Effects of Different Salt Concentrations on Germination and Seedling Growth of Some Sweet Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor var. saccharatum (L.) Mohlenbr.] Cultivars

Year 2021, , 133 - 143, 30.06.2021

Mehmet Arif Özyazıcı , Semih Açıkbaş

https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.769463

Cited By: 6

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different salt concentrations on germination and seedling growth of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor var. saccharatum (L.) Mohlenbr.] cultivars. The research was carried out under laboratory conditions and sweet sorghum cultivars Ulusoy, Sorge, Biomarlı, Erdurmuş, and Gülşeker were used as plant material. Five different sweet sorghum cultivars and four different salt (NaCl) concentrations (0-, 100-, 200-, and 300 mM) were the subjects of the laboratory experiments which was set up in randomized plots in a factorial design with 4 replications. In the study, germination parameters such as germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), coefficient of uniformity of germination (CUG) and germination speed (GS), and seedling growth parameters such as root and shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight, root and shoot length, lateral root number and lateral root length were investigated. As a result of the research, it was determined that the germination and seedling growth parameters (excluding MGT) decreased as salt concentration increased. This decrease in germination characteristics was significant at 100 mM salt dose according to the average values of the cultivars, and it was observed that the cultivars were more sensitive to salt stress in the seedling development stage than the germination stage. In the study, it was determined that there were significant differences between sweet sorghum genotypes under salt-stressed conditions during germination and seedling stages. In this sense, Ulusoy and Erdurmuş sweet sorghum cultivars were prominent in terms of salt tolerance. It is important to use salt tolerant cultivars considering the genotypic differences in sweet sorghum cultivation in salt-affected areas.

Keywords

Sweet sorghum, salinity, germination percentage, mean germination time, seedling root and shoot length

