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Türk Okçuluğunda Atış Becerisini Etkileyen Faktörler Son Çekiş Mesafesi ile Logaritmik Boyutsuz Sarsım Arasındaki İlişki

Year 2024, , 21 - 33, 29.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.1497255

Abstract

İvmenin türevi sarsım ince motor becerilerin başarısı ile negatif ilişkilidir. Sarsımın artması okçlukta hedefleme fazının performansını önemli ölçüde olumsuz etkiler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı son çekiş mesafelerinden yapılan atışlarda ellerde ve yayda oluşan sarsımı incelemektir. Çalışma 10 (yaş: 32.42±4.3 yıl; cinsiyet: 6 erkek, 4 kadın) deneyimli (6.23±2.35 yıl) geleneksel okçunun katılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılar maksimum çekiş mesafesi ve maksimum çekiş mesafesinin belirli yüzdelerine karşılık gelen mesafelerden (%98, %96, %94 ve %92) kısa menzilli atışlar gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Nişan alma fazı için ellerde ve yayda oluşan logaritmik boyutsuz sarsımlar hesaplanmıştır. Son çekiş mesafesinin sarsım üzerindeki etkisini ve yay ile ellerin sarsımı arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamak için RM-ANOVA'lar ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Eller ve yayın sarsımlarının son çekiş mesafesine bağlı olarak anlamlı ölçüde değiştiğini, sarsımın en az olduğu çekiş mesafelerinin maksimum çekiş mesafesinin %98’i ve %96’sı olduğu bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte yayın sarsımının tüm denemelerde iki elin kolektif etkisi ile anlamlı ölçüde açıklanabildiği bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, sahadaki çalışmaların araştırmanın bulguları dikkate alınarak yapılmasının geleneksel okçulukta performansı arttıracağı düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Allum, J. H., Dietz, V., & Freund, H. J. (1978). Neuronal mechanisms underlying physiological tremor. J Neurophysiol, 41(3), 557-571. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1978.41.3.557
  • Ariffin, M. S., Sahak, R., Rambely, A. S., & Zin, M. A. M. (2020). Upper extremity muscle force for traditional archery using khatrah technique. International Journal, 9(1.4).
  • Baifa, Z., Xinglong, Z., & Dongmei, L. (2023). Muscle coordination during archery shooting: A comparison of archers with different skill levels. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(1), 54-61.
  • Boonstra, T. W., Daffertshofer, A., Van Ditshuizen, J. C., Van den Heuvel, M. R. C., Hofman, C., Willigenburg, N. W., & Beek, P. J. (2008). Fatigue-related changes in motor-unit synchronization of quadriceps muscles within and across legs. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(5), 717-731.
  • Clarys, J., Cabri, J., Bollens, E., Sleeckx, R., Taeymans, J., Vermeiren, M., Van Reeth, G., & Voss, G. (1990). Muscular activity of different shooting distances, different release techniques, and different performance levels, with and without stabilizers, in target archery. Journal of sports sciences, 8(3), 235-257.
  • Crawford, P., & Zimmerman, E. E. (2018). Tremor: sorting through the differential diagnosis. American family physician, 97(3), 180-186.
  • Deuschl, G., Krack, P., Lauk, M., & Timmer, J. (1996). Clinical Neurophysiology of Tremor. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 13(2), 110-121.
  • Deuschl, G., Raethjen, J., Lindemann, M., & Krack, P. (2001). The pathophysiology of tremor. Muscle & Nerve: Official Journal of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, 24(6), 716- 735.
  • Edelmann-Nusser, J., Heller, M., Hofmann, M., & Ganter, N. (2006). On-target trajectories and the final pull in archery. European Journal of Sport Science, 6(4), 213-222.
  • Ertan, H., Kentel, B., Tümer, S., & Korkusuz, F. (2003). Activation patterns in forearm muscles during archery shooting. Human movement science, 22(1), 37-45.
  • Ertan, H., Soylu, A. R., & Korkusuz, F. (2005). Quantification the relationship between FITA scores and EMG skill indexes in archery. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 15(2), 222-227.
  • Findley, L. J. (1996). Classification of tremors. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 13(2), 122-132.
  • Gamet, D., & Maton, B. (1989). The fatigability of two agonistic muscles in human isometric voluntary submaximal contraction: an EMG study. I. Assessment of muscular fatigue by means of surface EMG. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 58(4), 361- 368. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00643510
  • Haywood, K., & Lewis, C. (2024). Archery: Steps to success. Human Kinetics.
  • Hess, C. W., & Pullman, S. L. (2012). Tremor: clinical phenomenology and assessment techniques. Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.), 2, tre-02-65-365-1
  • Kamble, N., & Pal, P. K. (2018). Tremor syndromes: A review. Neurology India, 66(Suppl 1), 36-47.
  • Keast, D., & Elliott, B. (1990). Fine body movements and the cardiac cycle in archery. J Sports Sci, 8(3), 203-213.
