Yükseköğretim Öğrencileri Arasında Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri Konusunda İklim Değişikliği Farkındalığının Artırılması: Yaş ve Çevreyle İlgili Eğitimin Çifte Moderatör Olarak Rolü

Abstract

İklim değişikliğinin sonuçları sürdürülebilirlik için en büyük tehditlerden birisidir. İklim değişikliği konusunda farkındalık hem iklim değişikliği ile mücadele ve hem de sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine (SKH) ulaşmak için hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışma, özellikle yaş ve çevreyle ilişkili eğitimin (E-Re) iklim değişikliği farkındalığı ve SKH üzerindeki düzenleyici etkilerini incelemiştir. İlk olarak, ölçekler 1067 katılımcıya uygulanmıştır. İkinci olarak, gönüllü olan yükseköğretim öğrencilerinin %31,4’ü (n = 335), çevrim içi portallar aracılığıyla E-Re dersleri almıştır. İklim değişikliğinin SKH üzerindeki etkisi ile etkileşim etkilerini tanımlayan düzenleyici faktörler ve değişkenler incelenmiş, hipotezler test edilmiştir. Araştırmanın en kritik bulgusu, çevre eğitimi almamış genç öğrenciler arasında iklim değişikliği farkındalığı artsa bile SKH’ye yönelik davranışların değişmediğini göstermektedir. Bu, E-Re almamış genç nesillerin SKH uygulamalarının göz ardı edilebileceğine işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları özellikle, iklim değişikliği farkındalığına ve yaş, eğitim düzeyi, uzun süreli yerleşim gibi sosyo-demografik özelliklere göre SKH uygulamalarında yeniden gözden geçirilmesi ve özelleştirilen eğitimler yapılması gerekliliğini de ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

• İklim Değişikliği
• Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri
• Farkındalık
• Yükseköğretim Öğrencileri
• Çevreyle İlişkili Eğitim

Increasing the Climate Change Awareness on SDGs among Higher Education Students: Age and Environmental-Related Education as Dual Moderators

Abstract

The various repercussions of climate change are perhaps the greatest threat to sustainability, while awareness is crucial for reaching sustainable development goals (SDGs). The study specifically investigated the moderate influence of age and environmental-related education (E-Re) on climate change awareness and SDGs.First, the scales were applied to 1067 participants. Second, %31.4 (n = 335) of higher education students who volunteered took E-Re courses through online portals. The impact of climate change on SDGs and the moderators and variables that define the interaction effects were examined, and hypotheses were tested. The most critical finding of the research shows that even if there is increased awareness of climate change among young students who have not received E-Re, the SDGs do not change. This indicates that the SDG practices of the younger generations without E-Re could be disregarded. This study focuses on how environmental-related education can be viable in the curriculums of different education levels. E-Re needs to be revised in SDG practices according to climate change awareness and socio-demographic characteristics such as age, education level, long-term settlements, etc.

Keywords

• Climate Change
• Sustainable Development Goals
• Awareness
• Environmental-Related Education
• Higher Education Students

References

1. Abbasi, Z. A. K., & Nawaz, A. (2020). Impact of Climate Change Awareness on Climate Change Adaptions and Climate Change Adaptation Issues. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 33(3), 619–636. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2020/33.3.619.636
2. Abela, M. (2022). “A new direction? The ‘mainstreaming’ of sustainability reporting.” Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 13(6), 1261–1283. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-06-2021-0201
3. Açıkalın, Ş. N., Erçetin, Ş. Ş., Potas, N., & Çevik, M. S. (2025). The Development and Psychometric Properties of Climate Change Awareness Scale Among Higher Education Students. Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences in Press.
4. Adams, C. A., & Mueller, F. (2022). Academics and policymakers at odds: the case of the IFRS Foundation Trustees’ consultation paper on sustainability reporting. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 13(6), 1310–1333. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-10-2021-0436
5. Amin, N., Shabbir, M. S., Song, H., & Abbass, K. (2022). Renewable energy consumption and its impact on environmental quality: A pathway for achieving sustainable development goals in ASEAN countries. Energy and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X221134113
6. Athy, A. E., Milojev, P., Gray, N. H., Osborne, D., Sibley, C. G., & Milfont, T. L. (2022). Clarifying longitudinal relations between individuals’ support for human rights and climate change beliefs. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 84, 101875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101875
7. Audu, C. T., Lukman, A. A., & Nyah N, M. (2014). A Nexus between Higher Education, Security Challenges and Sustainable Development in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME), 4(4), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-04411622
8. Ayalon, L., & Roy, S. (2023). The role of chronological age in climate change attitudes, feelings, and behavioral intentions: The case of null results. PLOS ONE, 18(6 June), e0286901. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286901

