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Ekonomik Yatırım Programlarının Terörü Azaltmadaki Etkisi: Türkiye GAP Projesi ve PKK Örneği

Year 2016, Volume: 7 Issue: 37, 9 - 36, 25.02.2022

Abstract

Bu çalışma, ekonomik değişkenlerin bireylerin terör örgütlerine katılımını etkileyip etkilemediğini araştırmaktadır. Özelde GAP programının Türkiye’de PKK’ya katılımı azaltacağı yönündeki tezi test etmek amacıyla nicel bir model kullanılarak ampirik bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. 1987-2011 yılları arasında 25 şehirden PKK’ya katılan ve Türk güvenlik güçlerince ölü ele geçirilen örgüt üyelerinin yer aldığı Panel Veriseti kullanılarak, negatif binomial regresyon yürütülmüş ve bu çalışma neticesinde ekonomik değişkenlerden kişi başı düşen Gayrı Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla, işsizlik, Gini katsayısı ve yıllık büyüme oranlarının PKK’ya katılımı istatistiki olarak belirgin şekilde etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca, literatürde ilk kez ortalama hane halkı sayısının da terör örgütüne katılımı istatistiki olarak belirgin şekilde etkilediği bulgusu elde edilmiştir. Öte yandan, bölgedeki aşiret sisteminden ve siyasi mülahazalardan ötürü GAP programının etkin olarak yürütülmediği gerekçesiyle sadece kısmi sonuçları gözlemlenmiştir