  • Kuch, A., Debril, J. F., Domalain, M., Tisserand, R., & Monnet, T. (2020). Effect of bow drawing technique on skilled archer postural stability: a case study. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 23(sup1), 159- 161.
  • Lenka, A., & Jankovic, J. (2021). Tremor syndromes: an updated review. Frontiers in Neurology, 12, 684835.
  • Leroyer, P., Van Hoecke, J., & Helal, J. N. (1993). Biomechanical study of the final push-pull in archery. J Sports Sci, 11(1), 63-69.
  • Mamorita, N., Iizuka, T., Takeuchi, A., Shirataka, M., & Ikeda, N. (2009). Development of a system for measurement and analysis of tremor using a three-axis accelerometer. Methods Inf Med, 48(6), 589-594. https://doi.org/10.3414/me9243
  • Melendez-Calderon, A., Shirota, C., & Balasubramanian, S. (2021). Estimating movement smoothness from inertial measurement units. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 8, 558771.
  • Moritz, E. F., Haake, S., Edelmann-Nusser, J., Heller, M., Hofmann, M., & Ganter, N. (2006). Measurement of draw-length alterations in the final pull in archery. In The Engineering of Sport 6: Volume 2: Developments for Disciplines (pp. 93- 98). Springer New York.
  • Norman, K. E., Edwards, R., & Beuter, A. (1999). The measurement of tremor using a velocity transducer: comparison to simultaneous recordings using transducers of displacement, acceleration and muscle activity. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 92(1), 41-54.
  • Novak, T., & Newell, K. M. (2017). Physiological tremor (8–12Hz component) in isometric force control. Neuroscience Letters, 641, 87- 93.
  • Ogasawara, T., Fukamachi, H., Aoyagi, K., Kumano, S., Togo, H., & Oka, K. (2021). Archery Skill Assessment Using an Acceleration Sensor. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, 51(3), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1109/THMS.2020.3046435
  • Raethjen, J., Pawlas, F., Lindemann, M., Wenzelburger, R., & Deuschl, G. (2000). Determinants of physiologic tremor in a large normal population. Clinical neurophysiology, 111(10), 1825-1837.
  • Randall, K. C. (2016). Origins and comparative performance of the composite bow (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa).
  • Scarzella, F. (2022). Archery. In Epidemiology of Injuries in Sports (pp. 1-6). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64532-1_1
  • Serrien, B., Witterzeel, E., & Baeyens, J.-P. (2018). The Uncontrolled Manifold Concept Reveals That the Structure of Postural Control in Recurve Archery Shooting Is Related to Accuracy. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 3(3), 48.
  • Shinohara, H., Hosomi, R., Sakamoto, R., Urushihata, T., Yamamoto, S., Higa, C., & Oyama, S. (2023). Effect of exercise devised to reduce arm tremor in the sighting phase of archery. PLOS ONE, 18(5), e0285223.
  • Simsek, D., Cerrah, A. O., Ertan, H., & Soylu, R. A. (2018). Muscular coordination of movements associated with arrow release in archery. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 40(1), 141-155.
  • Sorrells, B. J. (2004). Beginner's Guide to Traditional Archery. Stackpole Books.
  • Spratford, W., & Campbell, R. (2017). Postural stability, clicker reaction time and bow draw force predict performance in elite recurve archery. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(5), 539-545.
  • Squadrone, R., Rodano, R., & Gallozzi, C. (1994). Fatigue effects on shooting archery performance. ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive.
  • Stone, R. T. (2007, October). The biomechanical and physiological link between archery techniques and performance. In Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting (Vol. 51, No. 18, pp. 1227- 1231). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: pearson
  • Takahashi, C. D., Nemet, D., Rose-Gottron, C. M., Larson, J. K., Cooper, D. M., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2006). Effect of muscle fatigue on internal model formation and retention during reaching with the arm. J Appl Physiol (1985), 100(2), 695-706.
  • Takai, H., Kubo, Y., & Araki, M. (2012). Characteristics of shooting time of the world’s top level male archery athletes. NSSU Journal of Sport Sciences, 1, 8-12.
  • Veluvolu, K. C., & Ang, W. T. (2011). Estimation of Physiological Tremor from Accelerometers for Real-Time Applications. Sensors, 11(3), 3020-3036.
  • Vendrame, E., Belluscio, V., Truppa, L., Rum, L., Lazich, A., Bergamini, E., & Mannini, A. (2022). Performance assessment in archery: a systematic review. Sports Biomechanics, 1- 23.
  • Viitasalo, J. T., & Gajewski, J. (1994). Effects of strength training-induced fatigue on tremor spectrum in elbow flexion. Human movement science, 13(1), 129-141.
  • Young, R. R., & Hagbarth, K. E. (1980). Physiological tremor enhanced by manoeuvres affecting the segmental stretch reflex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 43(3), 248-256. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.43.3.248
  • Zhang, L., Diraneyya, M. M., Ryu, J., Haas, C. T., & Abdel-Rahman, E. M. (2019). Jerk as an indicator of physical exertion and fatigue. Automation in Construction, 104, 120-128.

