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Evli Çiftlerde Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travmaları ve Travma Sonrası Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkide Eş Desteğinin Aracılık Rolü

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 290 - 307, 31.12.2021

Abstract

Evli çiftlerde, çocukluk çağı ruhsal travmaları ile eş desteği ve travma sonrası büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi çalışmanın birinci amacını; çocukluk çağı ruhsal travmaları ile travma sonrası büyüme arasındaki ilişkide eş desteğinin aracı rolünün değerlendirilmesi ise ikinci amacını oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma, Kasım 2019-Şubat 2020 arasında İstanbul ilinde yaşayan evli çiftler ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan 194 evli çifttin bildirimleri; Kişisel Bilgi Formu (KBF), Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeği (CTQ-28), Eş Desteği Ölçeği (EDÖ) ve Travma Sonrası Büyüme Envanteri (TSBE) ile alınmıştır. Katılımcıların, %77.5’inin birden fazla çocukluk çağı ruhsal travmasına maruz kaldıkları ve duygusal ihmalin (%78.9) en fazla bildirilen travma olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çocukluk çağı ruhsal travması olmayan katılımcıların daha fazla; duygusal destek, takdir etme desteği, sosyal ilgi desteği ve eş desteği aldıkları belirlenmiştir. Eşlerinden destek alan katılımcıların, daha fazla travma sonrası büyüme bildirdikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma, çocukluk çağı ruhsal travmaları bildiren evli çiftlerde eş desteğinin, travma sonrası büyümenin önemli bir prediktörü olduğunu göstermektedir.

Supporting Institution

Destekleyen Kurum bulunmamaktadır.