References

  • ABADİE,A 2006 , “Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism” The American Economic Review, Vol. 96, No. 2 May, 2006 , pp. 50-56
  • AKYESİLMEN, N. 2001 , “Human Rights and Development: The Case of Southeastern Anatolia Project GAP ”, Dissertation in University of Essex UK
  • TAKAY,Araz- ARİN,B, P. and OMAY,T. 2009 , ”The Endogenous and Non-Linear Relationship Between Terrorism and Economic Performance: Turkish Evidence” Defence and Peace Vol 20 1 pp 1-10
  • BAL, İ 2007 , “PKK Terör Örgütü: Tarihsel Süreç ve 28 Mart Diyarbakır Olayları Analizi”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika Dergisi C:2 S:8 ss:75-89
  • BENEK,S 2009 , “Ortaya Çıkışı, Gelişme Serüveni ve Bölgeye Etkileri Bakımından Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi GAP ” Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi , 2009; 64 3 :46-70 Berman, E. 2002 .
  • Hamas, Taliban and The Jewish Underground: An Economist’s View Of Radical Religious Militias BERREBİ,C 2007 , “Evidence about the Link Between Education, Poverty and Terrorism among Palestinians” Peace, Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, Vol 13 1
  • BLATTMAN, C and MİGUEL, E 2010 , “Civil War” Journal of Economic Literature 2010, 48:1, 3–57
  • BLOOMBER,S.B., Hess,G.D. and Weerepana,A. 2004 “An Economic Model of Terrorism” Confl ict Management and Peace Science, 21:17–28
  • BURAN,A. 2011 , “Kürtler ve Kürt Dili” International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 6/3 Summer 2011, p. 43-57
  • CLİNE, L.E. 2004 , “From Ocalan to Al Qaida: The Continuing Terrorist Threat in Turkey”, Studies in Confl ict & Terrorism, 27:4, 321-335
  • CRENSHAW,M. 1985 , An Organizational Approach to The Analysis of Political Terrorism, Orbis,29 3 , 465-489.
  • CRİSS,N 1995 , “The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey” Stludies in Confl ict and Terrorism Volume 18, pp.17-3 CORNELL, S 2001 , “The Kurdish Question in Turkish Politics”, Foreign Policy Research Institute. Published by Elsevier Science Limited
  • ÇANDAR, C. 2011 , “Dağdan İniş- PKK Nasıl Silah Bırakır?: Kürt Sorununun Şiddett en Arındırılması”, TESEV Yayınları ISBN 978-605-5832-90-2
  • ÇİTLİOĞLU, E. 2009 , “Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgeleri Sosyo-Ekonomik ve Sosyo-Kültürel Yapı Araştırması: Sorunlar, Beklentiler ve Çözüm Önerileri” Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi
  • DEĞERLİ, S. 2010 , “The Eastern Rebellions on American Press 1925-1938”, Akademik Bakış Vol 3 6
  • DEMİR, C.K. 2008 , “Öğrenen Örgütler ve Terör Örgütleri Bağlamında PKK”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 5, Sayı 19 s. 57-88.
  • FAZLIOĞLU, A ve BİÇER, İ 2009 , “Toplumsal Dönüşüm Projesi Olarak Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi’nin GAP Toplumsal Yansımaları” VI. Ulusal Sosyoloji Kongresi, Ekim 2009, “Toplumsal Dönüşümler ve Sosyolojik Yaklaşımlar”
  • FEARON, J.D. and LAİTİN,D.D. 2003 , ‘‘Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War,’’Amer-ican Political Science Review 97, no. 1, pp: 75–90
  • FERİDUN, M. and SEZGİN, S. 2008 , “Regional underdevelopment and terrorism: the case of south eastern Turkey.” Defence and Peace Economics 19 3 : 225 – 233
  • GALULA,D 1964 , “Counterintersurgency Warfare, Theory and Practice”, Published in the United States of America in 1964by Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Publisher
  • GRUEN, G 2000 , “Turkish Waters: Source Of Regional Confl ict Or Catalyst For Peace” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution123:565–579
  • GOMEZ, J.M. 2010 , “A Financial Profi le of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and its Affi liates” Perspectives on Terrorism, Volume 4, No 4
  • HOFFMAN, B 2006 , “Inside Terrorism”, Columbia University Press “İllerin ve Bölgelerin SosyoEkonomik Gelişmişlik Siralamasi Araştirmasi 2003 ” DPT Yayın No: 2671
  • JONGERDEN, J 2010 , “Dams and Politics in Turkey: Utilizing Water, Developing Confl ict”, Middle East Policy, Vol. XVii, no. 1
  • KAHN, J and WEİNER, T 2002 , “World Leaders Rethinking Strategy on Aid to Poor,” The New York Times. New York, March 18, 2002, Sec. A, p. 3.
  • KİRİŞCİ, K. 2011 , “The Kurdish Issue in Turkey: Limits of European Union Reform”, South European Society and Politics, 16:2, 335-349