Factors Affecting Shooting Skill in Turkish Archery The Relation between Final Pull Distance and Logarithmic Dimensionless Jerk

Year 2024, , 21 - 33, 29.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.1497255

Abstract

The acceleration-derived jerk is negatively correlated with the performance of fine motor skills. Increased jerk significantly impairs the performance of the aiming phase in archery. The aim of this study was to investigate hand and bow jerk during shooting from different final draw distances. The study was conducted with the participation of 10 (age: 32.42±4.3 years; gender: 6 males, 4 females) experienced (6.23±2.35 years) traditional archers. The participants shot short-range shots at distances corresponding to the maximum draw distance and certain percentages of the maximum draw distance (98%, 96%, 94%, and 92%). Logarithmic dimensionless jerks of the hands and bow were calculated for the aiming phase. RM-ANOVAs and multiple linear regression analyses were used to explain the effect of final pull distance on jerk and the relationship between bow jerk and hand jerk. It was found that the jerks of the hands and bow varied significantly as a function of final pull distance, with the lowest jerks occurring at 98% and 96% of the maximum draw distance. It was also found that the bow jerk could be significantly explained by the collective effect of both hands in all trials. In conclusion, it is believed that the performance of traditional archery can be improved by implementing the results of this research in the field.

Ethical Statement

This study is in line with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was conducted under the ethical approval granted by the Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Ethics Committee (Document No. 26.12.2022-2023/02)

