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The Classification of Soils Formed Over Göynük River (Bingöl) Terraces and Determination of Their Physico-Chemical Propertiesa

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 604 - 612, 18.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.471366

Abstract

Soils are constantly changing due to topographical factors, agricultural
practices and climate characteristics. Along with the formation processes,
soils generally have different characteristics due to the impacts of the
factors they are exposed to. This study determined the physical, chemical and
hydraulic characteristics of three terraces formed by the Bingöl-Göynük River
and the terrace soils were classified according to Soil Taxonomy. Soil profiles
were excavated on each terrace, and horizon-based sampling was performed. The 1st
terrace over the river bed was composed of alluvial deposits. The 2nd
and 3rd terrace soils had structural development and advanced
horizon development. The soil moisture regime was xeric, the temperature regime
was mesic, and the climate was related to soil formation. The most distinctive
soil formation process was identified as carbonate accumulation in the 2nd
terrace. According to Soil Taxonomy, all three soil profiles were classified
within Entisol and Vertisol orders.

References

  • Baver, L.D. 1966. Soil Physics. Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
  • Black, C.A. 1965. Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3. American Society of Agronomy, Inc.; USA.
  • Boekel, P. 1959. Evaluation of the structure of clay soils by means of soil consistency. Meded. Landbouwhogesch. Opzoekingsstn. Staat Gent., 24: 363-367.
  • Bouyoucos, G.J. 1951. A Recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. J. Agronomy Journal, 43: 435-438.
  • Brown, L.R. 1991. The global competition for land. Journal of Soil and Water Cons. 46: 394-397.
  • Brikeland, P.W. 1999. Soil and Geomorphology. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
  • Dahlgren, R.H., Boettinger, J.L., Huntington, G.L., Amundson, R.G. 1997. Soil development along an elevational transect in the Western Sierra Nevada, California. J. Geoderma, 78: 207-236.
  • Daniels, J.M. 2003. Floodplain aggregation and pedogenesis in a semiarid environment. J. Geomorphology, 56: 225-242.
  • Demir, Y., Doğan Demir, A., Meral, R., Yüksel, A. 2015. Determination of climate type of Bingol plains according to Thornthwaite and Erinc index. Turkısh Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 2: 332-337.
  • Dengiz, O. 2010. Morphology, physico-chemical properties and classification of soils on terraces of the Tigris River in the south-east Anatolia region of Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 16: 205-212.
  • Engelman, R., LeRoy, P. 1995. Conserving Land: Population and Sustainable Food Production. Population Action International, Washington, D.C.
  • Ergene, A. 1987. Toprak Biliminin Esasları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları, No. 635, Ziraat Fak., Erzurum.
  • Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 2006. World References Base for Soil Resources. World Soil Rep. 103. Rome.
  • Foth, H.D. 1978. Fundamentals of Soil Science, 6th edn. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Gerrard, J. 1987. Alluvial Soils (No. 631.44 A55).
  • Hillel, D. 2003. Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics. Elsevier. Amsterdam.
  • Joffe, J.S. 1949. Pedology Pub. The Semerset Inc. Newjarsey.
  • Kellog, C.E, Orvedal, A.C. 1969. Potentially Arable Soils of the World and Critical Measures for Their Use. In Advances in Agronomy. Academic Press.
  • Klute, A., Dirksen, C. 1986. Hydraulic Conductivity and Diffusivity, Laboratory Methods. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, (Ed: A. Klute) Part 1, Agronomy Monograph. 9. ASA and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Lal, R., Shukla, M.K. 2004. Principles of Soil Physics. CRC Press.
  • Lark, R.M. 1999. Soil-landform relationships at with infield scales: An inveestigation using continuous classification. Geoderma, 92: 141-165.
  • Lindsay, W.L., Norvell, W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42: 421-428.
  • Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E. 1996. Total Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Organic Matter. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, 2nd ed., A.L. Page et al., Ed. Agronomy. American. Soc. of Agron. Inc. Madison, WI.
  • Nicholas, G. 2009. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons.
  • Nimmo JR, Perkins KS. 2002. Aggregate Stability and Size Distribution. In Methods of Soil Analysis, part 4, physical methods, Dane JH, Topp GC (eds). SSSA Inc.: Madison.
  • Pazzaglia, F.J. 2013. Fluvial Terraces. In Treatise on Geomorphology, John FS (ed). Academic Press: San Diego.
  • Rolston, D.E. 2005. Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics. Soil Science, pp. 1051-1052.
  • Royer, D.L. 1999. Depth to pedogenic carbonate horizon as a paleoprecipitation indicator. Geology, 27: 1123-1126.
  • Soil Survey Staff, 1992. Procedures for Collecting Soil Samples and Methods of Analysis for Soil Survey. Soil Surv. Invest. Rep. I. U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington D.C. USA.
  • Soil Survey Staff, 1993. Soil Survey Manual. USDA Handbook. No: 18, Washington D.C. USA.
  • Soil Survey Staff, 1999. Soil Taxonomy. A Basic of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Survey. USDA Handbook No: 436, Washington D.C. USA.
  • Tinsley, J. 1967. Soil Science Manual of Experiments. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen.
  • Tonbul S., 1990. Geomorphology and evolution of the Bingöl plain and its surroundings (Eastern Anatolia). Journal of Geography Studies, 2(2): 329-352.
  • Yair, A. 1990. The role of topography and surface cover upon soil formation along hillslopes in arid climates. Geomorphology, 3: 287-299.