  • KONDA R&C 2011 , “Kürt Meselesinde Algı ve Beklentiler Araştırması” Bulgular Raporu, 2011
  • KRUGER,A 2007 , “What Makes a Terrorist?: Economics and the Roots of Terrorism”, Princeton University Press.
  • KRUEGER, A.B. and LAİTİN, D. 2003 , “Kto Kogo? A Cross-Country Study of the Origins and Targets of Terrorism.” Unpublished Paper
  • LAHİRİ,S 2010 , Review of Asoka Bandarage ‘The Separatist Confl ict in Sri Lanka: Terrorism Ethn icity, Political Economy’ The Journal of Asian Studies, 69, pp 629 630
  • LONG, David E., The Anatomy of Terror New York: Free Press, 1990 .
  • LORENZ, F.M. and ERİCKSON, E.J. 1999 , “The Euphrates Triangle: Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project” National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. 1999
  • MEİERRİEKS, D. and GRİES, T 2013 , “Causality between terrorism and economic growth” Journal of Peace Research 50 1 91–104
  • MESSNER, S. F. And TARDİFF, K. 1986 , Economic Inequality and Levels of Homicide: An Analysis of Urban Neighborhood, Criminology, 24 2 , 297-314.
  • MUTLU,S. 1996 , “Ethnic Kurds in Turkey: A Demographic Study” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 28, No. 4 Nov., 1996 , pp. 517-541
  • NEWMAN, E. 2006 , “Exploring the Root Causes of Terrorism”, Studies in Confl ict & Terrorism, 29:8, 749-772
  • OCALAN, A. 1993 , “Nasıl Savaşmalı? Halk Savaşı ve Ordulaşması Üzerine”, Bilim Aydınlanma Yayınları. URL: htt p://www.pkkonline.net/tr/fi les/books/savasordu-1.pdf
  • OZCAN, N and GURKAYNAK, E 2012 , “Who are Those Armed People in Mountains” Turkish Economic and Political Research Foundation,URL www.tepav.org.tr
  • OZCAN, N and YAVUZ, H 2006 , “The Kurdish Question and Turkey’s Justice and Development Party” Middle East Policy, Vol. XIII, NO. 1, Spring 2006
  • ÖZDAĞ, Ü 2009 , “Pusu ve Katliamların Kronolojisi”, Kripto Yayınları, Ankara
  • ÖZDAMAR, O 2008 , “Theorizing Terrorist Behavior: Major Approaches and Their Characteristics”, Defence Against Terrorism Review Vol. 1, No. 2, Fall 2008, 89-101
  • ÖZEREN, S. 2011 , Türkiye’de Paradigma Değişimi ve Terörle Mücadele, Terörizm Paradoksu ve Türkiye 82 International Journal of Security and Terrorism Vol: 3 2
  • ÖZEREN,S., Başıbüyük,O. and Sözer A 2012 “A Field Study on Factors that Aff ect Individuals’ Decision to Join the Terorist Organization: The PKK/KCK Case”, International Journal of Security and Terrorism Vol: 3 2
  • PIAZZA, J. A. 2006 , Rooted in Poverty?: Terrorism, Poor Economic Development, and Social Cleavages, Terrorism And Political Violence, 18, 159–177
  • PİKE,J 2004 , “A Case Study of the PKK in Turkey” Foundation For Middle East and Balkan Studies,Federation of American Scientists
  • RADU,M 2001 , “The Rise and Fall of PKK”, Orbis,Winter2001, Vol.45 Issue 1, p47, 17p Rapoport, D.C. ed. , Inside Terrorist Organizations, Londra, Frank Cass, 1988. Republic of Turkey Law for CounterTerrorism. Offi cial Journal 12 April 1991 and No 3713
  • RİNEHART, J 2007 , “Rebirth, Islamic Revitalization and the New Terror: An Analysis of the AlQaeda Phenomenon” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Hilton Chicago
  • ROTH&SEVER 2007 , The Kurdish Workers Party PKK as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, A Case Study, Studies in Confl ict & Terrorism, 30:10, 901-920
  • RÜBBELKE, D.T.G. 2005 , Diff ering motivations for terrorism, Defence and Peace Economics, 16: 1, 19-27
  • SAGEMAN, M 2004 , “Understanding Terror Networks”, University of Pennsylvania Press Stern, J. 2000 . Pakistan’s Jihad Culture, Foreign Aff airs,79, 115-133.
  • TEZCÜR, M 2010 , “When democratization radicalizes: The Kurdish nationalist movement in Turkey”, Journal of Peace Research 47 6 775–789
  • TURGUT, A and KİS-KATOS,K 2009 “Terrorist Recruitment and State of Economy” Institute for Economic Research, JEL Classifi cation, D74,K4
  • WEBER, M 1946 , “Politics as Vocations, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology”. Oxford University Press.
  • WİLKİNSON, P and STEWART, A.M. eds.-1987 “Contemporary Research on Terrorism” Aberdeen, UK: University of Aberdeen Press, 1987
  • YAVUZ, H 2011 , “Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics,7:3,1-24
  • ZİMMERMANN, E. 2011 , “Globalization and Terrorism” European Journal of Political Economy 27 011 S152–S161
Year 2016, Volume: 7 Issue: 37, 9 - 36, 25.02.2022

