The Role of Forgiveness and Self-Esteem in the Explanation of Well-Being

Abstract

The tendency to focus on people's physical and emotional well-being is now an important area of study in psychology. Well-being is one of the most important concepts in this field and stands out as a factor that makes an individual's life more satisfying and meaningful. In addition to well-being, forgiveness, and high self-esteem are associated with positive situations and experiences. Thus, it would be reasonable to investigate the relationship between these variables. The main aim of this study is to examine how forgiveness and self-esteem explain well-being. To this aim, a model was created, hypotheses were developed, and data were analyzed using multiple regression. The study was conducted with 505 (female=317, male=188) university students. The results of the study show that self-forgiveness significantly and positively explains self-esteem. In addition, self-forgiveness and self-esteem significantly and positively explain well-being. Self-forgiveness also significantly explains well-being through self-esteem. According to the other results, forgiving others explains well-being positively, and significantly, but not significantly by self-esteem. Future studies can test the hypotheses developed by including various psychological (narcissism, depression, empathy, perceived social support) and demographic (age, economic status, marital status) variables in the model.

Keywords

• Well-being
• Forgiveness
• Self-esteem

İyi Oluşun Açıklanmasında Affetme ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü

Abstract

Günümüzde insanların fiziksel ve duygusal iyilik hallerine odaklanma eğilimi, psikolojinin önemli bir çalışma alanını oluşturmaktadır. İyi oluş, bu alandaki temel kavramlardan biridir ve bireylerin yaşamlarını daha tatmin edici ve anlamlı hale getiren bir faktör olarak öne çıkmaktadır. İyi oluşun yanı sıra affetme eğilimleri ile yüksek benlik saygısı da olumlu durum ve yaşantılarla ilişkilidir. Böyle bir durum bu değişkenlerin kendi arasındaki ilişkinin de test edilmesini araştırma konusu haline getirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı affetme ve benlik saygısının iyi oluşu nasıl açıkladığını incelemektir. Bu durumu test etmek amacıyla bir model oluşturulmuş, hipotezler geliştirilmiş ve verilerin analizi çoklu regresyon ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma üniversitede öğrenim gören 505 (Kadın=317, Erkek=188) öğrenci üzerinde yapılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre kendini affetme benlik saygısını anlamlı ve olumlu şekilde açıklamaktadır. Bununla birlikte kendini affetme ve benlik saygısı iyi oluşu anlamlı ve olumlu şekilde açıklamaktadır. Kendini affetme benlik saygısı aracılığıyla da iyi oluşu anlamlı şekilde açıklamaktadır. Araştırmada ortaya çıkan diğer sonuçlara göre diğerlerini affetme iyi oluşu olumlu yönde ve anlamlı şekilde açıklarken benlik saygısı aracılığıyla anlamlı şekilde açıklamamaktadır. Bundan sonraki araştırmalarda oluşturulan model üzerinde farklı psikolojik (narsizm, depresyon, empati, algılanan sosyal destek) ve demografik (yaş, ekonomik durum, medeni durum) değişkenlere yer verilerek geliştirilen hipotezler test edilebilir.

Keywords

• İyi oluş
• Affetme
• Benlik saygısı

References

1. Alpay, A. (2009). Forgiveness in close relationship: The investigating of forgiveness in terms of attachment, self-esteem, empathy, and romantic jealousy [Unpublished master's thesis]. Ankara University.
2. Asıcı, E. (2019). The role of forgiveness flexibility in predicting adolescents' well-being. Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty, 21(3), 17-31.
3. Avery, C. M. (2008). The Relationship between self-forgiveness and health: Mediating variables and implications for well-being [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Hartford.
4. Ayyash-Abdo, H., & Alamuddin, R. (2007). Predictors of subjective well-being among college youth in Lebanon. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147(3), 265-284. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.147.3.265-284
5. Bajaj, B., Gupta, R., & Pande, N. (2016). Self-esteem mediates the relationship between mindfulness and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 96-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.020
6. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
7. Batik, M. V., Bingöl, T. Y., Kodaz, A. F., & Hosoglu, R. (2017). Forgiveness and subjective happiness of university students. International Journal of Higher Education, 6(6), 149-162.
8. Baumeister, R. E., Exline, J. J., & Sommer, K. L. (1998). The victim role, grudge, theory, two dimensions of forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological speculations (pp. 79-107). The Templeton Foundation Press.