9. Ayalon, L., Roy, S., Aloni, O., & Keating, N. (2023). A Scoping Review of Research on Older People and Intergenerational Relations in the Context of Climate Change. Gerontologist, 63(5), 945–958. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnac028
10. Barreda, A. B. (2018). Assessing the level of awareness on climate change and sustainable development among students of Partido State University, Camarines Sur, Philippines. Journal of Sustainability Education, 17(February), 1–12. http://www.susted.org/
11. Bexell, M., & Jönsson, K. (2017). Responsibility and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Forum for Development Studies, 44(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2016.1252424
12. Calculli, C., D’Uggento, A. M., Labarile, A., & Ribecco, N. (2021). Evaluating people’s awareness about climate changes and environmental issues: A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 324, 129244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129244
13. Chacowry, A. (2023). Meeting the challenges to climate change adaptation: an NGO community-based successful projects in Mauritius. GeoJournal, 88(4), 4081–4094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-023-10850-5
14. Clayton, S. D., Pihkala, P., Wray, B., & Marks, E. (2023). Psychological and Emotional Responses to Climate Change among Young People Worldwide: Differences Associated with Gender, Age, and Country. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043540
15. Cohen, S., Demeritt, D., Robinson, J., & Rothman, D. (1998). Climate change and sustainable development: Towards dialogue. Global Environmental Change, 8(4), 341–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(98)00017-X
16. Corner, A., Roberts, O., Chiari, S., Völler, S., Mayrhuber, E. S., Mandl, S., & Monson, K. (2015). How do young people engage with climate change? The role of knowledge, values, message framing, and trusted communicators. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 6(5), 523–534. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.353
17. Dagnachew, A., Hof, A., Van Soest, H., & Van Vuuren, D. (2021). Climate change measures and sustainable development goals. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
18. del Arco, I., Ramos-Pla, A., Zsembinszki, G., de Gracia, A., & Cabeza, L. F. (2021). Implementing SDGs to a Sustainable Rural Village Development from Community Empowerment: Linking Energy, Education, Innovation, and Research. Sustainability, 13(23), 12946. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312946
19. Diffey, J., Wright, S., Uchendu, J. O., Masithi, S., Olude, A., Juma, D. O., Anya, L. H., Salami, T., Mogathala, P. R., Agarwal, H., Roh, H., Aboy, K. V., Cote, J., Saini, A., Mitchell, K., Kleczka, J., Lobner, N. G., Ialamov, L., Borbely, M., … Lawrance, E. (2022). “Not about us without us”–the feelings and hopes of climate-concerned young people around the world. International Review of Psychiatry, 34(5), 499–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2022.2126297
20. Drolet, J. L., & Sampson, T. (2017). Addressing climate change from a social development approach: Small cities and rural communities’ adaptation and response to climate change in British Columbia, Canada. International Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872814539984
21. Eurostat. (2021). NUTS - NOMENCLATURE OF TERRITORIAL UNITS FOR STATISTICS. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/nuts/overview
22. Feinstein, N. W., & Mach, K. J. (2020). Three roles for education in climate change adaptation. Climate Policy, 20(3), 317–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1701975
23. Fuso Nerini, F., Sovacool, B., Hughes, N., Cozzi, L., Cosgrave, E., Howells, M., Tavoni, M., Tomei, J., Zerriffi, H., & Milligan, B. (2019). Connecting climate action with other Sustainable Development Goals. Nature Sustainability, 2(8), 674–680. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0334-y
24. Ganase, S. A. S., & Sookram, S. (2021). Climate change knowledge at the grass roots: the case of Bequia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines. In Environment, Development and Sustainability (Vol. 23, Issue 2, pp. 1105–1132). Springer Science and Business Media B.V. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00620-5
25. Glover, L., & Granberg, M. (2020). The Politics of Adapting to Climate Change. In The Politics of Adapting to Climate Change. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46205-5
26. Gomez-Echeverri, L. (2018). Climate and development: enhancing impact through stronger linkages in the implementation of the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2119), 20160444. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0444