References

• Abari, A.K., Nasr, M.H., Hojjati, M., Bayat, D., 2011. Salt effects on seed germination and seedling emergence of two Acacia species. African Journal of Plant Science, 5(1): 52-56.
• Abazarian, R., Yazdani, M.R., Khosroyar, K. Arvin, P., 2011. Effects of different levels of salinity on germination of four components of lentil cultivars. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(5): 2761-2766.
• Açıkbaş, S., Özyazıcı, M.A., 2021. The effects of silicon priming application on germination in common grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.). 3rd International African Conference on Current Studies, 27-28 February, Abomey-Calavi, Benin, pp. 404-412. (In Turkish).
• Açıkgöz, N., Açıkgöz, N., 2001. Common mistakes in the statistical analyzes of agricultural experiments I. Single factorials. ANADOLU Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(1): 135-147. (In Turkish).
• Ahmed Nimir, N.E., Lu, S., Zhou, G., Ma, B.L., Guo, W., Wang, Y., 2014. Exogenous hormones alleviated salinity and temperature stresses on germination and early seedling growth of sweet sorghum. Agronomy Journal, 106(6): 2305-2315.
• Akhtar, P., Hussain, F., 2009. Growth performance of Vicia sativa L. under saline conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41(6): 3075-3080.
• Ali, S.A., Idris, A.Y., 2015. Response of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars to salinity levels at early growth stages. Journal of Agricultural Science and Engineering, 1(1): 11-16.
• Almodares, A., Hadi, M.R., 2009. Production of bioethanol from sweet sorghum: A review. African journal of agricultural research, 4(9): 772-780.
• Almodares, A., Hadi, M.R., Dosti, B., 2007. Effects of salt stress on germination percentage and seedling growth in sweet sorghum cultivars. Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(8): 1492-1495.
• Asfaw, G.K., Woldemariam, G.M., 2008. Response of some lowland growing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) accessions to salt stress during germination and seedling growth. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(1): 44-48.
• Atak, M., Kaya, M.D., Çiftçi, C.Y., 2006. Effect of seedling growth on triticale cultivars irradiated with various doses of gamma radiation. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12(3): 233-238. (In Turkish).
• Aydınşakir, K., Erdal, Ş., Pamukçu, M., 2013. The effects of different salt concentrations on germination and seedling parameters of silage corn (Zea mays L.) varieties. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 28(2): 94-100.
• Bashir, F., Ali, M., Hussain, K., Majeed, A., Nawaz, K., 2011. Morphological variations in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under different levels of Na2SO4 salinity. Botany Research International, 4(1): 1-3.
• Benlioğlu, B., Özkan, U., 2015. Determination of responses of some barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) to salt stress in different doses at the germination period. Jornal of Central Research Institute for Field Crops, 24(2): 109-114. (In Turkish).
• Bewely, J., Black, M., 1994. Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. New York.
• Bijanzadeh, E., Egan, T.P., 2018. Silicon priming benefits germination, ion balance, and root structure in salt-stressed durum wheat (Triticum durum desf.). Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41(20): 2560-2571.
• Bilgili, U., Carpici, E.B., Asik, B.B., Celik, N., 2011. Root and shoot response of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) to salt stress during early seedling growth stages. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 16(1): 33-38.
• Ceritoglu, M., Erman, M., 2021. Effect of silicon priming treatments on germination and some agronomic traits in lentil. 3rd International African Conference on Current Studies, 27-28 February, Abomey-Calavi, Benin, pp. 436-444.
• Ceritoğlu, M., Erman, M., 2020. Mitigation of salinity stress on chickpea germination by salicylic acid priming. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 6(3): 582-591.
• Ceritoğlu, M., Erman, M., Yıldız, F., 2020. Effect of salinity on germination and some agro-morphological traits in chickpea seedlings. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(1): 82-96.
• Chen, T., Pineda, I.M.G., Brand, A.M., Stützel, H., 2020. Determining ion toxicity in cucumber under salinity stress. Agronomy, 10(5): 677.
• Corwin, D.L., 2021. Climate change impacts on soil salinity in agricultural areas. European Journal of Soil Science, 72(2): 842-862.
• Çakmakçı, S., Dallar, A., 2019. Effects of different temperatures and salt concentrations on the germination of some corn silage varieties. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 16(2): 121-132. (In Turkish).
• Dan, T.H., Brix, H., 2007. The influence of temperature, light, salinity and seed pre-treatment on the germination of sesbania sesban seeds. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(19): 2231-2235.
• Day, S., Uzun, S., 2016. Impact of different NaCl doses on germination and early seedling growth of common vetch cultivars (Vicia sativa L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 4(8): 636-641. (In Turkish).
