82:1336–1345.
- 33. Sinha DJ, Nanda KDS, Jaiswal N, Vasudeva A, Tyagi SP, Singh UP. Antibacterial Effect of Azadirachta indica (Neem) or Curcuma longa (Turmeric) against Enterococcus faecalis Compared with That of 5% Sodium Hypochlorite or 2% Chlorhexidine in vitro. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 2017;58(2):103-109.
- 34. Rosaline H, Kandaswamy D, Gogulnath D, Rubin M. Influence of various herbal irrigants as a final rinse on the adherence of Enterococcus faecalis by fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscope. J Conserv Dent 2013;16:352-355.
- 35. Ercan E, Gülal E. Diş hekimliğinde kullanılan bazı bitkilerin antibakteriyel ve antifungal etkileri. Atatürk Üniv. Diş Hek. Fak. Derg. 2015;12:92-97.
- 36. Vennila K, Elanchezhiyan S, Ilavarasu S. Efficacy of 10% whole Azadirachta indica (neem) chip as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in chronic periodontitis: A clinical and microbiological study. Indian J Dent Res 2016;27(1):15-21.
- 37. Heyman L, Houri-Haddad Y, Heyman SN, Ginsburg I, Gleitman Y, Feuerstein O. Combined antioxidant effects of Neem extract, bacteria, red blood cells and Lysozyme: possible relation to periodontal disease. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017;17(1):399.
- 38. Dhimole P, Bhahya DP, Gupta S, Kumar P, Tiwari S, Pandey S. Evaluation of the efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) as storage media in maintaining periodontal ligament cell viability: An in vitro study. Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2019;37(2):140-145.
- 39. Tekin F, Şahin OZ, Karasu Z, Nart D, Özütemiz O, Ersöz G, Batur Y, İlter T. Aloe veraya bağlı ciddi toksik hepatit: Olgu sunumu. Akademik Gastroenteroloji Dergisi 2006;5(2):134-136.
- 40. Mansour G, Ouda S, Shaker A, Abdallah HM. Clinical efficacy of new aloe vera- and myrrh-based oral mucoadhesive gels in the management of minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A randomized, double-blind, vehicle controlled study. J Oral Pathol Med 2014;43:405-409.
- 41. Moghaddam AA, Radafshar G, Jahandideh Y, Kakaei N. Clinical evaluation of effects of local application of Aloe vera gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Dent Shiraz Univ Med Sci 2017;18:165-172.
- 42. Vangipuram S, Jha A, Bhashyam M. Comparative efficacy of aloe vera mouthwash and chlorhexidine on periodontal health: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Exp Dent 2016;18:442-447.
- 43. Kudalkar MD, Nayak A, Bhat KS, Nyak RN. Effect of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Aloe vera as compared to subantimicrobial dose doxycycline on matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9: An in-vitro study. Ayu 2014;35(1):85-89.
- 44. Ghisalberti EL, Jefferies PR , Lanteri R, Matisons J, “Constituents of propolis”. Experientia 1978;34 (2):157-158.
- 45. Starks PT, Blackie CA, Thomas D, Seeley PT. “Fever in honeybee colonies”. Naturwissenschaften 2000;87(5):229-231.
- 46. Wilson-Rich N, Spivak M, Fefferman NH , Starks PT. “Genetic, individual, and group facilitation of disease resistance in insect societies”. Annual Review of Entomology 2009;54:405–423.
- 47. Libério SA, Pereira AL, Araújo MJ, Dutra RP, Nascimento FR, Monteiro-Neto V, Ribeiro MN, Gonçalves AG, Guerra RN. The potential use of propolis as a cariostatic agent and its actions on mutans group streptococci. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;125:1-9.
- 48. Ozan F, Sümer Z, Polat ZA, Er K, Ozan U, Değer O. Effect of mouth rinse containing propolis on oral microorganisms and human gingival fibroblast. Eur J Dent 2007;1:195-201.
- 49. Seidel V, Peyfoon E, Watson DG, Fearnley J. Comparative study of the antibacterial activity of propolis from different geographical and climatic zones. Phytother Res 2008;22:1256-1263.
- 50. Nirala KS, Bhaduria M. Propolis reverses acetaminophen induced acute hepatorenal alterations: A biochemical and histopathological approach. In Archives of Pharmacal Research 2008;31(4):451-461.
- 51. Feres M, Figueiredo LC, Barreto IM, Coelho MH, Araujo MW, Cortelli SC. In vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and propolis in saliva samples of healthy and periodontally-involved subjects. J Int Acad Periodontol 2005;7:90-96.
- 52. Coutinho A. Honeybee propolis extract in periodontal treatment: A clinical and microbiological study of propolis in periodontal treatment. Indian Journal of Dental Research 2012;23:294.
- 53. Gjertsen AW, Stothz KA, Neiva KG, Pileggi R. Effect of propolis on proliferation and apoptosis of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 2011;112(6):843-848.
- 54. Goel A, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB. “Curcumin as ‘Curecumin’: from kitchen to clinic. Biochemical Pharmacology 2008;75(4):787-809.
- 55. Gaedeke J, Noble NA, Border WA. Curcumin blocks multiple sites of the TGF-beta signaling cascade in renal cells. Kidney Int 2004;66:112- 120.
- 56. Brouet I, Ohshima H. Curcumin, an anti-tumour promoter and anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase in activated macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;206:533-540.
- 57. Mohammad CA. Efficacy of Curcumin Gel on Zinc, Magnesium, Copper, IL-1 β, and TNF- α in Chronic Periodontitis Patients. Biomed Res Int 2020;2020:8850926.
- 58. Zhang M, Deng CS, Zheng JJ, Xia J. Curcumin regulated shift from Th1 to Th2 in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced chronic colitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006;27:1071-1077.
- 59. Li B, Li X, Lin H, Zhou Y. Curcumin as a Promising Antibacterial Agent: Effects on Metabolism and Biofilm Formation in S. Mutans. Biomed Res Int 2018;3:1-11.
- 60. Zambrano LMG, Brandao DA, Rocha FRG, Marsiglio RP, Longo IB, Primo FL, Tedesco AC, Guimaraes-Stabili1 MR, Junior CR. Local administration of curcumin loaded nanoparticles effectively inhibits inflammation and bone resorption associated with experimental periodontal disease. Sci Rep 2018;27;8(1):6652.