Influence of Different Lead Concentrations on the Growth Parameters of French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.)

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 357 - 366, 09.12.2024

Yasemin Bektaş , Gülen Özyazıcı

https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1565295

Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different lead (Pb) concentrations on some growth characteristics of French marigold (Tagetes patula L.). The research was carried out at Siirt University (Türkiye) Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory. In the study, French marigold (T. patula L.) seeds were used as plant material. Five different concentrations of lead (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 ppm) were considered as research subjects. 7 pots were used for each concentration, and the laboratory experiment was set up in a randomized complete plots design with 7 replications. In the experiment, a 2:2:1 ratio peat:sand: soil mixture was used as the plant growth medium. Plant height (cm), stem thickness (mm), the number of branches per plant, the number of flowers per plant, single flower weight, and plant fresh and dry weights (g) were evaluated. According to the results, the difference between Pb concentrations was found to be significant in terms of all parameters except for the number of branches, and fresh and dry plant weights. In the study, according to Pb concentrations, plant height values were between 46.25-52.50 cm, stem thickness was between 4.13-5.77 mm, the number of branches was between 4.25-5.75 per plant, the number of flowers was between 3.25-6.25 per plant, single flower weight was between 0.84-1.49 g, plant fresh weight was between 11.66-14.32 g and plant dry weight varied between 1.10-1.29 g. In the study, promising results were obtained that the French marigold can be used for phytoremediation in Pb-contaminated areas.