Göynük Nehri (Bingöl) Teraslarında Oluşan Toprakların Sınıflandırılması ve Fiziko-Kimyasal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 604 - 612, 18.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.471366

Abstract

Topraklar topoğrafik faktörler,
tarımsal uygulamalar ve iklim özellikleri nedeniyle sürekli değişim
gösterirler. Oluşum süreci içerisinde topraklar, maruz kaldıkları faktörler
etkisiyle farklı karakteristik özelliklere sahip olurlar. Bu çalışmada
Bingöl-Göynük nehri kenarında oluşmuş üç adet terasın morfolojik, fiziksel,
kimyasal ve hidrolik özellikleri belirlenmiş ve Toprak Taxonomisine göre
sınıflandırılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında teraslarda açılan toprak profilleri
incelenmiş ve horizon esasına göre örnekleme yapılmıştır. Nehir yatağındaki
birinci teras toprakları alüvyal depozitlerin oluşturduğu materyallerden
meydana gelmiştir. Araştırma alanındaki ikinci ve üçüncü teraslar üzerindeki
topraklar ise strüktür gelişiminin meydana geldiği ileri düzeyde horizon
gelişiminin oluştuğu topraklardır. Toprak nem rejiminin xeric ve sıcaklık
rejiminin mesic olduğu alanda iklimin toprak oluşumu ile ilişkili olduğu
belirlenmiştir.  En belirgin toprak
oluşum işlemi ikinci terasta belirlenen karbonat birikimi olmuştur. Elde edilen
veriler doğrultusunda incelenen üç toprak profili Toprak Taksonomisine göre
Entisol ve Vertisol ordolarında sınıflandırılmıştır.



 