27. Gönen, Ç., Deveci, E. Ü., & Aydede, M. N. (2022). Development and validation of climate change awareness scale for high school students. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02213-w
28. González-Hernández, D. L., Aguirre-Gamboa, R. A., & Meijles, E. W. (2022). The role of climate change perceptions and sociodemographics on reported mitigation efforts and performance among households in northeastern Mexico. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-02093-6
29. Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockström, J., Öhman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., Steffen, W., Glaser, G., Kanie, N., & Noble, I. (2013). Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495(7441), 305–307. https://doi.org/10.1038/495305a
30. Haq, G., Brown, D., & Hards, S. (2010). Older People and Climate Change: the Case for Better Engagement. Stockholm Environment Institute.
31. Jakob, M., & Steckel, J. C. (2016). Implications of climate change mitigation for sustainable development. Environmental Research Letters, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/10/104010
32. Kuthe, A., Keller, L., Körfgen, A., Stötter, H., Oberrauch, A., & Höferl, K.-M. (2019). How many young generations are there? – A typology of teenagers’ climate change awareness in Germany and Austria. The Journal of Environmental Education, 50(3), 172–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2019.1598927
33. Læssøe, J., & Mochizuki, Y. (2015). Recent Trends in National Policy on Education for Sustainable Development and Climate Change Education. Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 9(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973408215569112
34. Lal, P., Alavalapati, J., & Evan Mercer, D. (2011). Socioeconomic impacts of climate change on rural communities in the United States. USDA Forest Service - General Technical Report PNW-GTR.
35. Lasco, R. D., Ahmad, Q. K., Arnell, N. W., Cohen, S. J., Hope, C., Janetos, A. C., Perez, R. T., Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., Linden, P. J. Van Der, & Hanson, C. E. (2007). Perspectives on climate change and sustainability. Development, 811–841.
36. Lee, J. J., Ceyhan, P., Jordan-Cooley, W., & Sung, W. (2013). GREENIFY. Simulation & Gaming, 44(2–3), 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878112470539
37. Lee, T. M., Markowitz, E. M., Howe, P. D., Ko, C. Y., & Leiserowitz, A. A. (2015). Predictors of public climate change awareness and risk perception around the world. Nature Climate Change, 5(11), 1014–1020. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2728
38. Lehtonen, A., Salonen, A. O., & Cantell, H. (2018). Climate change education: A new approach for a world of wicked problems. In Sustainability, Human Well-Being, and the Future of Education (pp. 339–374). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78580-6_11
39. Lotze-Campen, H., von Lampe, M., Kyle, P., Fujimori, S., Havlik, P., van Meijl, H., Hasegawa, T., Popp, A., Schmitz, C., Tabeau, A., Valin, H., Willenbockel, D., & Wise, M. (2014). Impacts of increased bioenergy demand on global food markets: An AgMIP economic model intercomparison. Agricultural Economics (United Kingdom), 45(1), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12092
40. Lu, Y., Wei, L., Cao, B., & Li, J. (2021). Participatory child-centered disaster risk reduction education: an innovative Chinese NGO program. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 30(3), 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-03-2020-0066
41. Luís, S., Vauclair, C. M., & Lima, M. L. (2018). Raising awareness of climate change causes? Cross-national evidence for the normalization of societal risk perception of climate change. Environmental Science and Policy, 80, 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.015
42. Lull, C., Llinares, J. V., Soriano, M. D., & Ramón, F. (2021). Raising Awareness of The SDG 13 Climate Action At University. EDULEARN21 Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.1062
43. Marshall, N. A., Park, S., Howden, S. M., Dowd, A. B., & Jakku, E. S. (2013). Climate change awareness is associated with enhanced adaptive capacity. Agricultural Systems, 117, 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2013.01.003
44. Mbah, M. F., Shingruf, A., & Molthan-Hill, P. (2022). Policies and practices of climate change education in South Asia: towards a support framework for an impactful climate change adaptation. Climate Action, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44168-022-00028-z