Keywords

Tagetes patula, number of flowers, number of branches, plant weight, lead

References

• Açıkgöz, N., Açıkgöz, N., 2001. Some mistakes made in the statistical evaluation of agricultural research: I. Single factor trials. Anadolu, 11(1): 135-147. (In Turkish).
• Ak, A., Yücel, E., 2011. Ecotoxicological effects of heavy metal stress on antioxidant enzyme levels of Triticum aestivum cv. Alpu. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 4(3): 19-24.
• Akay, A., 2022. Lead tolerance and accumulation characteristics of Cubana Kordes rose in lead-contaminated soil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(4): 1-15.
• Alaboudi, K.A., Ahmed, B., Brodie, G., 2018. Phytoremediation of Pb and Cd contaminated soils by using sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plant. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 63(1): 123-127.
• Alacabey, İ., Zorer Çelebi, Ş., 2020. Determination of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)'s lead, cadmium, crom tolerance and accumulation potential. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 10(3): 2199-2206.(In Turkish).
• Amirmoradi, S., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Koocheki, A., Danesh, S., Fotovat, A., 2012. Effect of cadmium and lead on quantitative and essential oil traits of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 4(4): 101-109.
• Amirmoradi, S., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Koocheki, A., Danesh, S., Fotovat, A., 2015. Study of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) cultivation in condition of using irrigated water polluted by cadmium and lead. Water and Soil, 29(5): 1360-1375.
• Begonia, G.B., 1997. Comparative lead uptake and responses of some plants grown on lead contaminated soils. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences, 42(2): 101-106.
• Bharwana, S.A., Ali, S., Farooq, M.A., Ali, B., Iqbal, N., Abbas, F., Ahmad, M.S.A., 2014. Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates lead-induced morphological, photosynthetic, oxidative damages and biochemical changes in cotton. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(1): 717-731.
• Bhattacharyya, M., 2017. Use of marigold (Tagetes sp.) for the successful control of nematodes in agriculture. The Pharma Innovation, 6(11): 1-3.
• Bi, X., Ren, L., Gong, M., He, Y., Wang, L., Ma, Z., 2010. Transfer of cadmium and lead from soil to mangoes in an uncontaminated area, Hainan Island, China. Geoderma, 155(1-2): 115-120.
• Burlec, A.F., Pecio, Ł., Kozachok, S., Mircea, C., Corciovă, A., Vereștiuc, L., Cioanca, O., Oleszek, W., Hăncianu, M., 2021. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity assessment of Tagetes erecta L. flowers. Molecules, 26(5): 1201.
• Chauhan, P., Rajguru, A.B., Dudhe, M.Y., Mathur, J., 2020. Efficacy of lead (Pb) phytoextraction of five varieties of Helianthus annuus L. from contaminated soil. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 18: 100718.
• Coelho, L.C., Bastos, A.R.R., Pinho, P.J., Souza, G.A., Carvalho, J.G., Coelho, V.A.T., Oliveira, L.C.A., Domingues, R.R., Faquin, V., 2017. Marigold (Tagetes erecta): The potential value in the phytoremediation of chromium. Pedosphere, 27(3): 559-568.
• Dao, Ly.H.T., Beardall, J., 2016. Effects of lead on growth, photosynthetic characteristics and production of reactive oxygen species of two freshwater green algae. Chemosphere, 147: 420-429.
• Dere, S., Doğan, M., 2020. Morphological and physiological effects of lead application on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(3): 233-245. (In Turkish).
• Doğru, A., 2019. Evaluation of lead tolerance in some barley genotypes by means of chlorophyll a fluorescence. Bartın University International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2(2): 228-238. (In Turkish).
• Doğru, A., 2020. Lead toxicity and lead tolerance in plants. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 3(4): 329-339. (In Turkish).
• Eid, R.A., Mazher, A.A., Shaaban, S.H.A, Khalifa, R.K.M., 2018. Influence of different lead concentrations on growth and chemical constituents of Tagetes erecta L. plants. Sciences, 8(03): 996-1001.
• El-Mahrouk, E.S.M., Eisa, E.A.H., Hegazi, M.A., Abdel-Gayed, M.E.S., Dewir, Y.H., El-Mahrouk, M.E., Naidoo, Y., 2019. Phytoremediation of cadmium-, copper-, and lead-contaminated soil by Salix mucronata (Synonym Salix safsaf). HortScience, 54(7): 1249-1257.
• Garrett, S.D., Trott, T.D., 2019. The phytoremediative effects of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) in lead contaminated soil. Research in Biology, 14.
• Giannakoula, A., Therios, I., Chatzissavvidis, C., 2021. Effect of lead and copper on photosynthetic apparatus in citrus (Citrus aurantium L.) plants. The role of antioxidants in oxidative damage as a response to heavy metal stress. Plants, 10: 155.
