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The Effects of Salt Stress in Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Cultivars During Seed Germination and at the Early Stages of Seedling Growth

Year 2020, , 253 - 265, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.703369

Abstract

The Zinnia genus which belongs to the Asteraceae family is an annual, multipurpose ornamental plant. Zinnia plants are cultivated not only in landscape but also as the potted plant and cut flower. One of the most important problems in the world is salinity in soil and water. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of salinity on twenty Zinnia cultivars during seed germination and early seedling growth. The salt was applied by irrigating seeds with 0 and 100 mM salt solutions. Radicle emergence, seed germination, root, hypocotyl and cotyledon lengths, relative growth index of the root, and seedling fresh weight were evaluated. At the end of the study, the radicle emergence reduction was the highest value in Zinnita Rose (52%). The highest reduction rates on seed germination were at Swizzle Cherry-Ivory, Double Zahara Raspberry Ripple (48%), and Double Zahara Yellow (48%). Root lengths of all Zinnia cultivars were dramatically decreased by salt stress. According to weighted ranked evaluation, Dreamland Ivory and Dreamland Coral were more tolerant to salt stress than other Zinnia cultivars. However, in general Zinnia cultivars were relatively sensitive to salt stress at the germination stage.

References

  • Acosta-Motos, J.R., Ortuño, M.F., Bernal-Vicente, A., Diaz-Vivancos, P., Sánchez-Blanco, M.J., Hernández, J.A., 2017. Plant responses to salt stress: adaptive mechanisms. Agronomy, 7(18): 1-38.
  • Anderson, E.K., Voigt, T.B., Sumin, K., Lee, D.K., 2015. Determining effects of sodicity and salinity on switchgrass and prairie cordgrass germination and plant growth. Industrial Crops and Products, 64: 79-87.
  • Ashraf, M., Foolad, M.R., 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59(2): 206-216.
  • Borsai, O., Al Hassan, M., Boscaiu, M., Sestras, R.E., Vicente, O., 2017. Effects of salt and drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth in Portulaca. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 23(1): 13340-13349.
  • Bybordi, A., 2010. The influence of salt stress on seed germination, growth and yield of canola cultivars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoka, 38(1): 128-133.
  • Bybordi, A., Tabatabaei, J., 2009. Effect of salinity stress on germination and seedling properties in canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoka, 37(1): 71-76.
  • Carter, C.T., Grieve, C.M., 2008. Mineral nutrition, growth, and germination of Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon) when produced under increasingly saline conditions. American Society for Horticultural Science, 43(3): 710-718. Cassaniti, C., Leonardi, C., Flowers, T.J., 2009. The effect of sodium chloride on ornamental shrubs. Scientia Horticulturae, 122(4): 586-593.
  • Cassaniti, C., Romano, D., Flowers, T.J., 2012. The response of ornamental plants to saline irrigation water. In: I.G. Garizabal and R. Abrahao (Eds.), Irrigation-Water management, pollution and alternative strategies. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 131-158.
  • Cassaniti, C., Romano, D., Hop, M.E.C.M., Flowers, T.J., 2013. Growing floricultural crops with brackish water. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 92: 165-175.
  • Dantas, B.F., De Sá Ribeiro, L., Aragão, C.A., 2007. Germination, initial growth and cotyledon protein content of bean cultivars under salinity stress. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 29(2): 106-110.
  • Esechie, H.A., Al-Saidi, A., Al-Khanjari, S., 2002. Effect of sodium chloride salinity on seedling emergence in chickpea. Journal Agronomy and Crop Science, 188(3): 155-160.
