Dördüncü Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Eleştirel Düşünme Becerilerinin Gerçek Yaşam Durumları Üzerinden İncelenmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 73 - 96, 30.06.2021

Ömer Faruk Özbey , Rabia Sarıkaya

https://doi.org/10.52134/ueader.864030

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin öğretim programlarıyla verilen eleştirel düşünme becerisini günlük hayata ne düzeyde aktardıklarını ve kullandıklarını incelemektir. Araştırmanın yöntemi nitel yaklaşımlardan araçsal durum (instrumental case) çalışmasıdır. Araştırmada tipik durum örneklemesi kullanılmış ve araştırmaya Ankara ilindeki 11 farklı okuldan 30 dördüncü sınıf öğrencisi çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacı tarafından düzenlenen sahte haberler ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Uygulama aşamasında öncelikle öğrencilere yalan haber gösterilerek bunun doğru olup olmadığı sorulmuştur. Daha sonra araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulan yorumlar üzerinden Sokratik sorgulama yöntemi ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Veriler iki araştırıcı tarafından bağımsız olarak içerik analizine tabi tutulmuş ve temalara ulaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmada araştırmacılar arası tutarlılık %87,5 bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma sonucunda ilkokul dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin ifadelerinin %92’sinin zayıf eleştirel düşünür kategorisinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Eleştirel düşünme, ilkokul, araçsal durum çalışması

An Investigation Of The Critical Thinking Skills Of Fourth Grade Students On Real Life States

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which fourth-grade students transfer and use the critical thinking skills provided by curricula to daily life. The method of the research is an instrumental case study, which is one of the qualitative approaches. Typical case sampling was used in the study and 30 fourth grade students from 11 different schools in Ankara were included in the study. Fake news and semi-structured interview form prepared by the researcher were used as data collection tools. During the implementation phase, the students were shown fake news and asked whether this was true or not. Afterward, interviews were made using the Socratic inquiry method over the comments created by the researcher. The data were independently analyzed by two researchers and the themes were reached. In this study, the consistency between researchers was found to be %87,5. As a result of this study, it was determined that 92% of the expressions of primary school fourth-grade students were in the weak critical thinker category.