Project Number

-

Thanks

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References

  • Ayhan, H. & Öztürk, E. (2021). Aile psikopatolojisi, çocuktan ebeveyne şiddet ve postmodern bir trend olarak sharenting. Öztürk, E, editör. Aile Psikopatolojisi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri, s: 40-66.
  • Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine, 51(6), 843-857.
  • Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., ... & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132-1136. Billette, V., Guay, S., & Marchand, A. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder and social support in female victims of sexual assault: The impact of spousal involvement on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Behavior Modification, 32(6), 876-896.
  • Briere, J. N., & Scott, C. (2016). Travma Terapisinin İlkeleri: Belirtiler, Değerlendirme ve Tedavi İçin Bir Kılavuz (1. Baskı). Betül Dilan Genç (Çev.). İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, s: 5.
  • Broman, C. L., Riba, M. L., & Trahan, M. R. (1996). Traumatic events and marital well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(4), 908-916.
  • Brooks, M., Graham-Kevan, N., Robinson, S., & Lowe, M. (2019). Trauma characteristics and posttraumatic growth: The mediating role of avoidance coping, intrusive thoughts, and social support. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(2), 232-238.
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (Eds.). (1999). Trauma and Growth: Processes and Outcomes. Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth: A Clinician's Guide içinde. Routledge, s: 1-23.
  • Canevello, A., Michels, V., & Hilaire, N. (2016). Supporting close others’ growth after trauma: The role of responsiveness in romantic partners’ mutual posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(3), 334-342.
  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357.
  • Conway, T., & Hutson, R. Q. (2008). Healthy Marriage and the Legacy of Child Maltreatment: A Child Welfare Perspective. Center for Law and Social Policy, Rutledge, s: 1-13.
  • Derin, G. (2020). Travma ve göç: Bir gözden geçirme. Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 5(2), 46-55.
  • DuMont, K. A., Widom, C. S., & Czaja, S. J. (2007). Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(3), 255-274.
  • Evans, S. E. (2010). The quality of spousal social support as a moderator of the associations between child maltreatment severity and adult trauma symptoms. Doctoral Thesis, NU, Lincoln.
  • Evans, S. E., Steel, A. L., Watkins, L. E., & DiLillo, D. (2014). Childhood exposure to family violence and adult trauma symptoms: The importance of social support from a spouse. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(5), 527-545.
  • Gunnlaugsson, G., & Einarsdóttir, J. (2018). Review shows that Icelandic society is taking firmer steps to tackle the diverse forms of child abuse and neglect that its children are exposed to. Acta Paediatrica, 107(9), 1500-1511.
  • Gürpınar, D. ( 2013). Eşlerin evlilik birliğinin giderlerine katılma borcu [The Dept of the Married Couples for Paying the Expenses of the Family]. Yaşar Üniversitesi Elektronik Dergisi, 8(Özel), 1293-1339.
  • Herman, J.L. (2019). Travma ve İyileşme: Şiddetin Sonuçları, Ev İçi İstismardan Siyasi Teröre (6. Baskı). Tamer Tosun (Çev.). İstanbul: Literatür, s: 75-78.
  • Kağan, M., Güleç, M., Boysan, M., & Çavuş, H. (2012). Travma sonrası büyüme envanteri'nin Türkçe versiyonunun normal toplumda hiyerarşik faktör yapısı. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 11(5), 617-624.
  • Karasar, N. (2007). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi (17. Basım). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, s: 81-219.
  • Kong, S., & Bernstein, K. (2009). Childhood trauma as a predictor of eating psychopathology and its mediating variables in patients with eating disorders. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(13), 1897-1907.
  • Lev-Wiesel, R., & Amir, M. (2003). The effects of similarity versus dissimilarity of spouses' traumatic childhood events on psychological well-being and marital quality. Journal of Family Issues, 24(6), 737-752.
  • Lim, J. W. (2019). The role of post-traumatic growth in promoting healthy behavior for couples coping with cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 27(3), 829-838.
  • Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11-21.
  • Moon, K. Y., Lee, S. Y. I., Lee, A. R., An, K. Y., Jung, K. S., Paek, K. I., ... & Chung, S. A. (2019). Perception of child abuse and child disciplinary practice among adults abused as children: comparison to general population. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(2), 57-65.
  • Özmen, S. K. (2004). Aile içinde öfke ve saldırganlığın yansımaları. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 27-39.
  • Öztürk, E. (2017). Travma ve Dissosiyasyon. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, s: 4-78.
  • Öztürk, E. (2020a). Travma ve Dissosiyasyon: Psikotravmatoloji Temel Kitabı. 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, s: 3-185.
  • Öztürk, E. (2020b). Psikotarih, travma ve dissosiyasyon: Çocukluk çağı travmaları, savaşlar ve dissosiyasyonun anamnezi. Öztürk E, editör. Psikotarih. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; s: 1-21.
  • Öztürk, E. (2021). Trauma based alliance model therapy. Medicine Science, 10(2), 631-650.
  • Öztürk, E., Erdoğan, B., & Derin, G. (2021). Psychotraumatology and dissociation: A theoretical and clinical approach. Medicine Science, 10(3), 246-54.
  • Pasch, L. A., & Bradbury, T. N. (1998). Social support, conflict, and the development of marital dysfunction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 219-230.
  • Perry, B. D., Colwell, K., & Schick, S. (2002). Neglect in childhood. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, 1, 192-196.
  • Putnam, F. W. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(3), 269-278.
  • Rieck, M., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Morris, B., & Newbery, J. (2005). A mixed-method analysis of posttrauma outcomes: Trauma severity and social support from a psychotherapeutic perspective. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 39(2), 86-100.
  • Sumalla, E. C., Ochoa, C., & Blanco, I. (2009). Posttraumatic growth in cancer: Reality or illusion?. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(1), 24-33.
  • Swenson, C. C., & Schaeffer, C. M. (2018). A multisystemic approach to the prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect. International Journal on Child Maltreatment: Research, Policy and Practice, 1(1), 97-120.
  • Şar, V., & Öztürk, E. (2006). What is trauma and dissociation?. Journal of Trauma Practice, 4(1-2), 7-20. Şar, V., & Öztürk, E. (2007). Functional dissociation of the self: A sociocognitive approach to trauma and dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 8(4), 69-89.
  • Şar, V., Öztürk, E., İkikardeş, E., (2012). Çocukluk çağı ruhsal travma ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(4), 1054-1063.
  • Taku, K., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2008). The factor structure of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: A comparison of five models using confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 158-164.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation. California: Sage, s: 8-37.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-471.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). " Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence". Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L., & Calhoun, L. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual issues. Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L., & Calhoun, L. G. (Ed.). (1998). Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in the Aftermath of Crisis içinde. Routledge, s: 1-22.
  • Terr, L. C. (1991). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. Am J Psychiatry, 48, 10-20.
  • Wang, W., Wu, X., & Tian, Y. (2018). Mediating roles of gratitude and social support in the relation between survivor guilt and posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Ya’an Earthquake. Frontiers in Psychology, 9 (2131), 1-8.
  • Woodward, C., & Joseph, S. (2003). Positive change processes and post‐traumatic growth in people who have experienced childhood abuse: understanding vehicles of change. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 76(3), 267-283.
  • Wright, M. O. D., Fopma-Loy, J., & Fischer, S. (2005). Multidimensional assessment of resilience in mothers who are child sexual abuse survivors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(10), 1173-1193.
  • Yıldırım, İ. (2004). Eş Destek Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(22), 19-25.
  • Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths about Mediation Analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206.
  • Zhou, X., Wu, X., & Zhen, R. (2017). Understanding the relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder/posttraumatic growth among adolescents after Ya’an earthquake: The role of emotion regulation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(2), 214-221.
Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 290 - 307, 31.12.2021