  • Feng, J., Lin, Y., Yang, Y., Shen, Q., Huang, J., Wang, S., Zhu, X., Li, Z., 2018. Tolerance and bioaccumulation of Cd and Cu in Sesuvium portulacastrum. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 147: 306-312.
  • Gao, Y., Cui, Y., Long, R., Sun, Y., Zhang, T., Yang, Q., Kang, J., 2018. Salt-stress induced proteomic changes of two contrasting alfalfa cultivars during germination stage. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(3): 1384-1396.
  • Gomes-Filho, E., Machado Lima, C.R.F., Costa, J.H., Da Silva, A.C., Da Guia Silva Lima, M., De Lacerda, C.F., Prisco, J.T., 2008. Cowpea ribonuclease: properties and effect of NaCl-salinity on its activation during seed germination and seedling establishment. Plant Cell Reports, 27(1): 147-157.
  • Hannachi, S., Van Labeke, M.C., 2018. Salt stress affects germination, seedling growth and physiological responses differentially in eggplant cultivars (Solanum melongena L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 228: 56-65.
  • Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Fujita, M., 2013. Plant response to salt stress and role of exogenous protectants to mitigate salt-induced damages. In: P. Ahmad, M.M. Azooz and M.N.V. Prasad (Eds.), Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress, Springer, New York, pp. 25-87.
  • Kaur, S., Gupta, A.K., Kaur, N., 1998. Gibberellin A3 reverses the effect of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings by enhancing the amylase activity and mobilization of starch in cotyledons. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 26(2): 85-90.
  • Kaya, M.D., Okçu, G., Atak, M., Çıkılı, Y., Kolsarıcı, Ö., 2006. Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 24(4): 291-295.
  • Khan, M.A., Ungar, I.A., Showalter, A.M., 2000. The effect of salinity on the growth, water status, and ion content of a leaf succulent perennial halophyte Suadea fruticosa (L.) Forssk. Journal of Arid Environments, 45(1): 73-84.
  • Koksal, N., Agar, A., Yasemin, S., 2015. The effects of top coat substrates on seedling growth of marigold. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 9(3): 66-72.
  • Koksal, N., Alkan-Torun, A., Kulahlıoglu, I., Ertargin, E., Karalar, E., 2016. Ion uptake of marigold under saline growth conditions. SpringerPlus, 5: 139.
  • Koksal, N., Kulahlioglu, I., Ertargin, E., Alkan-Torun, A., 2014. Relationship between salinity stress and ion uptake of hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis). Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Special Issue-1: 578-583.
  • Liu, Q., Tang, J., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Yuan, H., Huang, S., 2018. Transcriptome analysis reveals complex response of the medicinal/ornamental halophyte Iris halophila Pall. to high environmental salinity. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 165: 250-260.
  • Mbarki, S., Sytar, O., Cerda, A., Zivcak, M., Rastogi, A., He, X., Zoghlami, A., Abdelly, C., Brestic, M., 2018. Strategies to mitigate the salt stress effects on photosynthetic apparatus and productivity of crop plants. In: V. Kumar, S. Wani, P. Suprasanna and L.S. Tran (Eds.), Salinity Responses and Tolerance in Plants, Springer, Cham, pp. 85-136.
  • Memon, S., Hou, A,, Wang, L.J., 2010. Morphological analysis of salt stress response of Pak Choi. Electronic journal of environmental, agricultural and food chemistry, 9(1): 248-254.
  • Mohamed, E., Kasem, A.M.M., Farghali, K.A., 2018. Seed germination of Egyptian Pancratium maritimum under salinity with regard to cytology, antioxidant and reserve mobilization enzymes, and seed anatomy. Flora, 242: 120-127.
  • Munns, R., Tester, M., 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59: 651-681.
  • Nahar, K., Hasanuzzaman, M., 2009. Germination, growth, nodulation and yield performance of three mungbean varieties under different levels of salinity stress. Green Farming, 2(12): 825-829.