Abstract

References

  • ABADİE,A 2006 , “Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism” The American Economic Review, Vol. 96, No. 2 May, 2006 , pp. 50-56
  • AKYESİLMEN, N. 2001 , “Human Rights and Development: The Case of Southeastern Anatolia Project GAP ”, Dissertation in University of Essex UK
  • TAKAY,Araz- ARİN,B, P. and OMAY,T. 2009 , ”The Endogenous and Non-Linear Relationship Between Terrorism and Economic Performance: Turkish Evidence” Defence and Peace Vol 20 1 pp 1-10
  • BAL, İ 2007 , “PKK Terör Örgütü: Tarihsel Süreç ve 28 Mart Diyarbakır Olayları Analizi”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika Dergisi C:2 S:8 ss:75-89
  • BENEK,S 2009 , “Ortaya Çıkışı, Gelişme Serüveni ve Bölgeye Etkileri Bakımından Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi GAP ” Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi , 2009; 64 3 :46-70 Berman, E. 2002 .
  • Hamas, Taliban and The Jewish Underground: An Economist’s View Of Radical Religious Militias BERREBİ,C 2007 , “Evidence about the Link Between Education, Poverty and Terrorism among Palestinians” Peace, Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, Vol 13 1
  • BLATTMAN, C and MİGUEL, E 2010 , “Civil War” Journal of Economic Literature 2010, 48:1, 3–57
  • BLOOMBER,S.B., Hess,G.D. and Weerepana,A. 2004 “An Economic Model of Terrorism” Confl ict Management and Peace Science, 21:17–28
  • BURAN,A. 2011 , “Kürtler ve Kürt Dili” International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 6/3 Summer 2011, p. 43-57
  • CLİNE, L.E. 2004 , “From Ocalan to Al Qaida: The Continuing Terrorist Threat in Turkey”, Studies in Confl ict & Terrorism, 27:4, 321-335
  • CRENSHAW,M. 1985 , An Organizational Approach to The Analysis of Political Terrorism, Orbis,29 3 , 465-489.
  • CRİSS,N 1995 , “The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey” Stludies in Confl ict and Terrorism Volume 18, pp.17-3 CORNELL, S 2001 , “The Kurdish Question in Turkish Politics”, Foreign Policy Research Institute. Published by Elsevier Science Limited
  • ÇANDAR, C. 2011 , “Dağdan İniş- PKK Nasıl Silah Bırakır?: Kürt Sorununun Şiddett en Arındırılması”, TESEV Yayınları ISBN 978-605-5832-90-2
  • ÇİTLİOĞLU, E. 2009 , “Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgeleri Sosyo-Ekonomik ve Sosyo-Kültürel Yapı Araştırması: Sorunlar, Beklentiler ve Çözüm Önerileri” Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi
  • DEĞERLİ, S. 2010 , “The Eastern Rebellions on American Press 1925-1938”, Akademik Bakış Vol 3 6
  • DEMİR, C.K. 2008 , “Öğrenen Örgütler ve Terör Örgütleri Bağlamında PKK”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 5, Sayı 19 s. 57-88.
  • FAZLIOĞLU, A ve BİÇER, İ 2009 , “Toplumsal Dönüşüm Projesi Olarak Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi’nin GAP Toplumsal Yansımaları” VI. Ulusal Sosyoloji Kongresi, Ekim 2009, “Toplumsal Dönüşümler ve Sosyolojik Yaklaşımlar”
  • FEARON, J.D. and LAİTİN,D.D. 2003 , ‘‘Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War,’’Amer-ican Political Science Review 97, no. 1, pp: 75–90
  • FERİDUN, M. and SEZGİN, S. 2008 , “Regional underdevelopment and terrorism: the case of south eastern Turkey.” Defence and Peace Economics 19 3 : 225 – 233
  • GALULA,D 1964 , “Counterintersurgency Warfare, Theory and Practice”, Published in the United States of America in 1964by Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Publisher
  • GRUEN, G 2000 , “Turkish Waters: Source Of Regional Confl ict Or Catalyst For Peace” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution123:565–579
  • GOMEZ, J.M. 2010 , “A Financial Profi le of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and its Affi liates” Perspectives on Terrorism, Volume 4, No 4
  • HOFFMAN, B 2006 , “Inside Terrorism”, Columbia University Press “İllerin ve Bölgelerin SosyoEkonomik Gelişmişlik Siralamasi Araştirmasi 2003 ” DPT Yayın No: 2671
  • JONGERDEN, J 2010 , “Dams and Politics in Turkey: Utilizing Water, Developing Confl ict”, Middle East Policy, Vol. XVii, no. 1
  • KAHN, J and WEİNER, T 2002 , “World Leaders Rethinking Strategy on Aid to Poor,” The New York Times. New York, March 18, 2002, Sec. A, p. 3.
  • KİRİŞCİ, K. 2011 , “The Kurdish Issue in Turkey: Limits of European Union Reform”, South European Society and Politics, 16:2, 335-349
  • KONDA R&C 2011 , “Kürt Meselesinde Algı ve Beklentiler Araştırması” Bulgular Raporu, 2011
  • KRUGER,A 2007 , “What Makes a Terrorist?: Economics and the Roots of Terrorism”, Princeton University Press.