References

  • Baver, L.D. 1966. Soil Physics. Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
  • Black, C.A. 1965. Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3. American Society of Agronomy, Inc.; USA.
  • Boekel, P. 1959. Evaluation of the structure of clay soils by means of soil consistency. Meded. Landbouwhogesch. Opzoekingsstn. Staat Gent., 24: 363-367.
  • Bouyoucos, G.J. 1951. A Recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. J. Agronomy Journal, 43: 435-438.
  • Brown, L.R. 1991. The global competition for land. Journal of Soil and Water Cons. 46: 394-397.
  • Brikeland, P.W. 1999. Soil and Geomorphology. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
  • Dahlgren, R.H., Boettinger, J.L., Huntington, G.L., Amundson, R.G. 1997. Soil development along an elevational transect in the Western Sierra Nevada, California. J. Geoderma, 78: 207-236.
  • Daniels, J.M. 2003. Floodplain aggregation and pedogenesis in a semiarid environment. J. Geomorphology, 56: 225-242.
  • Demir, Y., Doğan Demir, A., Meral, R., Yüksel, A. 2015. Determination of climate type of Bingol plains according to Thornthwaite and Erinc index. Turkısh Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 2: 332-337.
  • Dengiz, O. 2010. Morphology, physico-chemical properties and classification of soils on terraces of the Tigris River in the south-east Anatolia region of Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 16: 205-212.
  • Engelman, R., LeRoy, P. 1995. Conserving Land: Population and Sustainable Food Production. Population Action International, Washington, D.C.
  • Ergene, A. 1987. Toprak Biliminin Esasları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları, No. 635, Ziraat Fak., Erzurum.
  • Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 2006. World References Base for Soil Resources. World Soil Rep. 103. Rome.
  • Foth, H.D. 1978. Fundamentals of Soil Science, 6th edn. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Gerrard, J. 1987. Alluvial Soils (No. 631.44 A55).
  • Hillel, D. 2003. Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics. Elsevier. Amsterdam.
  • Joffe, J.S. 1949. Pedology Pub. The Semerset Inc. Newjarsey.
  • Kellog, C.E, Orvedal, A.C. 1969. Potentially Arable Soils of the World and Critical Measures for Their Use. In Advances in Agronomy. Academic Press.
  • Klute, A., Dirksen, C. 1986. Hydraulic Conductivity and Diffusivity, Laboratory Methods. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, (Ed: A. Klute) Part 1, Agronomy Monograph. 9. ASA and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Lal, R., Shukla, M.K. 2004. Principles of Soil Physics. CRC Press.
  • Lark, R.M. 1999. Soil-landform relationships at with infield scales: An inveestigation using continuous classification. Geoderma, 92: 141-165.
  • Lindsay, W.L., Norvell, W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42: 421-428.
  • Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E. 1996. Total Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Organic Matter. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, 2nd ed., A.L. Page et al., Ed. Agronomy. American. Soc. of Agron. Inc. Madison, WI.
  • Nicholas, G. 2009. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons.
  • Nimmo JR, Perkins KS. 2002. Aggregate Stability and Size Distribution. In Methods of Soil Analysis, part 4, physical methods, Dane JH, Topp GC (eds). SSSA Inc.: Madison.
  • Pazzaglia, F.J. 2013. Fluvial Terraces. In Treatise on Geomorphology, John FS (ed). Academic Press: San Diego.
  • Rolston, D.E. 2005. Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics. Soil Science, pp. 1051-1052.
  • Royer, D.L. 1999. Depth to pedogenic carbonate horizon as a paleoprecipitation indicator. Geology, 27: 1123-1126.
  • Soil Survey Staff, 1992. Procedures for Collecting Soil Samples and Methods of Analysis for Soil Survey. Soil Surv. Invest. Rep. I. U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington D.C. USA.
  • Soil Survey Staff, 1993. Soil Survey Manual. USDA Handbook. No: 18, Washington D.C. USA.
  • Soil Survey Staff, 1999. Soil Taxonomy. A Basic of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Survey. USDA Handbook No: 436, Washington D.C. USA.
  • Tinsley, J. 1967. Soil Science Manual of Experiments. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen.
  • Tonbul S., 1990. Geomorphology and evolution of the Bingöl plain and its surroundings (Eastern Anatolia). Journal of Geography Studies, 2(2): 329-352.
  • Yair, A. 1990. The role of topography and surface cover upon soil formation along hillslopes in arid climates. Geomorphology, 3: 287-299.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yasin Demir

Mustafa Yıldırım Canbolat This is me

Publication Date October 18, 2018
Submission Date August 14, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 5 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Demir, Y., & Canbolat, M. Y. (2018). The Classification of Soils Formed Over Göynük River (Bingöl) Terraces and Determination of Their Physico-Chemical Propertiesa. Türk Tarım Ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(4), 604-612. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.471366