  • Nonogaki, H., Bassel, G., Bewly, H., 2010. Germination still a mystery. Plant Science, 179(6): 574-581.
  • Othman, Y., Al-Karaki, G., Al-Tawaha, A.R., Al-Horani, A., 2006. Variation in germination and ion uptake in barley genotypes under salinity conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(1): 11-15.
  • Parida, A.K., Das, A.B., 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60(3): 324-349.
  • Parvin, K., Nahar, K., Hasanuzzaman, M., Borhanuddin Bhuyan, M.H.M., Fujita, M., 2019. Calcium-mediated growth regulation and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. In: M. Hasanuzzaman, K. Hakeem, K. Nahar and H. Alharby (Eds.), Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance, pp. 291-331.
  • Pinheiro, C., Ribeiro, I. C., Reisinger, V., Planchon, S., Veloso, M. M., Renaut, J., Eichacker, L., Ricardo, C.P., 2018. Salinity effect on germination, seedling growth and cotyledon membrane complexes of a Portuguese salt marsh wild beet ecotype. Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology, 30(2): 113-127.
  • Promila, K., Kumar, S., 2000. Vigna radiate seed germination under salinity. Biologia Plantarum, 43(3): 423-426.
  • Rámila, C.D.P., Contreras, S.A., Domenico, C.D., Molina-Montenegro, M.A., Vega, A., Handford, M., Bonilla, C.A., Pizarro, G.E., 2016. Boron stress response and accumulation potential of the extremely tolerant species Puccinellia frigida. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 317: 476-484.
  • Ren, J., Sun, L.N., Zhang, Q.Y., Song, X.S., 2016. Drought tolerance is correlated with the activity of antioxidant enzymes in Cerasus humilis seedlings. BioMed Research International, 7(Special issue): 1-9.
  • Sarıdaş, M., 2018. Determination of yield, quality properties of selected strawberry genotypes obtained by cross breeding and molecular characterization. PhD thesis, Çukurova University Agriculture Faculty Department of Horticulture, Adana. (In Turkish).
  • Sebei, K., Debez, A., Herchi, W., Boukhchina, S., Kallel, H., 2007. Germination kinetics and seed reserve mobilization in twoflax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars under moderate salt stress. Journal of Plant Biology, 50(4): 447-454.
  • Stimart, D., Boyle, T., 2007. Zinnia. In: N.O. Anderson (Ed.), Flower breeding and genetics, Springer Dordrecht, pp. 337-357.
  • Sun, Y., Niu, G., Osuna, P., Ganjegunte, G., Auld, D., Zhao, L., Peralta-Videa, J.R., Gardea-Torresdey, J.L., 2013. Seedling emergence, growth, and leaf mineral nutrition of Ricinus communis L. cultivars irrigated with saline solution. Industrial Crops and Products, 49: 75-80.
  • Terrones, A., Moreno, J., Agullo, J.C., Villar, J.L., Vicente, A., Alonso, M.A., Juan, A., 2016. Influence of salinity and storage on germination of Tamarix taxa with contrasted ecological requirements. Journal of Arid Environments, 135: 17-21.
  • Yasemin, S., Koksal, N., Ozkaya, A., Yener, M., 2017. Growth and physiological responses of ‘Chrysanthemum paludosum’ under salinity stress. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 11(32): 59-66.
  • Zanetti, F., Zegada-Lizarazu, W., Lambertini, C., Monti, A., 2019. Salinity effects on germination, seedlings and full-grown plants of upland and lowland switchgrass cultivars. Biomass and Bioenergy, 120: 273-280.
  • Zapata, P.J., Serrano, M., Pretel, M.T., Amoros, A., Botella, M.A., 2004. Polyamines and ethylene changes during germination of different plant species under salinity. Plant Science, 167(4): 781-788.
  • Zivdar, S., Khaleghi, E., Sedighi Dehkordi, F., 2011. Effects of salinity and temperature on seed germination indices of Zinnia elegans L. Journal of Applied Horticulturae, 13(1): 48-51.
Year 2020, , 253 - 265, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.703369