9. Bektaş, H., & Arslan, İ. (2020). Bilinçli farkındalığın öznel mutluluk üzerine etkisinde benlik saygısının aracı rolü: Üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik bir araştırma. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 51(51), 95-115.
10. Bono, G., McCullough, M. E., & Root, L. M. (2008). Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: Two longitudinal studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(2), 182-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207310025
11. Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of the Heartland forgiveness scale. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927-1931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390
12. Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist's script for self-defeat. Psychology Today, 14(6), 34-52.
13. Burns, R. (1982). Self-concept-developing and education. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
14. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., & Akgün, Ö. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Publishing.
15. Camadan, F., & Sari, S. V. (2021). Forgiveness, locus of control, and perfectionism: A mixed method study. International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(1), 210-231.
16. Camadan, F., & Yazıcı, H. (2016). A model to explain the observed tendency to aggression in university students. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 32(2), 1-1.
17. Chan, D. W. (2013). Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 32, 22-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.12.005
18. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Pegem Publishing.
19. Coopersmith, S. (1981). SEI, self-esteem inventories. Consulting Psychologist Press.
20. Cotton, N. S. (1985). A developmental model of self-esteem regulation: Part I. Heather Leigh Company.
21. Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Self-esteem in adolescents [Unpublished master's thesis]. Hacettepe University.
22. Demir, K., & Duman, S. (2019). Bireylerin spor yapma durumlarıyla, benlik saygıları ve mutluluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(4), 437-449.
23. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
24. Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13, 80-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00415
25. Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R.E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 403-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056
26. DiGiuseppe, R. A., Doyle, K. A., Dryden, W., & Backx, W. (2013). A practitioner's guide to rational-emotive behavior therapy. Oxford University Press.
27. Dillon, R. S. (2001). Self-forgiveness and self-respect. Ethics, 112(1), 53-83. https://doi.org/10.1086/339140
28. Doğan, T., & Eryılmaz, A. (2013). Benlik saygısı ve öznel iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(33), 107-117.
29. Eaton, J., Struthers, C. W., & Santelli, A. G. (2006). Dispositional and state forgiveness: The role of self-esteem, need for structure, and narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(2), 371-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.005
30. Ellis, A. (1998, August). Three methods of rational emotive behavior therapy that make my psychotherapy effective. Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.
31. Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. Guilford Press.
32. Enright, R. D. (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self-forgiveness. Counselling & Values, 40(2), 107-127. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.1996.tb00844.x
33. Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. American Psychological Association.
34. Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2006). Theories of personality. McGraw-Hill.
35. Freud, S. (1957). The unconscious. Hogarth Press.
36. Fromm, E. (1956). The art of loving: An inquiry into the nature of love. Harper & Row.
37. Fromm, E. (1969). Escape from freedom. Avon Books.
38. Fu, H., Watkins, D., & Hui, E. K. P. (2004). Personality correlates of the disposition towards interpersonal forgiveness: A Chinese perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 39(4), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590344000402
39. García-Vázquez, F. I., Valdés-Cuervo, A. A., Martínez-Ferrer, B., & Parra-Pérez, L. G. (2020). Forgiveness, gratitude, happiness, and prosocial bystander behavior in bullying. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2827.
40. Gündüz, Ö. (2014). Determining the variables that predict forgiveness among university students [Unpublished master's thesis]. Ankara University.
41. Gürlek, M., Erbaş, E., & Yeşitltaş, M. (2020). Affetmenin gücü: Affetme ikliminin öğrenme odaklılık, yardım davranışı ve işgören mutluluğu üzerindeki etkileri. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(38), 767-790.
42. Halisdemir, D. (2013). The relationship between psychological well-being level, self-forgiveness level and mother acceptance-rejection of university students [Unpublished master's thesis]. Gazi University.
43. Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.621
44. Hay, I., Byrne, M., & Butler, C. (2000). Evaluation of a conflict-resolution and problem-solving program to enhance adolescents' self-concept. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 28(1), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/030698800109646
45. Holmgren, M. R. (1998). Self-forgiveness and responsible moral agency. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 32, 75-91. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004260824156
46. Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and human growth: The struggle towards self-realization. W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
47. Horney, K. (1999). The neurotic personality of our time. Psychology Press.
48. Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation.
49. Karagöz, Y. (2016). SPSS 23 ve AMOS 23 uygulamalı istatistiksel. Nobel Publishing.
50. Keldal, G. (2015). Turkish version of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale: A validity and reliability study. Journal of Happiness Well-Being, 3, 103-115.
51. Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
52. Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
53. Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. International Universities Press.
54. Köker, S. (1991). Comparison of life satisfaction levels of normal and problematic adolescents [Unpublished master's thesis]. Ankara University.
55. Kong, F., Zhao, J., & You, X. (2013). Self-esteem as a mediator and moderator of the relationship between social support and subjective well-being among Chinese university students. Social Indicators Research, 112, 151-161.
56. Kulaksızoğlu, A. (2001). Ergenlik psikolojisi. Remzi Publishing.
57. Lin, C. C. (2015). Gratitude and depression in young adults: The mediating role of self-esteem and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 30-34.
58. Macaskill, A. (2005). Defining forgiveness: Christian clergy and general population perspectives. Journal of Personality, 73(5), 1237-1267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00348.x
59. Maltby, J., Day, L., & Barber, L. (2005). Forgiveness and happiness. The differing contexts of forgiveness using the distinction between hedonic and eudaimonic. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-004-0924-9
60. Maltby, J., Macaskill, A., & Day, L. (2001). Failure to forgive self and others: A replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability, and general health. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(5), 881-885. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00080-5
61. Mann, M. M., Hosman, C. M., Schaalma, H. P., & De Vries, N. K. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Research, 19(4), 357-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg041
62. Mansfield, C. D., Pasupathi, M., & McLean, K. C. (2015). Is narrating growth in stories of personal transgressions associated with increased well-being, self-compassion, and other forgiveness? Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 69-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.05.008
63. Marshall, H. H. (1989). The development of self-concept. Young Children, 44(5), 44-51.
64. Masterson, J. F. (2013). The narcissistic and borderline disorders: An integrated developmental approach. Routledge.
65. McCullough, M. E. (2000). Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.43
66. McCullough, M. E., & Witvliet, C. V. O. (2002). The psychology of forgiveness. In C. R. Snyder, & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp.446-458). Oxford University Press.
67. McCullough, M. E., Bellah, C. G., Kilpatrick, S. D., & Johnson, J. L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the big five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 601-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201275008
68. McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C. E. (2000). The psychology of forgiveness. In M. E., McCullough, K. I., Pargament, & C. E., Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research and practice (pp.1-14). Guilford Press.
69. McCullough, M. E., Worthington Jr., E. L., & Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 321-336. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.321
70. Michalos, A. C. (1985). Multiple discrepancies theory (MDT). Social Indicators Research, 16(4), 347-413.
71. Neff, K. D. (2011). Self‐compassion, self‐esteem, and well‐being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x
72. Özbay, Y. (2006). Kişisel rehberlik [Personal guidance]. In G. Can (Ed.), Psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik [Psychological advice and guidance] (pp.113-142). Pegem Publishing.
73. Öztürk Serter, G. (2018). Üniversite öğrenimi gören öğrencilerin algıladıkları duygusal istismar ile affetme ve öznel iyi oluş düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Electronic Turkish Studies, 13(19), 1465-1484.
74. Pallant, J. (2005) SPSS survival guide: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows. Open University Press.
75. Preacher, K. J., & Leonardelli, G. J. (2014). Calculation for the Sobel test: An interactive calculation tool for Mediation tests. http://quantpsy.org/sobel/sobel.htm.
76. Rana, S., Hariharan, M., Nandinee, D., & Vincent, K. (2014). Forgiveness: A determinant of adolescents' happiness. Indian Journal of Health and Well-being, 5(9), 1119-1123.
77. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
78. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudemonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
79. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
80. Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
81. Sallay, H. (2000). The role of the family in shaping self-concept and cognitive styles in Hungary. Research Support Scheme Electronic Library, 1-26.
82. Sells, J. N., & Hargrave, T. D. (1998). Forgiveness: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Journal of Family Therapy, 20(2), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00066
