ALMANYA’DAKİ ETNİK EKONOMİLERE İŞÇİ GÖÇÜ OLARAK ULUS ÖTESİ EVLİLİKLER

Year 2012, Issue: 16, 173 - 190, 05.06.2012

Birsen Şahin Kütük

Abstract

1960’lı yıllarda Batı Avrupa’ya yoğun işçi göçü süreci Türkiye’yi de etkilemiştir. Geçmişten günümüze Türkiye’den Avrupa’ya göçün en yoğun olduğu Almanya’ya göç, farklı dönemlerde farklı şekillerde gerçekleşmiştir. Bu bağlamda Almanya’ya göçün bir formu da evlilik yoluyla göçtür. Bu çalışmada, Almanya’ya evlilik yoluyla giden ve etnik ekonomide çalışan Türk göçmenlerin sorunları ele alınmaktadır. Nitel metodolojinin kullanıldığı araştırmada 25 katılımcıyla görüşme yapılmıştır. Elde edilen datalar Nvivo8 software programında analiz edilmiştir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, etnik ekonomiler Almanya’ya yeni göç edenler için iş bulma ve kendini iyi hissetme konusunda pozitif bir işleve sahiptir. Bunun yanı sıra etnik ekonomi Almanca bilmeyen yeni göçmenlerin dil öğrenmeleri ve Alman toplumuyla bütünleşmeleri önünde belirli bir oranda engel oluşturmaktadır.

Keywords

Göç, ulus-ötesi evlilik, evlilik yoluyla göç, etnik ekonomi, entegrasyon

Transnational Marriage as Labour Migration to Ethnic Economies in Germany

Abstract

Labour migration to Western Europe in the 1960s also affected Turkey. From past to present migration to Germany, the most intense migration from Turkey to Europe, took place at different times in different ways. In this context, marriage migration is a form of migration to Germany. In this study we investigated the problems of Turkish immigrants who went to Germany with marriage migration and work in ethnic economy. In this study was used qualitative research methodology 25 participants were interviewed. Data’s were analyzed with Nvivo8 software. As results of this study, ethnic economies for new immigrants in Germany have a positive function about finding a job and feeling good. In addition, ethnic economies prevented new immigrants’ language learning and integration with German society.

Keywords

Migration, transnational marriage, married migration, ethnic market, integration

References

• Abadan Unat, N. (2002, 2006). Bitmeyen Göç Konuk İşçilikten Ulus-Ötesi Yurttaşlığa. 2. Bs. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Aldrich, H. and Waldinger, R. (1990). Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship. Annual Review Sociology, vol.16: 111-135.
• Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2007). Transnational Lives, Transnational Marriages: A Review of the Evidence From Migrant Communities in Europe. Global Networks, 7, 3:271-288.
• Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. (In.) (John G. Richardson, Ed.). Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. (pp.241-258), New York: Greenwood Press.
• Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Çelikaksoy, A. Nieslsen, H. S. and Verner, M. (2006). Marriage Migration: Just Another Case of Positive Assortative Matching? Rev. Econ Household, 4: 253-275.
• Erdem, K. (2006). Ethnic Marketing for Turks in Germany-Inluences on the Attitude Towards Ethnic Marketing. Druck und Bindung: Books on Demand Gmbh, Norderstedt Germany.
• Evans, M.D.R. (1989). Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Effects of Ethnic Market Size and Isolated Labor Pool. American Sociological Review, vol.54. no.6:950-962.
• Gonzalez-Ferrer, A. (2006). Who Do Immigrants Marry? Partner Choice Among Single Immigrants In Germany. European Sociological Review, vol.22. no.2:171-185.
• Koosterman, R. Van der Leun, J. and Rath, J. (1999). Mixed Embeddednes: (In) Formal Economic Activities and Immigrant Businesses in the Netherlands, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23 (2): 253-267
• Kloosterman, R. &Rath J. ‘Working on the Fringes.Immigrant Businesses, Economic Integration and Informal Practices’, in Marginaliseringeller Integration.Invandraresfoeretagande I svenskretorikochpraktik. Stockholm, pp. 177-188. (http://www.janrath.com/downloads/@rath%20NUTEK.pdf)
• Logan, J. R. (2003). Enchves and Entrepreneurs: Assessing the Payoff for Immigrants andMinorities. International Migration Review, 37(2): 344-388.
• Lievens, J. (1999). Family-Forming Migration from Turkey and Morocco to Belgium: The Demand for Marriage Partners from the Countries of Origin. International Migration Review, Vol.33, No: 3: 717-744.
• Liversage, A. (2009). Life Below a Language Treshold?: Stories of Turkish Marriage Migrant Women in Denmark. European Journal of Women’s Studies. 16(3): 229-247
• Nauck, B. (2007). Immigrant Families in Germany: Family Change BetweenSituational Adaptation, Acculturation, Segregation and Remigration. Zeitschriftfür Familienforschung, 19: 34-54.
• Ramsen, P. (2008). Out of the Ashes: Supporting Specialist Projects for Minority Ethnic Entrepreneurs – The Experience of the UK Phoenix Fund Programme.Mıgrações Journal (Journal OF THE Portuguese Immigration Observatory), Special Issue Immigrant Entrepreneurship, C. Reis Oliveira, J Rath (Eds.), 207-229.
• Rath, J. (2002). A Quintessential Immigrant Niche? The Non-case of Immigrants in the Dutch Construction Industry. Entrepreneurship& Regional Development, 14: 355-372.
• Sanders, j. M. and Nee, V. (1996). Immigrant Self Employment: The Family as Social Capital and the Value of Human Capital. American Sociological Review, vol. 65, no.2, 231-249
• Şahin, B. (2009). İşçilikten İşverenliğe Zorlu / Zorunlu Yolculuk: Almanya’daki Döner ve Market İşletmecisi Türk Göçmenler. Yurtdışındaki Türkler: 50.Yılında Göç ve Uyum, (M. Erdoğan, Ed.), Ankara: Orion, 589-596.
• Şahin, B. (2010). Almanya’daki Türkler. Ankara: Phoenix yay.
• Şen, F. (2007). Euro-Türkler Avrupa’da Türk Varlığı ve Geleceği. İstanbul: Günizi Yayınları.
• Timmerman, C. (2006). Gender Dynamics in the Context of Turkish Marriage Migration: The Case of Belgium. Turkish Studies, vol.7, no.1:125-143.
• Timmerman, C. Lodewyckx, I. Wets, J. (2009). Marriage at the Intersectional between Tradition and Globalization Turkish Marriage Migration between Emirdag and Belgium from 1989 to Present. History of the Family, 14:232-244.
• Waldinger, R. (1986). Through the Eye of the Needle: Immigrants and Enterprise in New York’s Garment Trades. New York: New York University Pres.
• Waldinger, R. (1989). Structural Opportinity or Ethnic Advantage? Immigrant Business Development in New York. International Migration Review, vol.23, no:1:48-72.
• Waldinger, R. Aldrich, H. and Ward, R. (1990). Opportunities, Group Charecterisics and Strategies, (in) Ethnic Entrepreneurs. (Waldinger, R. Aldrich, H. Ward, Eds.). R. London: Sage Pub. 13-49.
• Yavuzcan, İ.H. (2007). Almanya’da Türkve İran’lı İşletmeciler Örneğinde Etnik Ekonomi. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, sayı: 53-2: 673-697. http://www.iudergi.com/tr/index.php/sosyalsiyaset/search/advancedResults .