Abstract

References

  • Acosta-Motos, J.R., Ortuño, M.F., Bernal-Vicente, A., Diaz-Vivancos, P., Sánchez-Blanco, M.J., Hernández, J.A., 2017. Plant responses to salt stress: adaptive mechanisms. Agronomy, 7(18): 1-38.
  • Anderson, E.K., Voigt, T.B., Sumin, K., Lee, D.K., 2015. Determining effects of sodicity and salinity on switchgrass and prairie cordgrass germination and plant growth. Industrial Crops and Products, 64: 79-87.
  • Ashraf, M., Foolad, M.R., 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59(2): 206-216.
  • Borsai, O., Al Hassan, M., Boscaiu, M., Sestras, R.E., Vicente, O., 2017. Effects of salt and drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth in Portulaca. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 23(1): 13340-13349.
  • Bybordi, A., 2010. The influence of salt stress on seed germination, growth and yield of canola cultivars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoka, 38(1): 128-133.
  • Bybordi, A., Tabatabaei, J., 2009. Effect of salinity stress on germination and seedling properties in canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoka, 37(1): 71-76.
  • Carter, C.T., Grieve, C.M., 2008. Mineral nutrition, growth, and germination of Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon) when produced under increasingly saline conditions. American Society for Horticultural Science, 43(3): 710-718. Cassaniti, C., Leonardi, C., Flowers, T.J., 2009. The effect of sodium chloride on ornamental shrubs. Scientia Horticulturae, 122(4): 586-593.
  • Cassaniti, C., Romano, D., Flowers, T.J., 2012. The response of ornamental plants to saline irrigation water. In: I.G. Garizabal and R. Abrahao (Eds.), Irrigation-Water management, pollution and alternative strategies. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 131-158.
  • Cassaniti, C., Romano, D., Hop, M.E.C.M., Flowers, T.J., 2013. Growing floricultural crops with brackish water. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 92: 165-175.
  • Dantas, B.F., De Sá Ribeiro, L., Aragão, C.A., 2007. Germination, initial growth and cotyledon protein content of bean cultivars under salinity stress. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 29(2): 106-110.
  • Esechie, H.A., Al-Saidi, A., Al-Khanjari, S., 2002. Effect of sodium chloride salinity on seedling emergence in chickpea. Journal Agronomy and Crop Science, 188(3): 155-160.
  • Feng, J., Lin, Y., Yang, Y., Shen, Q., Huang, J., Wang, S., Zhu, X., Li, Z., 2018. Tolerance and bioaccumulation of Cd and Cu in Sesuvium portulacastrum. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 147: 306-312.
  • Gao, Y., Cui, Y., Long, R., Sun, Y., Zhang, T., Yang, Q., Kang, J., 2018. Salt-stress induced proteomic changes of two contrasting alfalfa cultivars during germination stage. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(3): 1384-1396.
  • Gomes-Filho, E., Machado Lima, C.R.F., Costa, J.H., Da Silva, A.C., Da Guia Silva Lima, M., De Lacerda, C.F., Prisco, J.T., 2008. Cowpea ribonuclease: properties and effect of NaCl-salinity on its activation during seed germination and seedling establishment. Plant Cell Reports, 27(1): 147-157.
  • Hannachi, S., Van Labeke, M.C., 2018. Salt stress affects germination, seedling growth and physiological responses differentially in eggplant cultivars (Solanum melongena L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 228: 56-65.
  • Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Fujita, M., 2013. Plant response to salt stress and role of exogenous protectants to mitigate salt-induced damages. In: P. Ahmad, M.M. Azooz and M.N.V. Prasad (Eds.), Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress, Springer, New York, pp. 25-87.
  • Kaur, S., Gupta, A.K., Kaur, N., 1998. Gibberellin A3 reverses the effect of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings by enhancing the amylase activity and mobilization of starch in cotyledons. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 26(2): 85-90.
  • Kaya, M.D., Okçu, G., Atak, M., Çıkılı, Y., Kolsarıcı, Ö., 2006. Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 24(4): 291-295.
  • Khan, M.A., Ungar, I.A., Showalter, A.M., 2000. The effect of salinity on the growth, water status, and ion content of a leaf succulent perennial halophyte Suadea fruticosa (L.) Forssk. Journal of Arid Environments, 45(1): 73-84.
  • Koksal, N., Agar, A., Yasemin, S., 2015. The effects of top coat substrates on seedling growth of marigold. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 9(3): 66-72.
  • Koksal, N., Alkan-Torun, A., Kulahlıoglu, I., Ertargin, E., Karalar, E., 2016. Ion uptake of marigold under saline growth conditions. SpringerPlus, 5: 139.
  • Koksal, N., Kulahlioglu, I., Ertargin, E., Alkan-Torun, A., 2014. Relationship between salinity stress and ion uptake of hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis). Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Special Issue-1: 578-583.