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

  • Ayhan, H. & Öztürk, E. (2021). Aile psikopatolojisi, çocuktan ebeveyne şiddet ve postmodern bir trend olarak sharenting. Öztürk, E, editör. Aile Psikopatolojisi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri, s: 40-66.
  • Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine, 51(6), 843-857.
  • Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., ... & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132-1136. Billette, V., Guay, S., & Marchand, A. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder and social support in female victims of sexual assault: The impact of spousal involvement on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Behavior Modification, 32(6), 876-896.
  • Briere, J. N., & Scott, C. (2016). Travma Terapisinin İlkeleri: Belirtiler, Değerlendirme ve Tedavi İçin Bir Kılavuz (1. Baskı). Betül Dilan Genç (Çev.). İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, s: 5.
  • Broman, C. L., Riba, M. L., & Trahan, M. R. (1996). Traumatic events and marital well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(4), 908-916.
  • Brooks, M., Graham-Kevan, N., Robinson, S., & Lowe, M. (2019). Trauma characteristics and posttraumatic growth: The mediating role of avoidance coping, intrusive thoughts, and social support. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(2), 232-238.
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (Eds.). (1999). Trauma and Growth: Processes and Outcomes. Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth: A Clinician's Guide içinde. Routledge, s: 1-23.
  • Canevello, A., Michels, V., & Hilaire, N. (2016). Supporting close others’ growth after trauma: The role of responsiveness in romantic partners’ mutual posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(3), 334-342.
  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357.
  • Conway, T., & Hutson, R. Q. (2008). Healthy Marriage and the Legacy of Child Maltreatment: A Child Welfare Perspective. Center for Law and Social Policy, Rutledge, s: 1-13.
  • Derin, G. (2020). Travma ve göç: Bir gözden geçirme. Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 5(2), 46-55.
  • DuMont, K. A., Widom, C. S., & Czaja, S. J. (2007). Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(3), 255-274.
  • Evans, S. E. (2010). The quality of spousal social support as a moderator of the associations between child maltreatment severity and adult trauma symptoms. Doctoral Thesis, NU, Lincoln.
  • Evans, S. E., Steel, A. L., Watkins, L. E., & DiLillo, D. (2014). Childhood exposure to family violence and adult trauma symptoms: The importance of social support from a spouse. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(5), 527-545.
  • Gunnlaugsson, G., & Einarsdóttir, J. (2018). Review shows that Icelandic society is taking firmer steps to tackle the diverse forms of child abuse and neglect that its children are exposed to. Acta Paediatrica, 107(9), 1500-1511.
  • Gürpınar, D. ( 2013). Eşlerin evlilik birliğinin giderlerine katılma borcu [The Dept of the Married Couples for Paying the Expenses of the Family]. Yaşar Üniversitesi Elektronik Dergisi, 8(Özel), 1293-1339.
  • Herman, J.L. (2019). Travma ve İyileşme: Şiddetin Sonuçları, Ev İçi İstismardan Siyasi Teröre (6. Baskı). Tamer Tosun (Çev.). İstanbul: Literatür, s: 75-78.
  • Kağan, M., Güleç, M., Boysan, M., & Çavuş, H. (2012). Travma sonrası büyüme envanteri'nin Türkçe versiyonunun normal toplumda hiyerarşik faktör yapısı. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 11(5), 617-624.
  • Karasar, N. (2007). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi (17. Basım). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, s: 81-219.
  • Kong, S., & Bernstein, K. (2009). Childhood trauma as a predictor of eating psychopathology and its mediating variables in patients with eating disorders. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(13), 1897-1907.
  • Lev-Wiesel, R., & Amir, M. (2003). The effects of similarity versus dissimilarity of spouses' traumatic childhood events on psychological well-being and marital quality. Journal of Family Issues, 24(6), 737-752.
  • Lim, J. W. (2019). The role of post-traumatic growth in promoting healthy behavior for couples coping with cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 27(3), 829-838.
  • Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11-21.
  • Moon, K. Y., Lee, S. Y. I., Lee, A. R., An, K. Y., Jung, K. S., Paek, K. I., ... & Chung, S. A. (2019). Perception of child abuse and child disciplinary practice among adults abused as children: comparison to general population. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(2), 57-65.
  • Özmen, S. K. (2004). Aile içinde öfke ve saldırganlığın yansımaları. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 27-39.
