Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2019,
Sayı: 30, 99 - 125, 06.07.2019
Öz
The Xiongnu and the Han empires which founded
almost at the same time, existed for 4 centuries as rival and complement for
each other. Both empires’ ideological framework was settled on the idea of
heavenly mandate/World dominance. Their long frontier lines, ideological
foundations and foreign ambitions forced them to rivalry. They tried to create
systems that shape bilateral relations according to their own interests and to
impose these systems on the other side. On the other hand none of these systems
were able to solve problems permanently so competition stay alive in all
conditions. These two empires aimed to exulcerate its rival and impose own
interest. But success of this strategy depend on other sides ability of absorb
exulceration. As a result of their rivalry a bipolar order emerged and third
parties was forced to accept this order
in order to survive.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Ban, Gu(班固), Han Shu(漢書), Zhonghua Shuju, 1988
- Barfield, Thomas James, The Hsiung-nu Imperial Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy, Journal of Asian Studies, vol XLI no 1, 1981, s. 45-61
- Barfield, Thomas James,The Shadow Empires: Imperial State Formation Along the Chinese-Nomad Frontier, Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History, (Susan E. Alcock, Terrence N. D’altroy, Kathleen D. Morrison, Carla M. Sinopoli Ed.) Cambridge University Press, 2001, s. 10-42
- Barfield, Thomas James, Steppe Empires, China and the Silk Route: Nomads as a Force in International Trade and Politics, Nomads in the Sedentary World (Anatoly M. Khazanov, Andre Wink Ed.), Curzon, 2001, s. 234-250
- Bielenstein, Hans, Bureaucracy of Han Times, Cambridge University Press, 2008
- Chang, Chun-shu, The Rise of the Chinese Empire Volume One: Nation, State&Imperialism in Early China ca. 1600- b.c.-a.d. 8, The University of Michigan Press, 2010
- Di Cosmo, Nicola, Ancient Inner Asian Nomads-Their Economic Basis and Its Significance in Chinese History, History of Mongolia vol I The Pre-Chinggisid Era Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Empire, (David Sneath-Christopher Kaplonski Ed.), Global Oriental, 2010, s. 10-43
- Di Cosmo, Nicola, Aristocratic Elites in the Xiongnu Empire as Seen From Historical and Archaeological Evidence”, Nomad Aristocrats in a World of Empires (Von Jurgen Paul Ed.), Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2013, s. 23-55
- Fairbank, John King, A Preliminary Framework, The Chinese World Order-Traditional Foreign Relations(Fairbank), Harvard University Press, 1968
- Fairbank, John King – Goldman, Merle, China A New History, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006
- Khazanov, Anatoly, Nomads and the Outside World, (tr. Julia Crookenden), The University of Wisconsin Press, 1994
- Lewis, Mark Edward, The Early Chinese Empires Qin and Han, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007
- Lien-sheng, Yang, Historical Notes on the Chinese World Order, The Chinese World Order-Traditional China’s Foreign Relations(John King Fairbank Ed.), Harvard University Press, 1968, s. 20-34
- Liu Mau-tsai, Çin Kaynaklarına Göre Doğu Türkleri, Selenge Yayınları, 2011
- Loewe, Michael, The Former Han Dynasty, The Cambridge History of China Volume I-The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. to A.D. 220, (Denis Twitchett-Michael Loewe Ed.) Cambridge University Press, 2008, s. 103-223
- Ma, Yong – Sun, Yutang, The Western Regions under the Hsiung-nu and the Han, Nomads in the Sedentary World (Anatoly M. Khazanov, Andre Wink Ed.), Curzon, 2001, s. 227-247
- Onat, Ayşe, Orsoy, Sema, Ercilasun, Konuralp, Çin Kaynaklarında Türkler/Han Hanedanlığı Tarihi Hsiung-nu(Hun) Monografisi, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2004
- Otkan, Pulat, Tarihçinin Kayıtları’na (Shi ji) Göre Hunlar, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2018
- Rossabi, Morris, A History of China, Wiley Blackwell, 2014
- Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawai’i Press, 2007
- Selbitschka, Armin, Early Chinese Diplomacy: Realpolitik versus the So-called Tributary System, Asia Major, Third Series, 28, 1-2, s. 61-114
- Suzuki, Chusei, China’s Relations With Inner Asia: The Hsiung-nu, Tibet, The Chinese World Order-Traditional China’s Foreign Relations(John King Fairbank Ed.), Harvard University Press, 1968, s. 180-198
- Yü, Ying-shih, The Hsiung-nu, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, (Denis Sinor Ed.) Cambridge University Press, 2008, s. 118-151
- Yü, Ying-shih, Han Foreign Relations, The Cambridge History of China Volume I-The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. to A.D. 220, (Denis Twitchett-Michael Loewe Ed.) Cambridge University Press, 2008, s. 377-463
- Zadneprovskiy, Y. A. The Nomads of Northern Central Asia, History of Civilizations of Central Asia volume II: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadis Civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250, (Janos Harmatta Ed.), UNESCO Publishing, 1996, s. 457-473
Yıl 2019,
Sayı: 30, 99 - 125, 06.07.2019
Öz
Hemen
hemen aynı anda kurulan ve yıkılan Hun ve Han imparatorlukları 4 asır boyunca birbirinin