Keywords

Critical thinking, elementary school, instrumental case study

References

• Abrami, P. C., Bernard, R. M., Borokhovski, E., Wade, A., Surkes, M. A., Tamim, R., & Zhang, D. (2008). Instructional interventions affecting critical thinking skills and dispositions: A stage 1 meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 1102–1134.
• Acanerler, A. (2019a). The news that mince in the market contains food coloring-teyit.org. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://teyit.org/suya-koyunca-beyazlayan-bimdeki-kiymanin-katki-maddeli-oldugu-iddiasi/
• Acanerler, A. (2019b). The news that when water is added to a liquid, which is illegally brought from China, the water turns into milk-teyit.org. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://teyit.org/cinden-turkiyeye-kacak-getirilerek-piyasada-satilan-siviya-su-eklendigide-sut- ldugu-iddiasi/
• Acanerler, A. (2019). The news of a drug brought from Africa and sold in schools-teyit.org. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://teyit.org/fotograftaki-afrika-dan-getirilip-okullarda-satilan-bir-uyusturucu-mu/
• Akar, C., & Kara, M. (2016). The evaluation of 4th elementary school students' critical thinking skills in terms of some variables. International Journal of Turkish Literature Culture Education, 5(3), 1339–1355. Retrieved from https://app.trdizin.gov.trpublication/pap er/detail/T WpNMk5qSXhNUT09
• Alpay, Y. (2017). Yalanın siyaseti [The Politics of lies]. İstanbul: Destek Publishing.
• Arabacı, A. O. (2019). Video news showing fake meat production in China-teyit.org. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://teyit.org/cinde-kaydedilen-videodaki-madde-sahte-et-degil-kaucuk/
• Azar, A. (2010). The effect of critical thinking dispositions on students’ achievement in selection and placement exam for university in Turkey. Journal of Turkish Science Education (TUSED), 7(1), 61-73.
• Bailin, S., Case, R., Coombs, J. R., & Daniels, L. B. (1999). Conceptualizing critical thinking. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 31(3), 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/002202799 183133
• Çavuş, G. (2018). News about the farmer admitting that he used to grow peppers using nitric acid-teyit.org. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://teyit.org/ciftcinin-kezzap-kullanarak-biber-yetistirdigini-itiraf-ettigi-iddiasi/
• Demir, M. K. (2006). The research of fourth and fifth Abrami, P. C., Bernard, R. M., Borokhovski, E., Wade, A., Surkes, M. A., Tamim, R., & Zhang, D. (2008). Instructional interventions affecting critical thinking skills and dispositions: A stage 1 meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 1102–1134.
• Acanerler, A. (2019a). The news that mince in the market contains food coloring-teyit.org. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://teyit.org/suya-koyunca-beyazlayan-bimdeki-kiymanin-katki-maddeli-oldugu-iddiasi/
• Acanerler, A. (2019b). The news that when water is added to a liquid, which is illegally brought from China, the water turns into milk-teyit.org. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://teyit.org/cinden-turkiyeye-kacak-getirilerek-piyasada-satilan-siviya-su-eklendigide-sut- ldugu-iddiasi/
• Acanerler, A. (2019). The news of a drug brought from Africa and sold in schools-teyit.org. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://teyit.org/fotograftaki-afrika-dan-getirilip-okullarda-satilan-bir-uyusturucu-mu/
• Akar, C., & Kara, M. (2016). The evaluation of 4th elementary school students' critical thinking skills in terms of some variables. International Journal of Turkish Literature Culture Education, 5(3), 1339–1355. Retrieved from https://app.trdizin.gov.trpublication/pap er/detail/T WpNMk5qSXhNUT09
• Alpay, Y. (2017). Yalanın siyaseti [The Politics of lies]. İstanbul: Destek Publishing.
• Arabacı, A. O. (2019). Video news showing fake meat production in China-teyit.org. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://teyit.org/cinde-kaydedilen-videodaki-madde-sahte-et-degil-kaucuk/
• Azar, A. (2010). The effect of critical thinking dispositions on students’ achievement in selection and placement exam for university in Turkey. Journal of Turkish Science Education (TUSED), 7(1), 61-73.
• Bailin, S., Case, R., Coombs, J. R., & Daniels, L. B. (1999). Conceptualizing critical thinking. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 31(3), 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/002202799 183133
• Çavuş, G. (2018). News about the farmer admitting that he used to grow peppers using nitric acid-teyit.org. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://teyit.org/ciftcinin-kezzap-kullanarak-biber-yetistirdigini-itiraf-ettigi-iddiasi/
• Demir, M. K. (2006). The research of fourth and fifth-grade primary school students’ critical thinking levels in social studies lessons according to different variables. Gazi University Journal of Gazi Educational Faculty, 26(3), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.17152/GE FD.17188
• Demir, R., & Aybek, B. (2014). An analysis of the critical thinking dispositions of high school students through various parameters. Muğla University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 32, 122–140. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/musbed/issue/23509/250486
• Ennis, R. H. (1985). A Logical Basis for Measuring Critical Thinking Skills. Educational Leadership, 43, 44-48.
• Ennis, R. H. (1989). Critical Thinking and Subject Specificity: Clarification and Needed Research. Educational Researcher, 18(3), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X018003 004
• Erkan, G., & Ayhan, A. (2018). Disinformation in political communication and social media: Teyit.Org as a verification Platform. Journal of Akdeniz University's Faculty of Communication, 29, 201–223. Retrieved from http://iletisim.akdeniz.edu.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2016/ 08/2018-Özel-Sayı-2.-Bölüm-202-472-Sayfalar.pdf
• Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. Research findings and recommendations. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED315423.pdf
• Fero, L. J., Witsberger, C. M., Wesmiller, S. W., Zullo, T. G., & Hoffman, L. A. (2009). Critical thinking ability of new graduate and experienced nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(1), 139–148.
• Fischer, S. C., Spiker, V. A., & Riedel, S. L. (2009). Critical thinking training for Army officers. Volume 2: A model of critical thinking. ANACAPA SCIENCES INC SANTA BARBARA CA.