• De Lacerda, C.F., Cambraia, J., Oliva, M.A., Ruiz, H.A., 2005. Changes in growth and in solute concentrations in sorghum leaves and roots during salt stress recovery. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 54(1): 69-76.
• De Souza, C.L.M., De Souza, M.O., De Oliveira, L.M., Pelacani, C.R., 2014. Effect of priming on germinability and salt tolerance in seeds and seedlings of Physalis peruviana L. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(19): 1955-1960.
• Ekmekçi, E., Apan, M., Kara, T., 2005. The effect of salinity on plant growth. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 20(3): 118-125. (In Turkish).
• Ellis, R.A., Roberts, E.H., 1981. The quantification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 9(2): 373-409.
• El-Katony, T.M., Khedr, A.H.A.F., Soliman, N.G., 2015. Nutrients alleviate the deleterious effect of salinity on germination and early seedling growth of the psammophytic grass Elymus farctus. Botany, 93(9): 559-571.
• Guden, B., Erdurmus, C., Erdal, S., Uzun, B., 2020. Evaluation of sweet sorghum genotypes for bioethanol yield and related traits. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 15(2): 545-562.
• Hafsi, C., Romero-Puertas, M.C., Gupta, D.K., Del Rio, L.A., Sandalio, L.M., Abdelly, C., 2010. Moderate salinity enhances the antioxidative response in the halophyte Hordeum maritimum L. under potassium deficiency. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 69(2): 129-136.
• Inal, I., Yucel, C., Yucel, D., Hatipoglu, R., 2021. Nutritive value and fodder potential of different sweet sorghum genotypes under mediterranean conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 26(1): 1-7.
• Ivani, R., Sanaei Nejad, S.H., Ghahraman, B., Astaraei, A.R., Feizi, H., 2018. Role of bulk and nanosized SiO2 to overcome salt stress during fenugreek germination (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.). Plant Signaling & Behavior, 13(7): e1044190.
• Kara, B., Akgün, İ., Altındal, D., 2011. Effects of salinity (NaCl) on germination and seedling growth in triticale genotypes. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 25(1): 1-9. (In Turkish).
• Katerij, N., Van Hoorn, J.W., Hamdy, A., Mastrorilli, M., Fares, C., Ceccarelli, S., Grando, S., Oweis, T., 2006. Classification and salt tolerance analysis of barley varieties. Agricultural Water Management, 85(1-2): 184-192.
• Kaya, M., Kaya, G., Kaya, M.D., Atak, M., Sağlam, S., Khawar, K.M., Çiftçi, C.Y., 2008. Interaction between seed size and NaCl on germination and early seedling growth of some Turkish cultivars of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 9(5): 371-377.
• Koyro, H.W., 2002. Ultrastructural effects of salinity in higher plants. In: A. Läuchli and U. Lüttge (Eds.), Salinity: Environment-Plants-Molecules, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 139-157.
• Krishnamurthy, L., Serraj, R., Hash, C.T., Dakheel, A.J., Reddy, B.V.S., 2007. Screening sorghum genotypes for salinity tolerant biomass production. Euphytica, 156(1): 15-24.
• Li, R., Shi, F., Fukuda, K., Yang, Y., 2010. Effects of salt and alkali stresses on germination, growth, photosynthesis and ion accumulation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 56(5): 725-733.
• Maiti, R.K., De La Rosa-Ibarra, M., Sandowal, N.D., 1994. Genotypic variability in glossy sorghum lines for resistance to drought, salinity and temperature-stress at seedling stage. Journal of Plant Physiology, 143(2): 241-244.
• Munns, R., 2005. Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. New phytologist, 167(3): 645-663.
• Munns, R., Tester, M., 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59: 651-681.
• Mustafa, M., Shabber, S., Hussain, K., 2010. Growth retitence of maize (Zea mays L.) under different levels on NaCl stres. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 7(5): 583-585.
• Nakaune, M., Hanada, A., Yin, Y.G., Matsukura, C., Yamaguchi, S., Ezura, H., 2012. Molecular and physiological dissection of enhanced seed germination using short-term low-concentration salt seed priming in tomato. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 52: 28-37.
• Netondo, G.W., Onyango, J.C., Beck, E., 2004a. Sorghum and salinity. I. Response of growth, water relations, and ion accumulation to NaCl salinity. Crop Science, 44(3): 797-805.
• Netondo, G.W., Onyango, J.C., Beck, E., 2004b. Sorghum and salinity. II. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum under salt stress. Crop Science, 44(3): 806-811.
• Okçu, G., Kaya, M.D., Atak, M., 2005. Effects of salt and drought stresses on germination and seedling growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 29(4): 237-242.
• Önal Aşçı, Ö., Üney, H., 2016. The effect of different salt concentrations on germination and plant growth of hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz). Academic Journal of Agriculture, 5(1): 29-34. (In Turkish).