  • Liu, Q., Tang, J., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Yuan, H., Huang, S., 2018. Transcriptome analysis reveals complex response of the medicinal/ornamental halophyte Iris halophila Pall. to high environmental salinity. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 165: 250-260.
  • Mbarki, S., Sytar, O., Cerda, A., Zivcak, M., Rastogi, A., He, X., Zoghlami, A., Abdelly, C., Brestic, M., 2018. Strategies to mitigate the salt stress effects on photosynthetic apparatus and productivity of crop plants. In: V. Kumar, S. Wani, P. Suprasanna and L.S. Tran (Eds.), Salinity Responses and Tolerance in Plants, Springer, Cham, pp. 85-136.
  • Memon, S., Hou, A,, Wang, L.J., 2010. Morphological analysis of salt stress response of Pak Choi. Electronic journal of environmental, agricultural and food chemistry, 9(1): 248-254.
  • Mohamed, E., Kasem, A.M.M., Farghali, K.A., 2018. Seed germination of Egyptian Pancratium maritimum under salinity with regard to cytology, antioxidant and reserve mobilization enzymes, and seed anatomy. Flora, 242: 120-127.
  • Munns, R., Tester, M., 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59: 651-681.
  • Nahar, K., Hasanuzzaman, M., 2009. Germination, growth, nodulation and yield performance of three mungbean varieties under different levels of salinity stress. Green Farming, 2(12): 825-829.
  • Nonogaki, H., Bassel, G., Bewly, H., 2010. Germination still a mystery. Plant Science, 179(6): 574-581.
  • Othman, Y., Al-Karaki, G., Al-Tawaha, A.R., Al-Horani, A., 2006. Variation in germination and ion uptake in barley genotypes under salinity conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(1): 11-15.
  • Parida, A.K., Das, A.B., 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60(3): 324-349.
  • Parvin, K., Nahar, K., Hasanuzzaman, M., Borhanuddin Bhuyan, M.H.M., Fujita, M., 2019. Calcium-mediated growth regulation and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. In: M. Hasanuzzaman, K. Hakeem, K. Nahar and H. Alharby (Eds.), Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance, pp. 291-331.
  • Pinheiro, C., Ribeiro, I. C., Reisinger, V., Planchon, S., Veloso, M. M., Renaut, J., Eichacker, L., Ricardo, C.P., 2018. Salinity effect on germination, seedling growth and cotyledon membrane complexes of a Portuguese salt marsh wild beet ecotype. Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology, 30(2): 113-127.
  • Promila, K., Kumar, S., 2000. Vigna radiate seed germination under salinity. Biologia Plantarum, 43(3): 423-426.
  • Rámila, C.D.P., Contreras, S.A., Domenico, C.D., Molina-Montenegro, M.A., Vega, A., Handford, M., Bonilla, C.A., Pizarro, G.E., 2016. Boron stress response and accumulation potential of the extremely tolerant species Puccinellia frigida. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 317: 476-484.
  • Ren, J., Sun, L.N., Zhang, Q.Y., Song, X.S., 2016. Drought tolerance is correlated with the activity of antioxidant enzymes in Cerasus humilis seedlings. BioMed Research International, 7(Special issue): 1-9.
  • Sarıdaş, M., 2018. Determination of yield, quality properties of selected strawberry genotypes obtained by cross breeding and molecular characterization. PhD thesis, Çukurova University Agriculture Faculty Department of Horticulture, Adana. (In Turkish).
  • Sebei, K., Debez, A., Herchi, W., Boukhchina, S., Kallel, H., 2007. Germination kinetics and seed reserve mobilization in twoflax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars under moderate salt stress. Journal of Plant Biology, 50(4): 447-454.
  • Stimart, D., Boyle, T., 2007. Zinnia. In: N.O. Anderson (Ed.), Flower breeding and genetics, Springer Dordrecht, pp. 337-357.
  • Sun, Y., Niu, G., Osuna, P., Ganjegunte, G., Auld, D., Zhao, L., Peralta-Videa, J.R., Gardea-Torresdey, J.L., 2013. Seedling emergence, growth, and leaf mineral nutrition of Ricinus communis L. cultivars irrigated with saline solution. Industrial Crops and Products, 49: 75-80.
  • Terrones, A., Moreno, J., Agullo, J.C., Villar, J.L., Vicente, A., Alonso, M.A., Juan, A., 2016. Influence of salinity and storage on germination of Tamarix taxa with contrasted ecological requirements. Journal of Arid Environments, 135: 17-21.
  • Yasemin, S., Koksal, N., Ozkaya, A., Yener, M., 2017. Growth and physiological responses of ‘Chrysanthemum paludosum’ under salinity stress. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 11(32): 59-66.
  • Zanetti, F., Zegada-Lizarazu, W., Lambertini, C., Monti, A., 2019. Salinity effects on germination, seedlings and full-grown plants of upland and lowland switchgrass cultivars. Biomass and Bioenergy, 120: 273-280.
  • Zapata, P.J., Serrano, M., Pretel, M.T., Amoros, A., Botella, M.A., 2004. Polyamines and ethylene changes during germination of different plant species under salinity. Plant Science, 167(4): 781-788.
  • Zivdar, S., Khaleghi, E., Sedighi Dehkordi, F., 2011. Effects of salinity and temperature on seed germination indices of Zinnia elegans L. Journal of Applied Horticulturae, 13(1): 48-51.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sara Yasemin 0000-0003-2193-6791