45. McGregor, I., Yerbury, H., & Shahid, A. (2018). The voices of local NGOs in climate change issues: Examples from climate vulnerable nations. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies, 10(3), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v10.i3.6019
46. Mónus, F. (2022). Environmental education policy of schools and socioeconomic background affect environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior of secondary school students. Environmental Education Research, 28(2), 169–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2021.2023106
47. Morton, S., Pencheon, D., & Bickler, G. (2019). The sustainable development goals provide an important framework for addressing dangerous climate change and achieving wider public health benefits. Public Health, 174, 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.05.018
48. Moser, S. C. (2010). Communicating climate change: History, challenges, process and future directions. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(1), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.11
49. Moser, S. C., & Dilling, L. (2008). Creating a climate for change: Facilitating Social Change: Introduction. In S. C. Moser & L. Dilling (Eds.), Creating a Climate for Change: Communicating Climate Change and Facilitating Social Change (pp. 1–27). Cambridge University Press.
50. Munasinghe, M. (2003). Analysing the Nexus of Sustainable Development and Climate Change Finding Balanced Inclusive Green Growth(BIGG)Path to Sustainable Development View project Covid-SD View project.
51. Munasinghe, M., & Swart, R. (2005). Primer on climate change and sustainable development: Facts, policy analysis, and applications. In Primer on Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Facts, Policy Analysis, and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511622984
52. Njoku, C. (2016). Awareness of Climate Change and Sustainable Development Issues among Junior Secondary School (JSS) Students in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction Chimezie Njoku / International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 8(2), 29–40.
53. Nonet, G. A. H., Gössling, T., Van Tulder, R., & Bryson, J. M. (2022). Multi-stakeholder Engagement for the Sustainable Development Goals: Introduction to the Special Issue. Journal of Business Ethics, 180(4), 945–957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05192-0
54. Nusrat Afroz, & Zul Ilham. (2020). Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of University Students towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning, 1(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.46456/jisdep.v1i1.12
55. Pandve, H. T., Chawla, P. S., Fernandez, K., Singru, S. A., Khismatrao, D., & Pawar, S. (2011). Assessment of awareness regarding climate change in an urban community. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 15(3), 109–112. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.93200
56. Pearse, R. (2017). Gender and climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.451
57. Pedelty, M. (2015). Environmental communication and the public sphere. Environmental Communication, 9(1), 139–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2014.1003440
58. Pérez-Peña, M. D. C., Jiménez-García, M., Ruiz-Chico, J., & Peña-Sánchez, A. R. (2021). Analysis of Research on the SDGs: The Relationship between Climate Change, Poverty and Inequality. Applied Sciences, 11(19), 8947. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198947
59. Pillemer, K. A. (2021). Older People and Action on Climate Change: A Powerful But Underutilized Resource. January.
60. Rahman, S. M. A., Tasmin, S., Uddin, M. K., Islam, M. T., & Sujauddin, M. (2014). Climate Change Awareness among the High School Students: Case Study from a Climate Vulnerable Country. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v1.n1.4
61. Ramadani, L., Khanal, S., & Boeckmann, M. (2023). Climate change and health in school-based education: A scoping review protocol. PLoS ONE, 18(3 March). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282431
62. Reid, A. (2019). Climate change education and research: possibilities and potentials versus problems and perils? In Environmental Education Research (Vol. 25, Issue 6, pp. 767–790). https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2019.1664075
63. Reidmiller, D. R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, A., & B.C. Stewart (Eds.). (2018). Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume II. In U.S. Global Change Research Program.
64. Rickard, L. N., Yang, Z. J., Seo, M., & Harrison, T. M. (2014). The “I” in climate: The role of individual responsibility in systematic processing of climate change information. Global Environmental Change, 26(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.03.010