• Gelerstein, D., Río, R. del, Nussbaum, M., Chiuminatto, P., & López, X. (2016). Designing and implementing a test for measuring critical thinking in primary school. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 20, 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2016.02.002 Griffin, P., McGaw, B., & Care, E. (Eds.). (2014). Assessment and teaching of 21st-century skills: Methods and approach. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2324-5_2
• Guion, L. a, Diehl, D. C., & McDonald, D. (2011). Triangulation: Establishing the validity of qualitative studies. Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2–4. https://doi.org/#FCS6014
• Halpern, D. F. (1998). Teaching critical thinking for transfer across domains. American Psychologist, 53(4), 449–455. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.53.4.449
• Hancock, D. R., & Algozzine, B. (2006). Doing case study research. New York: Teacher College.
• Koray, Ö., & Köksal, M. S. (2009). The effect of creative and critical thinking based laboratory applications on creative and logical thinking abilities of prospective teachers. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning & Teaching, 10(1). Retrieved from https://www.eduhk.hk/a pfslt/download/v10_issue1_files/koksal.pdf
• Korkmaz, Ö., & Yeşil, R. (2009). Students’ critical thinking level as to educational degrees. Ahi Evran University Journal of Kırşehir Education Faculty, 10(2), 19–28.
• Lai, E. R. (2011). Critical thinking: A literature review. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1537-2995.1995.35395184278.x
• Levitin, D. J. (2017). Weaponized lies: How to think critically in the post-truth era. Dutton.
• Lewis, A., & Smith, D. (1993). Teaching for higher order thinking. Theory into Practice, 32(3), 131–137.
• Lipman, M. (1988). Critical thinking—What can it be? Educational Leadership, 46(1), 38–43.
• Merriam, S. B. (2013). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber [Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation]. Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. London: Sage Publications.
• Ministry of National Education-MoNE. (2018). The curriculum of social studies. Ankara.
• National Research Council. (2011). Assessing 21st-century skills: Summary of a workshop. In Social Sciences. National Academic.
• Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D. A. L., & Nielsen, R. K. (2017). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2017. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.pol itics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Digital%20News%20Report%202017%20web_0.pdf
• Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D., & Nielsen, R. K. (2018). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2619576
• Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., & Nielsen, R. (2019). Reuters Institute digital news report 2019. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
• Noddings, N. (2017). Eğitim felsefesi [Educational philosophy]. Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
• Noohi, E., Karimi-Noghondar, M., & Haghdoost, A. (2012). Survey of critical thinking and clinical decision making in nursing student of Kerman University. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 17(6), 440.
• Norris, S. P., & Ennis, R. H. (1989). Evaluating Critical Thinking. The Practitioners’ Guide to Teaching Thinking Series. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED404836
• Oja, K. J. (2011). Using problem-based learning in the clinical setting to improve nursing students’ critical thinking: an evidence review. Journal of Nursing Education, 50(3), 145–151.
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2016). Skills matter: Further results from the survey of adult skills. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0677-3_ch1 Oxford Dictionaries. (2016). Word of the Year 2016. Retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016
• Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2019). Framework for 21st Century Learning. Retrieved from http://static.battelleforkids.org/documents/p21/P21_Framework_Brief.pdf
• Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Paul, R. (1992). Critical thinking: What, why, and how. New Directions for Community Colleges, 77, 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/cc.36819927703
• Paul, R. (1993). Critical thinking: What every student needs to survive in a rapidly changing world. Critical Thinking, Moral Integrity, and Citizenship.
• Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2006). Thinker’s guide to the art of Socratic questioning. Foundation Critical Thinking.
• Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2013). Kritik düşünce [Critical thinking]. (Trans. E. Aslan and G. Sart). Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
• Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2014). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your professional and personal life (2nd ed.). Pearson Publishing. Silsüpür, S. (2018). The news that 5-liter oil bottles were underfilled- teyit.org. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://teyit.org/fotografin-5-litrelik-yag-siselerinin-eksik-dolduruldugunu-gosterdigi-iddiasi/ Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.). London: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4 324/9780203409527 Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Are we making critical mistakes ? Phi Delta Kappa International, 67(3), 194–198.
• Ten Dam, G., & Volman, M. (2004). Critical thinking as a citizenship competence: Teaching strategies. Learning and Instruction, 14(4), 359–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstr uc.2004.01.005
• Trilling, B. & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st-century skills: Learning for life in our times. John Wiley & Sons.
• Tümkaya, S., Aybek, B., & Aldaş, H. (2009). An investigation of university students’ critical thinking disposition and perceived problem solving skills. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), 36, 57-74.
• Turkish Statistical Institute-(TSI) (2018). Household information technologies (IT) usage survey. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27819
• Ulaş, A. H., Koçak, B., & Karabacak, H. (2012). Examination of critical thinking levels of fifth-grade students in primary education in terms of their success in the Turkish language course. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 880–885. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1 016/j.sbspro.2011.12.161
• Willingham, D. T. (2008). Critical thinking: Why is it so hard to teach? American Educator, 109(4), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.3200/AEPR.109.4.21-32
• World Economic Forum. (2018). The Future of Jobs Report 2018. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2018.pdf
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel arastirma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Seçkin Publishing.