Ayşin Güzel Değer 0000-0001-6336-1872

Nezihe Köksal 0000-0002-5401-9730

Publication Date October 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Yasemin, S., Güzel Değer, A., & Köksal, N. (2020). The Effects of Salt Stress in Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Cultivars During Seed Germination and at the Early Stages of Seedling Growth. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(3), 253-265. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.703369
AMA Yasemin S, Güzel Değer A, Köksal N. The Effects of Salt Stress in Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Cultivars During Seed Germination and at the Early Stages of Seedling Growth. TÜTAD. October 2020;7(3):253-265. doi:10.19159/tutad.703369
Chicago Yasemin, Sara, Ayşin Güzel Değer, and Nezihe Köksal. “The Effects of Salt Stress in Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Cultivars During Seed Germination and at the Early Stages of Seedling Growth”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 7, no. 3 (October 2020): 253-65. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.703369.
EndNote Yasemin S, Güzel Değer A, Köksal N (October 1, 2020) The Effects of Salt Stress in Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Cultivars During Seed Germination and at the Early Stages of Seedling Growth. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 7 3 253–265.
IEEE S. Yasemin, A. Güzel Değer, and N. Köksal, “The Effects of Salt Stress in Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Cultivars During Seed Germination and at the Early Stages of Seedling Growth”, TÜTAD, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 253–265, 2020, doi: 10.19159/tutad.703369.
ISNAD Yasemin, Sara et al. “The Effects of Salt Stress in Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Cultivars During Seed Germination and at the Early Stages of Seedling Growth”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 7/3 (October 2020), 253-265. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.703369.
JAMA Yasemin S, Güzel Değer A, Köksal N. The Effects of Salt Stress in Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Cultivars During Seed Germination and at the Early Stages of Seedling Growth. TÜTAD. 2020;7:253–265.
MLA Yasemin, Sara et al. “The Effects of Salt Stress in Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Cultivars During Seed Germination and at the Early Stages of Seedling Growth”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 3, 2020, pp. 253-65, doi:10.19159/tutad.703369.
Vancouver Yasemin S, Güzel Değer A, Köksal N. The Effects of Salt Stress in Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Cultivars During Seed Germination and at the Early Stages of Seedling Growth. TÜTAD. 2020;7(3):253-65.

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