Microwave hydrodistillation of Poncirus trifoliata peels and essential oil profile: Greenness assessment

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 154 - 161, 31.05.2025

Yusuf Can Gerçek

https://doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1675694

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the profile of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation (MHD) and classical steam distillation (SD) methods and the bioactive potential of the wastewater produced in this process. The chemical composition of the essential oils was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), while the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total proanthocyanidin (TPA) and total antioxidant capacity of the wastewater (aqueous phase) after distillation were determined by spectrophotometric methods. GC-MS analysis revealed that the main component of the essential oils obtained by both methods was limonene, but there were significant differences in the relative proportions of the components. The SD method yielded a higher proportion of monoterpene hydrocarbons (70.27%) and esters (8.59%), while the MHD method was more efficient in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (14.06%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (2.10%). In wastewater analysis, the wastewater obtained by SD method showed higher antioxidant capacity (with CUPRAC and CERAC) and higher TPC and TFC values compared to MHD. In addition, MHD (0.53 points) was found to be slightly more environmentally friendly than SD (0.49 points) in terms of energy consumption and sample size in the greenness assessment using the AGREEprep tool. In conclusion, it can be concluded that post-distillation wastewater is also a valuable source of bioactive compounds and the choice of method should be based on the targeted compound profile and the requirements of the application.

Keywords

P. trifoliata , wastewater , antioxidant , essential oil

Poncirus trifoliata kabuklarının mikrodalga hidrodistilasyonu ve uçucu yağ profili: Yeşillik değerlendirmesi

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı, hidrodistilasyon (MHD) ve klasik buhar distilasyonu (SD) yöntemleriyle elde edilen uçucu yağ profilini ve bu süreçte üretilen atık suyun biyoaktif potansiyelini belirlemektir. Uçucu yağların kimyasal bileşimi Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometresi (GC-MS) ile analiz edilirken, distilasyon sonrası atık suyun (sulu faz) toplam fenolik içeriği (TPC), toplam flavonoid içeriği (TFC), toplam proantosiyanidin (TPA) ve toplam antioksidan kapasitesi spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle belirlenmiştir. GC-MS analizi, her iki yöntemle elde edilen uçucu yağların ana bileşeninin limonen olduğunu, ancak bileşenlerin nispi oranlarında önemli farklılıklar olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. SD yöntemi daha yüksek oranda monoterpen hidrokarbonlar (%70,27) ve esterler (%8,59) verirken, MHD yöntemi seskiterpen hidrokarbonlar (%14,06) ve oksijenli monoterpenlerde (%2,10) daha etkili olmuştur. Atık su analizinde, SD yöntemiyle elde edilen atık su, MHD'ye kıyasla daha yüksek antioksidan kapasite (CUPRAC ve CERAC ile) ve daha yüksek TPC ve TFC değerleri göstermiştir. Ayrıca, AGREEprep aracı kullanılarak yapılan yeşillik değerlendirmesinde MHD'nin (0,53 puan) enerji tüketimi ve numune büyüklüğü açısından SD'den (0,49 puan) biraz daha çevre dostu olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, damıtma sonrası atık suyun da değerli bir biyoaktif bileşik kaynağı olduğu ve yöntem seçiminin hedeflenen bileşik profiline ve uygulamanın gerekliliklerine dayanması gerektiği sonucuna varılabilir.

Keywords

P.trifoliata , atık su , antioksidan , uçucu yağ

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