rakibi ve pek çok açıdan tamamlayıcısı olarak var oldu. Her iki imparatorluğun
ideolojisi de tanrısal cihan hâkimiyeti fikri üzerine kurgulanmıştı. Geniş
ortak sınırları, ideolojik kurguları ve dış politika hedefleri iki
imparatorluğu rekabet etmeye zorluyordu. İkili ilişkileri kendi çıkarlarına
göre şekillendiren sistemler yaratmaya ve bu sistemleri karşı tarafa dayatmaya
çalıştılar. Hunlar, Han’ın haraç ödediği Heqin’i; Han ise Hunların vassal
olarak haraç ödediği gong sistemini hayata geçirmeye gayret etti. Fakat
geliştirdikleri hiçbir sistem sorunları kalıcı olarak çözmeye yetmedi ve
rekabet her koşulda canlı kaldı. Bu iki imparatorluk rakibini yıpratarak ona
çıkarlarını dayatmayı hedefliyordu. Ancak bu stratejinin başarısı karşı tarafın
yıpranmayı kaldırabilmesine bağlıydı. Onların rekabetinin etkisiyle iki kutuplu
bir siyasal atmosfer oluştu ve üçüncü taraflar varlıklarını korumak için iş
birliğini kabullenmek zorunda kaldılar.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Ban, Gu(班固), Han Shu(漢書), Zhonghua Shuju, 1988
- Barfield, Thomas James, The Hsiung-nu Imperial Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy, Journal of Asian Studies, vol XLI no 1, 1981, s. 45-61
- Barfield, Thomas James,The Shadow Empires: Imperial State Formation Along the Chinese-Nomad Frontier, Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History, (Susan E. Alcock, Terrence N. D’altroy, Kathleen D. Morrison, Carla M. Sinopoli Ed.) Cambridge University Press, 2001, s. 10-42
- Barfield, Thomas James, Steppe Empires, China and the Silk Route: Nomads as a Force in International Trade and Politics, Nomads in the Sedentary World (Anatoly M. Khazanov, Andre Wink Ed.), Curzon, 2001, s. 234-250
- Bielenstein, Hans, Bureaucracy of Han Times, Cambridge University Press, 2008
- Chang, Chun-shu, The Rise of the Chinese Empire Volume One: Nation, State&Imperialism in Early China ca. 1600- b.c.-a.d. 8, The University of Michigan Press, 2010
- Di Cosmo, Nicola, Ancient Inner Asian Nomads-Their Economic Basis and Its Significance in Chinese History, History of Mongolia vol I The Pre-Chinggisid Era Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Empire, (David Sneath-Christopher Kaplonski Ed.), Global Oriental, 2010, s. 10-43
- Di Cosmo, Nicola, Aristocratic Elites in the Xiongnu Empire as Seen From Historical and Archaeological Evidence”, Nomad Aristocrats in a World of Empires (Von Jurgen Paul Ed.), Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2013, s. 23-55
- Fairbank, John King, A Preliminary Framework, The Chinese World Order-Traditional Foreign Relations(Fairbank), Harvard University Press, 1968
- Fairbank, John King – Goldman, Merle, China A New History, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006
- Khazanov, Anatoly, Nomads and the Outside World, (tr. Julia Crookenden), The University of Wisconsin Press, 1994
- Lewis, Mark Edward, The Early Chinese Empires Qin and Han, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007
- Lien-sheng, Yang, Historical Notes on the Chinese World Order, The Chinese World Order-Traditional China’s Foreign Relations(John King Fairbank Ed.), Harvard University Press, 1968, s. 20-34
- Liu Mau-tsai, Çin Kaynaklarına Göre Doğu Türkleri, Selenge Yayınları, 2011
- Loewe, Michael, The Former Han Dynasty, The Cambridge History of China Volume I-The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. to A.D. 220, (Denis Twitchett-Michael Loewe Ed.) Cambridge University Press, 2008, s. 103-223
- Ma, Yong – Sun, Yutang, The Western Regions under the Hsiung-nu and the Han, Nomads in the Sedentary World (Anatoly M. Khazanov, Andre Wink Ed.), Curzon, 2001, s. 227-247
- Onat, Ayşe, Orsoy, Sema, Ercilasun, Konuralp, Çin Kaynaklarında Türkler/Han Hanedanlığı Tarihi Hsiung-nu(Hun) Monografisi, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2004
- Otkan, Pulat, Tarihçinin Kayıtları’na (Shi ji) Göre Hunlar, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2018
- Rossabi, Morris, A History of China, Wiley Blackwell, 2014
- Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawai’i Press, 2007
- Selbitschka, Armin, Early Chinese Diplomacy: Realpolitik versus the So-called Tributary System, Asia Major, Third Series, 28, 1-2, s. 61-114
- Suzuki, Chusei, China’s Relations With Inner Asia: The Hsiung-nu, Tibet, The Chinese World Order-Traditional China’s Foreign Relations(John King Fairbank Ed.), Harvard University Press, 1968, s. 180-198
- Yü, Ying-shih, The Hsiung-nu, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, (Denis Sinor Ed.) Cambridge University Press, 2008, s. 118-151
- Yü, Ying-shih, Han Foreign Relations, The Cambridge History of China Volume I-The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. to A.D. 220, (Denis Twitchett-Michael Loewe Ed.) Cambridge University Press, 2008, s. 377-463
- Zadneprovskiy, Y. A. The Nomads of Northern Central Asia, History of Civilizations of Central Asia volume II: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadis Civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250, (Janos Harmatta Ed.), UNESCO Publishing, 1996, s. 457-473
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 6 Temmuz 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 28 Haziran 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Sayı: 30 |
- Makale Dosyaları