• Gleba, D., Borisjuk, N.V., Borisjuk, L.G., Kneer, R., Poulev, A., Skarzhinskaya, M., Dushenkov, S., Logendra, S., Gleba, Y.Y., Raskin, I., 1999. Use of plant roots for phytoremediation and molecular farming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(11): 5973-5977.
• Gopal, R., Rizvi, A.H., 2008. Excess lead alters growth, metabolism and translocation of certain nutrients in radish. Chemosphere, 70(9): 1539-1544.
• Gupta, D.K., Huang, H.G., Yang, X.E., Razafindrabe, B.H.N., Inouhe, M., 2010. The detoxification of lead in Sedum alfredii H. is not related to phytochelatins but the glutathione. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 177(1-3): 437-444.
• Gülser, F., Çığ, A., 2020. Tolerance of hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis L. c.v. “Blue Star”) to lead contaminated media. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(1): 97-104.
• Huang, L., Zhang, H., Song, Y., Yang, Y., Chen, H., Tang, M., 2017. Subcellular compartmentalization and chemical forms of lead participate in lead tolerance of Robinia pseudoacacia L. with Funneliformis mosseae. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8: 517.
• Islam, E., Liu, D., Li, T., Yang, X., Jin, X., Mahmood, Q., Tian, S., Li, J., 2008. Effect of Pb toxicity on leaf growth, physiology and ultrastructure in the two ecotypes of Elsholtzia argyi. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 154(1-3): 914-926.
• Janjatovic, V., Kastori, R., Petrovic, N., Knezevic, A., Kabic, D., 1991. Effect of lead on the morphology and anatomy of maize plants (Zea mays L.). Maticasrpska Proce Natural Science, 87: 121-129.
• Kastori, R., Plesničar, M., Sakač, Z., Panković, D., Arsenijević‐Maksimović, I., 1998. Effect of excess lead on sunflower growth and photosynthesis. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 21(1): 75-85.
• Khajanchi, L., Yadava, R.K., Kaurb, R., Bundelaa, D.S., Khana, M.I., Chaudharya, M., Meenaa, R.L., Dara, S.R., Singha, G., 2013. Productivity, essential oil yield, and heavy metal accumulation in lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) under varied wastewater-groundwater irrigation regimes. Industrial Crops and Products, 45: 270-278.
• Kınay, A., Erdem, H., 2019. The effects of increasing doses of lead applications on growth, Pb and microelement concentrations of tobacco varieties. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 7(12): 2083-2088. (In Turkish).
• Kosobrukhov, A., Knyazeva, I., Mudrik, V., 2004. Plantago major plants responses to increase content of lead in soil: Growth and photosynthesis. Plant Growth Regulation, 42: 145-151.
• Lamhamdi, M., El Galiou, O., Bakrim, A., Nóvoa-Muñoz, J.C., Arias-Estévez, M., Aarab, A., Lafont, R., 2013. Effect of lead stress on mineral content and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) seedlings. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 20(1): 29-36.
• Liu, H., Zhang, Y., Li, Q., Zou, Y., Shao, J., Lan, S., 2011. Quantification of lutein and zeaxanthin in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and poultry feed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, 34(20): 2653-2663.
• Ma, W., Zhao, B., Lv, X., Feng, X., 2022. Lead tolerance and accumulation characteristics of three Hydrangea cultivars representing potential lead-contaminated phytoremediation plants. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 63: 23-38.
• Malar, S., Vikram, S.S., Favas, P.J.C., Perumal, V., 2014. Lead heavy metal toxicity induced changes on growth and antioxidative enzymes level in water hyacinths [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)]. Botanical Studies, 55: 54.
• Martinez, P.M., Cortés, C.A., Avila, G.E., 2004. Evaluation of three pigment levels of marigold petals (Tagetes erecta) on skin pigmentation of broiler chicken. Técnica Pecuaria en México, 42(1): 105-111.
• Massuh, Y., Cruz-Estrada, A., González-Coloma, A., Ojeda, M.S., Zygadlo, J.A., Andrés, M.F., 2017. Nematicidal activity of the essential oil of three varieties of Tagetes minuta from Argentina. Natural Product Communications, 12(5): 705-707.
• Matter, F.M.A., 2016. Benzyladenine alleviates the lead toxicity in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) plants. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Reserach, 5(2): 144-151.
• Mazher, A.A.M., 2006. Response of Leuceana leucocephala seedlings grown under lead pollution to phosphorin application in sandy soil. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(2): 217-222.
• Miao, X., Kumar, R.R., Shen, Q., Wang, Z., Zhao, Q., Singh, J., Paul, S., Wang, W., Shang, X., 2022. Phytoremediation for co-contaminated soils of cadmium and polychlorinated biphenyls using the ornamental plant Tagetes patula L. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 108(1): 129-135.