Supporting Institution

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Thanks

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References

  • Allum, J. H., Dietz, V., & Freund, H. J. (1978). Neuronal mechanisms underlying physiological tremor. J Neurophysiol, 41(3), 557-571. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1978.41.3.557
  • Ariffin, M. S., Sahak, R., Rambely, A. S., & Zin, M. A. M. (2020). Upper extremity muscle force for traditional archery using khatrah technique. International Journal, 9(1.4).
  • Baifa, Z., Xinglong, Z., & Dongmei, L. (2023). Muscle coordination during archery shooting: A comparison of archers with different skill levels. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(1), 54-61.
  • Boonstra, T. W., Daffertshofer, A., Van Ditshuizen, J. C., Van den Heuvel, M. R. C., Hofman, C., Willigenburg, N. W., & Beek, P. J. (2008). Fatigue-related changes in motor-unit synchronization of quadriceps muscles within and across legs. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(5), 717-731.
  • Clarys, J., Cabri, J., Bollens, E., Sleeckx, R., Taeymans, J., Vermeiren, M., Van Reeth, G., & Voss, G. (1990). Muscular activity of different shooting distances, different release techniques, and different performance levels, with and without stabilizers, in target archery. Journal of sports sciences, 8(3), 235-257.
  • Crawford, P., & Zimmerman, E. E. (2018). Tremor: sorting through the differential diagnosis. American family physician, 97(3), 180-186.
  • Deuschl, G., Krack, P., Lauk, M., & Timmer, J. (1996). Clinical Neurophysiology of Tremor. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 13(2), 110-121.
  • Deuschl, G., Raethjen, J., Lindemann, M., & Krack, P. (2001). The pathophysiology of tremor. Muscle & Nerve: Official Journal of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, 24(6), 716- 735.
  • Edelmann-Nusser, J., Heller, M., Hofmann, M., & Ganter, N. (2006). On-target trajectories and the final pull in archery. European Journal of Sport Science, 6(4), 213-222.
  • Ertan, H., Kentel, B., Tümer, S., & Korkusuz, F. (2003). Activation patterns in forearm muscles during archery shooting. Human movement science, 22(1), 37-45.
  • Ertan, H., Soylu, A. R., & Korkusuz, F. (2005). Quantification the relationship between FITA scores and EMG skill indexes in archery. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 15(2), 222-227.
  • Findley, L. J. (1996). Classification of tremors. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 13(2), 122-132.
  • Gamet, D., & Maton, B. (1989). The fatigability of two agonistic muscles in human isometric voluntary submaximal contraction: an EMG study. I. Assessment of muscular fatigue by means of surface EMG. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 58(4), 361- 368. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00643510
  • Haywood, K., & Lewis, C. (2024). Archery: Steps to success. Human Kinetics.
  • Hess, C. W., & Pullman, S. L. (2012). Tremor: clinical phenomenology and assessment techniques. Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.), 2, tre-02-65-365-1
  • Kamble, N., & Pal, P. K. (2018). Tremor syndromes: A review. Neurology India, 66(Suppl 1), 36-47.
  • Keast, D., & Elliott, B. (1990). Fine body movements and the cardiac cycle in archery. J Sports Sci, 8(3), 203-213.
  • Kuch, A., Debril, J. F., Domalain, M., Tisserand, R., & Monnet, T. (2020). Effect of bow drawing technique on skilled archer postural stability: a case study. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 23(sup1), 159- 161.
  • Lenka, A., & Jankovic, J. (2021). Tremor syndromes: an updated review. Frontiers in Neurology, 12, 684835.
  • Leroyer, P., Van Hoecke, J., & Helal, J. N. (1993). Biomechanical study of the final push-pull in archery. J Sports Sci, 11(1), 63-69.
  • Mamorita, N., Iizuka, T., Takeuchi, A., Shirataka, M., & Ikeda, N. (2009). Development of a system for measurement and analysis of tremor using a three-axis accelerometer. Methods Inf Med, 48(6), 589-594. https://doi.org/10.3414/me9243
  • Melendez-Calderon, A., Shirota, C., & Balasubramanian, S. (2021). Estimating movement smoothness from inertial measurement units. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 8, 558771.
  • Moritz, E. F., Haake, S., Edelmann-Nusser, J., Heller, M., Hofmann, M., & Ganter, N. (2006). Measurement of draw-length alterations in the final pull in archery. In The Engineering of Sport 6: Volume 2: Developments for Disciplines (pp. 93- 98). Springer New York.
  • Norman, K. E., Edwards, R., & Beuter, A. (1999). The measurement of tremor using a velocity transducer: comparison to simultaneous recordings using transducers of displacement, acceleration and muscle activity. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 92(1), 41-54.
  • Novak, T., & Newell, K. M. (2017). Physiological tremor (8–12Hz component) in isometric force control. Neuroscience Letters, 641, 87- 93.
  • Ogasawara, T., Fukamachi, H., Aoyagi, K., Kumano, S., Togo, H., & Oka, K. (2021). Archery Skill Assessment Using an Acceleration Sensor. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, 51(3), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1109/THMS.2020.3046435
  • Raethjen, J., Pawlas, F., Lindemann, M., Wenzelburger, R., & Deuschl, G. (2000). Determinants of physiologic tremor in a large normal population. Clinical neurophysiology, 111(10), 1825-1837.
  • Randall, K. C. (2016). Origins and comparative performance of the composite bow (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa).
  • Scarzella, F. (2022). Archery. In Epidemiology of Injuries in Sports (pp. 1-6). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64532-1_1
  • Serrien, B., Witterzeel, E., & Baeyens, J.-P. (2018). The Uncontrolled Manifold Concept Reveals That the Structure of Postural Control in Recurve Archery Shooting Is Related to Accuracy. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 3(3), 48.
  • Shinohara, H., Hosomi, R., Sakamoto, R., Urushihata, T., Yamamoto, S., Higa, C., & Oyama, S. (2023). Effect of exercise devised to reduce arm tremor in the sighting phase of archery. PLOS ONE, 18(5), e0285223.
  • Simsek, D., Cerrah, A. O., Ertan, H., & Soylu, R. A. (2018). Muscular coordination of movements associated with arrow release in archery. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 40(1), 141-155.
  • Sorrells, B. J. (2004). Beginner's Guide to Traditional Archery. Stackpole Books.
  • Spratford, W., & Campbell, R. (2017). Postural stability, clicker reaction time and bow draw force predict performance in elite recurve archery. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(5), 539-545.
  • Squadrone, R., Rodano, R., & Gallozzi, C. (1994). Fatigue effects on shooting archery performance. ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive.
  • Stone, R. T. (2007, October). The biomechanical and physiological link between archery techniques and performance. In Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting (Vol. 51, No. 18, pp. 1227- 1231). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: pearson
  • Takahashi, C. D., Nemet, D., Rose-Gottron, C. M., Larson, J. K., Cooper, D. M., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2006). Effect of muscle fatigue on internal model formation and retention during reaching with the arm. J Appl Physiol (1985), 100(2), 695-706.
  • Takai, H., Kubo, Y., & Araki, M. (2012). Characteristics of shooting time of the world’s top level male archery athletes. NSSU Journal of Sport Sciences, 1, 8-12.
  • Veluvolu, K. C., & Ang, W. T. (2011). Estimation of Physiological Tremor from Accelerometers for Real-Time Applications. Sensors, 11(3), 3020-3036.
  • Vendrame, E., Belluscio, V., Truppa, L., Rum, L., Lazich, A., Bergamini, E., & Mannini, A. (2022). Performance assessment in archery: a systematic review. Sports Biomechanics, 1- 23.
  • Viitasalo, J. T., & Gajewski, J. (1994). Effects of strength training-induced fatigue on tremor spectrum in elbow flexion. Human movement science, 13(1), 129-141.
  • Young, R. R., & Hagbarth, K. E. (1980). Physiological tremor enhanced by manoeuvres affecting the segmental stretch reflex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 43(3), 248-256. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.43.3.248
  • Zhang, L., Diraneyya, M. M., Ryu, J., Haas, C. T., & Abdel-Rahman, E. M. (2019). Jerk as an indicator of physical exertion and fatigue. Automation in Construction, 104, 120-128.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Biomechanics in Sports Science
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Uğur Ödek 0000-0003-0335-7956