  • Öztürk, E. (2017). Travma ve Dissosiyasyon. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, s: 4-78.
  • Öztürk, E. (2020a). Travma ve Dissosiyasyon: Psikotravmatoloji Temel Kitabı. 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, s: 3-185.
  • Öztürk, E. (2020b). Psikotarih, travma ve dissosiyasyon: Çocukluk çağı travmaları, savaşlar ve dissosiyasyonun anamnezi. Öztürk E, editör. Psikotarih. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; s: 1-21.
  • Öztürk, E. (2021). Trauma based alliance model therapy. Medicine Science, 10(2), 631-650.
  • Öztürk, E., Erdoğan, B., & Derin, G. (2021). Psychotraumatology and dissociation: A theoretical and clinical approach. Medicine Science, 10(3), 246-54.
  • Pasch, L. A., & Bradbury, T. N. (1998). Social support, conflict, and the development of marital dysfunction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 219-230.
  • Perry, B. D., Colwell, K., & Schick, S. (2002). Neglect in childhood. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, 1, 192-196.
  • Putnam, F. W. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(3), 269-278.
  • Rieck, M., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Morris, B., & Newbery, J. (2005). A mixed-method analysis of posttrauma outcomes: Trauma severity and social support from a psychotherapeutic perspective. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 39(2), 86-100.
  • Sumalla, E. C., Ochoa, C., & Blanco, I. (2009). Posttraumatic growth in cancer: Reality or illusion?. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(1), 24-33.
  • Swenson, C. C., & Schaeffer, C. M. (2018). A multisystemic approach to the prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect. International Journal on Child Maltreatment: Research, Policy and Practice, 1(1), 97-120.
  • Şar, V., & Öztürk, E. (2006). What is trauma and dissociation?. Journal of Trauma Practice, 4(1-2), 7-20. Şar, V., & Öztürk, E. (2007). Functional dissociation of the self: A sociocognitive approach to trauma and dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 8(4), 69-89.
  • Şar, V., Öztürk, E., İkikardeş, E., (2012). Çocukluk çağı ruhsal travma ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(4), 1054-1063.
  • Taku, K., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2008). The factor structure of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: A comparison of five models using confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 158-164.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation. California: Sage, s: 8-37.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-471.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). " Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence". Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L., & Calhoun, L. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual issues. Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L., & Calhoun, L. G. (Ed.). (1998). Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in the Aftermath of Crisis içinde. Routledge, s: 1-22.
  • Terr, L. C. (1991). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. Am J Psychiatry, 48, 10-20.
  • Wang, W., Wu, X., & Tian, Y. (2018). Mediating roles of gratitude and social support in the relation between survivor guilt and posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Ya’an Earthquake. Frontiers in Psychology, 9 (2131), 1-8.
  • Woodward, C., & Joseph, S. (2003). Positive change processes and post‐traumatic growth in people who have experienced childhood abuse: understanding vehicles of change. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 76(3), 267-283.
  • Wright, M. O. D., Fopma-Loy, J., & Fischer, S. (2005). Multidimensional assessment of resilience in mothers who are child sexual abuse survivors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(10), 1173-1193.
  • Yıldırım, İ. (2004). Eş Destek Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(22), 19-25.
  • Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths about Mediation Analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206.
  • Zhou, X., Wu, X., & Zhen, R. (2017). Understanding the relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder/posttraumatic growth among adolescents after Ya’an earthquake: The role of emotion regulation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(2), 214-221.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Deniz Yücel 0000-0001-9984-5334

Erdinç Öztürk 0000-0003-1553-2619

Project Number -
Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yücel, D., & Öztürk, E. (2021). Evli Çiftlerde Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travmaları ve Travma Sonrası Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkide Eş Desteğinin Aracılık Rolü. Uluslararası Türk Kültür Coğrafyasında Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 290-307.