65. Robinson, J., Bradley, M., Busby, P., Connor, D., Murray, A., Sampson, B., & Soper, W. (2006). Climate change and sustainable development: Realizing the opportunity. Ambio, 35(1), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-35.1.2
66. Rousell, D., & Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, A. (2020). A systematic review of climate change education: giving children and young people a ‘voice’ and a ‘hand’ in redressing climate change. Children’s Geographies, 18(2), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2019.1614532
67. Saxena, A., Ramaswamy, M., Beale, J., Marciniuk, D., & Smith, P. (2021). Striving for the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): what will it take? Discover Sustainability, 2(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-021-00029-8
68. Sola, A. O., & Michael, E. (2016). Awareness of Climate Change and Sustainable Development among Undergraduates from two Selected Universities in Oyo State, Nigeria. World Journal of Education, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v6n3p70
69. Spratt, D., & Dunlop, I. (2019). Existential climate-related security risk - A scenario approach. In BT Policy Paper (Issue May). https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/148cb0_90dc2a2637f348edae45943a88da04d4.pdf
70. Taylor, P., & Fransman, J. (2004). Learning and teaching participation: exploring the role of Higher Learning Institutions as agents of development and social change. In Working paper series, 219 (Issue March). https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/4014
71. The Council of Higher Education. (2023). Yükseköğretim Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi. Yükseköğretim Istatistikleri. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
72. Tiller, T. R., & Schott, C. (2013). The Critical Relationship between Climate Change Awareness and Action: An Origin-Based Perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(1–2), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2012.697648
73. Trott, C. D. (2020). Children’s constructive climate change engagement: Empowering awareness, agency, and action. Environmental Education Research, 26(4), 532–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2019.1675594
74. Tunji-Olayeni, P. F., Adegboye, F., Oluwatobi, A., Adeyemi, G., Olagunju, O., Okoro, A., & Osabuohien, E. S. (2021). Accelerating progress on sustainable development goals: Assessing secondary school students’ knowledge of climate change actions. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012041
75. UNESCO. (2014). Sustainable Development Begins With Education: How education can contribute to the proposed post-2015 goals. Education For All - Global Monitoring Report, 1–14. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002305/230508e.pdf
76. United Nations. (2023). The 17 Goals. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/goals
77. Venghaus, S., Henseleit, M., & Belka, M. (2022). The impact of climate change awareness on behavioral changes in Germany: changing minds or changing behavior? Energy, Sustainability and Society, 12(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-022-00334-8
78. Voola, S. I., & Kalyanasundaram, P. I. (2021). Rural Poverty and Sustainable Development Goals. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95714-2_48
79. Wamsler, C. (2020). Education for sustainability: Fostering a more conscious society and transformation towards sustainability. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 21(1), 112–130. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-04-2019-0152
80. WCED. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (Brundtland Report). In United Nations.
81. Weber, E. U. (2010). What shapes perceptions of climate change? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(3), 332–342. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.41
82. Yolida, B., M. Sinaga, R., Maulina, D., & Supriyadi, S. (2023). The The effect of indonesian local culture integrated students’ environmental awareness on sdgs: pls-sem approach. Biosfer. https://doi.org/10.21009/biosferjpb.35493
83. Yu, H., Wang, B., Zhang, Y. J., Wang, S., & Wei, Y. M. (2013). Public perception of climate change in China: Results from the questionnaire survey. Natural Hazards, 69(1), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0711-1
84. Zaval, L., & Cornwell, J. F. M. (2017). Effective education and communication strategies to promote environmental engagement. European Journal of Education, 52(4), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12252