Early Pub Date June 28, 2024
Publication Date June 29, 2024
Submission Date June 6, 2024
Acceptance Date June 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Ödek, U. (2024). Factors Affecting Shooting Skill in Turkish Archery The Relation between Final Pull Distance and Logarithmic Dimensionless Jerk. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.1497255
AMA Ödek U. Factors Affecting Shooting Skill in Turkish Archery The Relation between Final Pull Distance and Logarithmic Dimensionless Jerk. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. June 2024;8(1):21-33. doi:10.32706/tusbid.1497255
Chicago Ödek, Uğur. “Factors Affecting Shooting Skill in Turkish Archery The Relation Between Final Pull Distance and Logarithmic Dimensionless Jerk”. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 8, no. 1 (June 2024): 21-33. https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.1497255.
EndNote Ödek U (June 1, 2024) Factors Affecting Shooting Skill in Turkish Archery The Relation between Final Pull Distance and Logarithmic Dimensionless Jerk. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 8 1 21–33.
IEEE U. Ödek, “Factors Affecting Shooting Skill in Turkish Archery The Relation between Final Pull Distance and Logarithmic Dimensionless Jerk”, Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 21–33, 2024, doi: 10.32706/tusbid.1497255.
ISNAD Ödek, Uğur. “Factors Affecting Shooting Skill in Turkish Archery The Relation Between Final Pull Distance and Logarithmic Dimensionless Jerk”. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 8/1 (June 2024), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.1497255.
JAMA Ödek U. Factors Affecting Shooting Skill in Turkish Archery The Relation between Final Pull Distance and Logarithmic Dimensionless Jerk. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;8:21–33.
MLA Ödek, Uğur. “Factors Affecting Shooting Skill in Turkish Archery The Relation Between Final Pull Distance and Logarithmic Dimensionless Jerk”. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2024, pp. 21-33, doi:10.32706/tusbid.1497255.
Vancouver Ödek U. Factors Affecting Shooting Skill in Turkish Archery The Relation between Final Pull Distance and Logarithmic Dimensionless Jerk. Türkiye Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;8(1):21-33.


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