Dicle Havzası Toprak Özelliklerinin Yersel Değişimlerinin Jeoistatistik ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ile Belirlenmesi ve Haritalanması

Abstract

Toprak özelliklerinin mesafeye bağlı değişkenliklerinin belirlenmesi, incelenmesi ve haritalanması yoğun tarımsal üretim yapılan arazilerde uygun amenajmanların geliştirilmesi ve üretimin sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması açısından son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada ülkemizin su rezervlerinin büyük bir kısmının yer aldığı, önemli sulama projelerinin gerçekleşmekte olduğu Dicle Havzası’nda bir kısım fiziksel ve kimyasal toprak özellikleri belirlenmiş, mesafeye bağlı değişkenlikleri modellenmiş ve haritalanmıştır. Toprak örneklemeleri, Diyarbakır ile Siirt illeri arasında 5 x 5 km gridlere ayrılmış 4.341 km2’lik alanda her gridin yaklaşık köşesinden toplam 175 noktada 0-20 cm derinlikten alınmıştır. Toprak özelliklerinin 5 km’den kısa mesafelerdeki değişimlerinin daha doğru tahmin edilebilmesi amacıyla ardışık iki gridin köşe noktaları arasında 250 m, 750 m ve 1750 m mesafelerden de 33 toprak örneği alınmıştır. Alınan bozulmuş örneklerin tekstür (kum, kil ve silt), organik madde, kireç, toprak reaksiyonu, elektriksel iletkenlik, alınabilir fosfor ve potasyum analizleri yapılmıştır. Mesafeye bağlı değişkenliğin modellenmesi ile örneklenme yapılmayan noktaların ilgili özellikleri tahmin edilmiş ve yersel değişim haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma alanında en düşük değişkenliğin pH (% VK= 3.9) ve en yüksek değişkenliğin ise alınabilir fosfor (% VK= 137.77) konsantrasyonunda olduğu görülmüştür. En yüksek range değerine sahip toprak özelliği elektriksel iletkenlik (135.4 km) iken en küçük range değeri pH (4.74 km) için elde edilmiştir. Her bir özelliğin en düşük ve en yüksek olduğu yerlerin rahatlıkla tespit edilebildiği toprak haritaları, uygun amenajman yöntemlerinin belirlenmesi, sorunların giderilmesi ve girdilerin en uygun kullanımı açısından son derece yararlı araçlardır.

Keywords

• Dicle Havzası toprakları,jeoistatistik,yersel değişim,semivariogram,toprak amenajmanı

Characterizing Spatial Variability of Soil Properties in Tigris Basin Using Geostatistics and Geographical Information Systems

Abstract

Assessment, evaluation and mapping of the spatial characteristics of soil properties are crucial to ensure the sustainability of plant production and the development of appropriate management practices in the areas of intensive agricultural production. In this study, some physical and chemical soil characteristics of Dicle Basin, where most of the water reserves of our country are located, and large irrigation projects are taking place, were determined and spatial distributions are modeled and mapped. One hundred seventy-five soil samples from Diyarbakır and Siirt provinces were collected from 0-20 cm depth at approximate corners of each 5 x 5 km grids. Coverage of study area was 4.341 km2. In order to make a more accurate estimation of the changes of soil properties at distances shorter than 5 km, 33 soil samples were taken at 250 m, 750 m and 1750 m distances between two consecutive grid points. Soil samples were analyzed for texture (sand, clay and silt contents), organic matter (OM), lime content, soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), available phosphorus and extractable potassium (K). The modeling of spatial variability allowed to predict the soil characteristics of locations that were not sampled and spatial distribution maps was created. The lowest variability in the study area was found for pH (CV=3.9%) and the highest variability was on available phosphorus (CV=137.8%) concentration. The highest range value was obtained for EC (135.4 km) while the smallest range value was obtained for pH (4.74 km). The soil maps where the lowest and highest values of each soil characteristic can be easily detected are extremely useful to determine appropriate management methods, remediate problems and optimize the use of inputs.

Keywords

• Tigris Basin soils,geostatistics,spatial variability,semivariogram,soil management

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