83. Shekhar, C., Jamwal, A., & Sharma, S. (2016). Happiness and forgiveness among college students. Indian Journal of Psychological Science, 7(1), 88-93.
84. Strelan, P. (2007). Who forgives others, themselves, and situations? The roles of narcissism, guilt, self-esteem, and agreeableness. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(2), 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.017
85. Strelan, P., & Zdaniuk, A. (2015). Threatened state self-esteem reduces forgiveness. Self and identity, 14(1), 16-32.
86. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. F. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Publishing.
87. Temoshok, L. R., & Chandra, P. S. (2000). The meaning of forgiveness in a specific situational and cultural context: Persons living with HIV/AIDS in India. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 41-64). Guilford Press.
88. Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
89. Thompson, L.Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., & Billings, L. S. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73, 313-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
90. Toker, B., & Kalıpçı, M. B. (2021). Benlik saygısı, olumlu gelecek beklentisi ve geleceğe yönelik tutumun mutluluk üzerindeki etkisi: meslek yüksekokulu öğrencileri üzerinde bir uygulama. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 11(2), 473-484.
91. Totan, T., Ercan, B., & Öztürk, E. (2019). Mutluluk ve benlik saygısının yalnızlıkla internet bağımlılığına etkilerinin incelenmesi. Edu 7: Yeditepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(10), 20-35.
92. Toussaint, L., Shields, G. S., Dorn, G., & Slavich, G. M. (2016). Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(6), 1004-1014. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314544132
93. Turnage, B. F., Hong, Y. J., Stevenson, A. P., & Edwards, B. (2012). Social work students' perceptions of themselves and others: self-esteem, empathy, and forgiveness. Journal of Social Service Research, 38(1), 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2011.610201
94. Uzunbacak, H. H., & Karagöz, Ş. (2022). Öz-şefkatin ve affetmenin iş yeri mutluluğu üzerindeki etkisi. Uluslararası İşletme, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Perspektifleri Dergisi, 6(1), 16-38.
95. Vaillant, G. E. (2003). Mental health. Journal of American Psychiatry, 160, 1373-1384. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1373
96. Wall, C. (1986). Self-concept: An element of success in the female library manager. Journal of Library Administration, 6(4), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1300/J111V06N04_05
97. Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678-691. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678
98. Waugh, R. (2001). Measuring ideal and real self-concept on the same scale, based on a multifaceted hierarchical model of self-concept. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(1), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640121971086
99. Wohl, M. J. A., DeShea, L., & Wahkinney, R. L. (2008). Looking within: Measuring state self-forgiveness and its relationship to psychological well-being. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 40(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/0008-400x.40.1.1.1
100. Worthington Jr, E.L. (1998). Empirical research in forgiveness: Looking backward, looking forward. In E.L. Worthington Jr (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 321-339). Templeton Foundation Press.
101. Worthington, E. L., Berry, J. W., & Parrott, L., III. (2001). Unforgiveness, forgiveness, religion, and health. In T. G. Plante, & A. C. Sherman (Eds.), Faith and health: Psychological perspectives (pp. 107–138). Guilford Press.
102. Worthington, E. L., Kurusu, T. A., Collins, W., Berry, J. W., Ripley, J. S., & Baier, S. B. (2000). Forgiving usually takes time: A lesson learned by studying interventions to promote forgiveness. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 28, 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710002800101
103. Xie, X., Tang, X., Rapp, H., Tong, D., & Wang, P. (2020). Does forgiveness alleviate depression after being phubbed for emerging adults? The mediating role of self-esteem. Computers in Human Behavior, 109, 106362.
104. Yangın, N., & Camadan, F. (2020). Mükemmeliyetçilik ile yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkide affetmenin aracı rolü. Yaşadıkça Eğitim, 34(2), 241-263.
105. Yao, S., Chen, J., Yu, X., & Sang, J. (2017). Mediator roles of interpersonal forgiveness and self-forgiveness between self-esteem and subjective well-being. Current Psychology, 36, 585-592.
106. Yıldırım, H., Batmaz, H., Uysal, Y. A. Ö., & Kurtuluş, E. (2022). Yetişkinlerde benlik saygısı ve affetme: Merhametin aracı rolünün incelenmesi. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi, 12(2), 851-862.
107. Yıldız, M. A., & Baytemir, K. (2016). A Mediation role of self-esteem in the relationship between marital satisfaction and life satisfaction in married individuals. Journal of the Faculty of Education, 17(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.17679/iuefd.17181627
108. Ysseldyk, R., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2007). Rumination: Bridging a gap between forgivingness, vengefulness, and psychological health. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(8), 1573-1584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.032
109. Zümbül, S. (2019). Öğretmen adaylarının psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinde bilinçli farkındalık ve affetmenin yordayıcı rolleri. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 20(1), 20-36.