• Özyazıcı, G., Açıkbaş, S., 2021a. Determination of germination characteristics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plant under salt stress. International Hazar Scientific Researches Conference-II, 10-12 April, Bakü, Azerbaijan pp. 347-353. (In Turkish).
• Özyazıcı, M.A., Açıkbaş, S., 2021b. Effects of salt stress on germination in narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.). 2. International Baku Scientific Research Conference, 28-30 April, Bakü, Azerbaijan. pp. 310-317. (In Turkish).
• Pankova, E.I., Konyushkova, M.V., 2013. Climate and soil salinity in the deserts of Central Asia. Eurasian Soil Science, 46(7): 721-727.
• Parida, A.K., Das, A.B., 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60(3): 324-349.
• Rajabi Dehnavi, A., Zahedi, M., Ludwiczak, A., Cardenas Perez, S., Piernik, A., 2020. Effect of salinity on seed germination and seedling development of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes. Agronomy, 10(6): 859.
• Rasheed, R., 2009. Salinity and extreme temperature effects on sprouting buds of sugarcane (Saccharum ficinarum L.): Some histological and biochemical studies. Ph.D. thesis, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
• Ratanavathi, C.V., Dayakar Rao, B., Seetharama, N., 2004. Sweet Sorghum: A New Raw Material for Fuel Alcohol. Study Report on Technological Aspects in Manufacturing Ethyl Alcohol from Cereal Grains in Maharashtra, Part II, Prepared by Department of Scientific & Industrial Research, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India, New Delhi and Mitcon Cinsultancy Services Limited, Pune, pp. 32-41.
• Rostamza, M., Richards, R.A., Watt, M., 2013. Response of millet and sorghum to a varying water supply around theprimary and nodal roots. Annals of Botany, 112(2): 439-446.
• Rueden, C.T., Schindelin, J., Hiner, M.C., DeZonia, B.E., Walter, A.E., Arena, E.T., Eliceiri, K.W., 2017. ImageJ2: Imagej for the next generation of scientific image data. BMC Bioinformatics, 18(1): 529.
• Sabagh, A.E.L., Hossain, A., Islam, M.S., Iqbal, M.A., Amanet, K., Mubeen, M., Nasim, W., Wasaya, A., Llanes, A., Ratnasekera, D., Singhal, R.K., Kumari, A., Meena, R.S., Abdelhamid, M., Hasanuzzaman, M., Raza, M.A., Özyazici, G., Ozyazici, M.A., Erman, M., 2021. Prospective role of plant growth regulators for tolerance to abiotic stresses. In: T. Aftab and K.R. Hakeem (Eds.), Plant Growth Regulators, Springer, Cham., Switzerland AG., pp. 1-38.
• Scott, S.J., Jones, R.A., Williams, W.A., 1984. Review of data analysis methods for seed germination. Crop Science, 24(6): 1192-1199.
• Shakeri, E., Emam, Y., 2017. Selectable traits in sorghum genotypes for tolerance to salinity stress. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, 19(6): 1319-1332.
• Shakeri, E., Emam, Y., Tabatabaei, S., Sepaskhah, A., 2017. Evaluation of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) lines/cultivars under salinity stress using tolerance indices. International Journal of Plant Production, 11(1): 101-115.
• Soleymani, A., Shahrajabian, M.H., 2018. Changes in germination and seedling growth of different cultivars of cumin to drought stress. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova, 1(173): 91-100.
• Tavili, A., Biniaz, M., 2009. Different salts effects on the germination of Hordeum vulgare and Hordeum bulbosum. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(1): 63-68.
• Tigabu, E., Andargie, M., Tesfaye, K., 2012. Response of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes to NaCl levels at early growth stages. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(43): 5711-5718.
• Vahdati, N., Tehranifar, A., Neamati, S.H., Selahvarzi, Y., 2012. Physiological and morphological responses of white clover (Trifolium repens) and red clover (Trifolium pratense) plants of salinity stress. Journal of Ornamental and Horticultural Plants, 2(4): 233-241.
• Vishnu, V., Usadadia, V.P., Mawalia, A.K., Patel, M.M., Patel, V.K.A., 2017. Impact assessment of land configuration and bio-organic on nutrient uptake and quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under coastal salt affected soil. International Journal of Pure and Applied Biosource, 5(3): 726-734.
• Wang, Y.R., Yu, L., Nan, Z.B., Liu, Y.L., 2004. Vigor tests used to rank seed lot quality and predict field emergence in four forage species. Crop Sciences, 44(2): 535-541.
• Welfare, K., Yeo, A.R., Flowers, T.J., 2002. Effects of salinity and ozone, individually and in combination, on the growth and ion contents of two chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties. Environmental Pollution, 120(2): 397-403.
• Xu, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Shao, H., 2016. Negative interactive effects between biochar and phosphorus fertilization on phosphorus availability and plant yield in saline sodic soil. Science of The Total Environment, 568: 910-915.
• Zhu, G., An, L., Jiao, X., Chen, X., Zhou, G., McLaughlin, N., 2019. Effects of gibberellic acid on water uptake and germination of sweet sorghum seeds under salinity stress. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 79(3): 415-424.
• Zörb, C., Geilfus, C.M., Dietz, K.J., 2019. Salinity and crop yield. Plant Biology, 21(Suppl. 1): 31-38.