• Mishra, S., Srivastava, S., Tripathi, R.D., Kumar, R., Seth, C.S., Gupta, D.K., 2006. Lead detoxification by coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) involves induction of phytochelatins and antioxidant system in response to its accumulation. Chemosphere, 65(6): 1027-1039.
• Nas, F.S., Ali, M., 2018. The effect of lead on plants in terms of growing and biochemical parameters: a review. MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences, 3(4): 265-268.
• Nowak, J., 2007. Effects of cadmium and lead concentrations and arbuscular mycorrhiza on growth, flowering and heavy metal accumulation in scarlet sage [Salvia splendens Sello'Torreador']. Acta Agrobotanica, 60(1): 79-83.
• Pandey, J., Verma, R.K., Singh, S., 2019. Suitability of aromatic plants for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated areas: a review. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 21(5): 405-418.
• Pirsarandib, Y., Hassanpouraghdam, M.B., Rasouli, F., Aazami, M.A., Puglisi, I., Baglieri, A., 2022. Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals via arbuscular mycorrhiza (Funneliformis mosseae) inoculation ameliorates the growth responses and essential oil content in lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.). Agronomy, 12: 1221.
• Rosca, M., Cozma, P., Minut, M., Hlihor, R.M., Bețianu, C., Diaconu, M., Gavrilescu, M., 2021. New evidence of model crop Brassica napus L. in soil clean-up: comparison of tolerance and accumulation of lead and cadmium. Plants, 10(10): 2051.
• Sanaei, S., Sadeghinia, M., Meftahizade, H., Ardakani, A.F., Ghorbanpour, M., 2022. Cadmium and lead differentially affect growth, physiology, and metal accumulation in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) genotypes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(3): 4180-4192.
• Sarıyer, E., 2017. Determination of heavy metals in some Lactuca sativa spices depending on the source of ırrigation water near Bursa. Msc Thesis, Uludağ University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Bursa, Türkiye. (In Turkish).
• Shah, K., Mankad, A.U., Reddy, M.N., 2017. Lead accumulation and its effects on growth and biochemical parameters in Tagetes erecta L. International Journal of Life Sciences Research, 3(4): 1142-1147.
• Singh, N., Thakur, R., 2019. A review on pharmacological aspects of Tagetes erecta Linn. Pharma Tutor, 7(9): 16-24.
• Singh, Y., Gupta, A., Kannojia, P., 2020. Tagetes erecta (marigold)-a review on its phytochemical and medicinal properties. Current Medical and Drug Research, 4(1): 1-6.
• Şahin, Z., 2019. Determination of the efficacy of Tagetes patula L. (Asterales: Asteraceae)’s silver nanoparticles water extract against Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in laboratory conditions. Msc Thesis, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Natural and Applied Sciences Institute, Kırşehir, Türkiye. (In Turkish).
• Tabrizi, L., Mohammadi, S., Delshad, M., Zadeh, B.M., 2015. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on yield and phytoremediation performance of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under heavy metals stress. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 17(12): 1244-1252.
• Verma, S., Dubey, R.S., 2003. Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Science, 164(4): 645-655.
• Walia, S., Mukhia, S., Bhatt, V., Kumar, R., Kumar, R., 2020. Variability in chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Tagetes minuta L. essential oil collected from different locations of Himalaya. Industrial Crops and Products, 150: 112449.
• Wierzbicka, M., Obidzińska, J., 1998. The effect of lead on seed imbibition and germination in different plant species. Plant Science, 137(2): 155-171.
• Yerli, C., Çakmakcı, T., Şahin, Ü., Tüfenkçi, Ş., 2020. The effects of heavy metals on soil, plant, water and human health. Turkish Journal of Nature and Science, 9(Special Issue): 103-114. (In Turkish).
• Youssef, N.A., 2021. Changes in the morphological traits and the essential oil content of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as induced by cadmium and lead treatments. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 23(3): 291-299.
• Zhang, S., Hu, J., Chen, Z.H., Chen, J.F., Zheng, Y.Y., Song, W. J., 2005. Effects of Pb pollution on seed vigor of three rice cultivars. Rice Science, 12(3): 197-202.
• Zheljazkov, V.D., Craker, L.E., Xing, B., 2006. Effects of Cd, Pb, and Cu on growth and essential oil contents in dill, peppermint, and basil. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 58(1): 9-16.
• Zulfiqar, U., Farooq, M., Hussain, S., Maqsood, M., Hussain, M., Ishfaq, M., Muhammad, A., Anjum, M.Z., 2019. Lead toxicity in plants: Impacts and remediation. Journal of Environmental Management, 250: 109557.