  • KRUEGER, A.B. and LAİTİN, D. 2003 , “Kto Kogo? A Cross-Country Study of the Origins and Targets of Terrorism.” Unpublished Paper
  • LAHİRİ,S 2010 , Review of Asoka Bandarage ‘The Separatist Confl ict in Sri Lanka: Terrorism Ethn icity, Political Economy’ The Journal of Asian Studies, 69, pp 629 630
  • LONG, David E., The Anatomy of Terror New York: Free Press, 1990 .
  • LORENZ, F.M. and ERİCKSON, E.J. 1999 , “The Euphrates Triangle: Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project” National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. 1999
  • MEİERRİEKS, D. and GRİES, T 2013 , “Causality between terrorism and economic growth” Journal of Peace Research 50 1 91–104
  • MESSNER, S. F. And TARDİFF, K. 1986 , Economic Inequality and Levels of Homicide: An Analysis of Urban Neighborhood, Criminology, 24 2 , 297-314.
  • MUTLU,S. 1996 , “Ethnic Kurds in Turkey: A Demographic Study” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 28, No. 4 Nov., 1996 , pp. 517-541
  • NEWMAN, E. 2006 , “Exploring the Root Causes of Terrorism”, Studies in Confl ict & Terrorism, 29:8, 749-772
  • OCALAN, A. 1993 , “Nasıl Savaşmalı? Halk Savaşı ve Ordulaşması Üzerine”, Bilim Aydınlanma Yayınları. URL: htt p://www.pkkonline.net/tr/fi les/books/savasordu-1.pdf
  • OZCAN, N and GURKAYNAK, E 2012 , “Who are Those Armed People in Mountains” Turkish Economic and Political Research Foundation,URL www.tepav.org.tr
  • OZCAN, N and YAVUZ, H 2006 , “The Kurdish Question and Turkey’s Justice and Development Party” Middle East Policy, Vol. XIII, NO. 1, Spring 2006
  • ÖZDAĞ, Ü 2009 , “Pusu ve Katliamların Kronolojisi”, Kripto Yayınları, Ankara
  • ÖZDAMAR, O 2008 , “Theorizing Terrorist Behavior: Major Approaches and Their Characteristics”, Defence Against Terrorism Review Vol. 1, No. 2, Fall 2008, 89-101
  • ÖZEREN, S. 2011 , Türkiye’de Paradigma Değişimi ve Terörle Mücadele, Terörizm Paradoksu ve Türkiye 82 International Journal of Security and Terrorism Vol: 3 2
  • ÖZEREN,S., Başıbüyük,O. and Sözer A 2012 “A Field Study on Factors that Aff ect Individuals’ Decision to Join the Terorist Organization: The PKK/KCK Case”, International Journal of Security and Terrorism Vol: 3 2
  • PIAZZA, J. A. 2006 , Rooted in Poverty?: Terrorism, Poor Economic Development, and Social Cleavages, Terrorism And Political Violence, 18, 159–177
  • PİKE,J 2004 , “A Case Study of the PKK in Turkey” Foundation For Middle East and Balkan Studies,Federation of American Scientists
  • RADU,M 2001 , “The Rise and Fall of PKK”, Orbis,Winter2001, Vol.45 Issue 1, p47, 17p Rapoport, D.C. ed. , Inside Terrorist Organizations, Londra, Frank Cass, 1988. Republic of Turkey Law for CounterTerrorism. Offi cial Journal 12 April 1991 and No 3713
  • RİNEHART, J 2007 , “Rebirth, Islamic Revitalization and the New Terror: An Analysis of the AlQaeda Phenomenon” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Hilton Chicago
  • ROTH&SEVER 2007 , The Kurdish Workers Party PKK as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, A Case Study, Studies in Confl ict & Terrorism, 30:10, 901-920
  • RÜBBELKE, D.T.G. 2005 , Diff ering motivations for terrorism, Defence and Peace Economics, 16: 1, 19-27
  • SAGEMAN, M 2004 , “Understanding Terror Networks”, University of Pennsylvania Press Stern, J. 2000 . Pakistan’s Jihad Culture, Foreign Aff airs,79, 115-133.
  • TEZCÜR, M 2010 , “When democratization radicalizes: The Kurdish nationalist movement in Turkey”, Journal of Peace Research 47 6 775–789
  • TURGUT, A and KİS-KATOS,K 2009 “Terrorist Recruitment and State of Economy” Institute for Economic Research, JEL Classifi cation, D74,K4
  • WEBER, M 1946 , “Politics as Vocations, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology”. Oxford University Press.
  • WİLKİNSON, P and STEWART, A.M. eds.-1987 “Contemporary Research on Terrorism” Aberdeen, UK: University of Aberdeen Press, 1987
  • YAVUZ, H 2011 , “Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics,7:3,1-24
  • ZİMMERMANN, E. 2011 , “Globalization and Terrorism” European Journal of Political Economy 27 011 S152–S161
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Burak Kürkçü This is me

Publication Date February 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 7 Issue: 37

Cite

APA Kürkçü, B. (2022). Ekonomik Yatırım Programlarının Terörü Azaltmadaki Etkisi: Türkiye GAP Projesi ve PKK Örneği. Düşünce Dünyasında Türkiz, 7(37), 9-36.