EDUCATION AND POVERTY LEVEL: A GENDER ANALYSIS OF KOHIMA AND LONGLENG DISTRICTS OF NAGALAND, INDIA / Education and Poverty Level: A Gender Analysis of Kohima and Longleng Districts of Nagaland, India

Abstract

This paper investigates the female poverty and education level among the households in the rural areas of Kohima and Longleng districts using Head Count Ratio. It is found that there exists high female poverty ratio in both the districts due to lack of basic education. Education is negatively linked with the poverty level and higher levels of education will be more effective in poverty reduction. The results found that higher educational achievement in Jakhama, Tsiese Bawe, Yachem and Bura Namsang shows lower female poverty level. The paper then attempts to present the impact of education on employment, poverty and income using Linear-regression model. The policies suggest that improvement in expertise and skill enhancement, which can ameliorate the female poverty in the districts. 

Keywords

• Poverty
• Education
• Gender

References

1. Abraham, R. A., Kumar, K. S. K. (2008). Multidimensional Poverty and Vulnerability. Economic and Political Weekly, 43(20), 77-87.
2. Agarwal, P. (2006). Higher Education Policy: Many Contradictions. Economic and Political Weekly, 41(45), 4645-46484.
3. Argiropoulos, C., Rajagopal, I. (2003). Women in Poverty: Canada and India. Economic and Political Weekly, 38(7), 612-14.
4. Awan, S. M et.al (2011). Impact of Education on Poverty Reduction, MPRA. Paper No. 31826. Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3182
5. Baran, P. A., Sweezy, P.M. (1966). Monopoly Capital. New York. Monthly Review Press, 34(2), 217-402.
6. Bardhan, P.K. (1970). On the Minimum Level of Living and the Rural Poor. Indian Economic Review, 6(1), 129-36.
7. Bastos, A., Casaca, S. F., Nunes, F., Pereirinha, J. (2009). Women and Poverty: A Gender-Sensitive Approach. The Journal of Socio Economic, 38(5), 764-778.
8. Basu, B.D (1989). History of Education in India. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications.

9. Basumatary, R. (2012). School Dropout across Indian States and Union Territories: An Econometric Study. International Research Journal of Social Science, 1(4), 28-35.
10. Bhalla, Surjit S. (2003). Recounting the Poor: Poverty in India 1983-99. Economic and Political Weekly, 38(4), 338-349.
11. Booth, C. (1989). Life and Labour of the People. Vol.1. London: Macmillan.
12. Census of Kohima. (2011). Directorate of Census Operations, Kohima, Nagaland.
13. Census of Longleng. (2011). Directorate of Census Operations, Kohima, Nagaland.
14. Chattopadhyay, A. K., Ghosal, R. K. (2004). Globalisation, Inequality in Consumption and Poverty in Rural India. Asian Economic Review, 46(3), 425-439.
15. Climate of Nagaland. (2014). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
16. Coates, S. (1970). Poverty: The Forgotten Englishmen, England: Harmonds Worth.
17. Dadibhaavi, R. V. (1991). Disparities in Social Infrastructural Development in India: 1970-71 to 1984-85. Journal of Asian Economic Review, 33(1), 31-48.
18. Dayal, E. (1989). Rural Poverty in India: A Regional Analysis. Journal of Rural Studies, 5(1), 87-98.
19. Deepika, G. (2003). Impact of Infrastructure on Productivity: Case of Indian Registered Manufacturing. Indian Economic Review New Series, 38(1), 95-113.
20. Dreze, J., Sen, A.K. (2002). India: Development and Participation, New Delhi: Oxford University Press,
21. Dubey, A. (2009). Intra-State Disparities in Gujarat, Haryana, Kerala, Orissa and Punjab. Economic and Political Weekly, 44(26/27), 224-230.
22. Emmerij, L. (1972). Some Reflection on the Link between Education and Employment. Higher Education, 1(4), 483-495.
23. Ezung, T. Z. (2011). Poverty in Nagaland. New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House.
24. Ezung, T. Z., Jamir Y. T. (2016). An Analysis of Regional Disparity in Nagaland. India Economic Affairs, 61(1), 163-168.
25. Fan, S. et.al (2000). Impact of Public Expenditure on Poverty in Rural India. Economic and Political Weekly, 35(40), 3581-3582.
26. Fan, S., Hazell, P. (2000). Are Returns to Public Investments Lower in Less Favoured Rural Areas? An Empirical Analysis of India. EPTD Discussion Paper 43, Environment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C.
27. Fisher, H. W., Ali, S. S. (2019). Reshaping the Public Domain: Decentralization, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), and Trajectories of Local Democracy in Rural India world Development 120. 147-158.
28. Galbraith, J.K. (1958). The Affluent Society, Boston: MA, Houghton Mifflin.
29. Government of Nagaland, (2018). Directorate of Science and Technology. Government of Nagaland, Kohima, Nagaland
30. Islam, N. (2014). Socio-Educational Status of Women: with Special Reference to Phom Naga, in (eds) Rahman, A Status of Naga women emerging trends. Lily Printing Press, Jhagrarpar, Assam.
31. Jamir, C.K., Ezung T.Z. (2017a). Poverty and Inequality in Nagaland. International Journal of Arts Humanities and Management Studies, 3(6), 64-72.
32. Jamir, C.K., Ezung, T.Z. (2017b). Impact of Education on Employment, Income and Poverty in Nagaland. International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences, 7 (9), 50-56.
33. Keane, F. (2010). Road of Bones: The Siege of Kohima 1944. London: Harper Press.
34. Kumar., Surender, V., K., Sonu (2015). Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI): A state wise study of India in SAARC countries. International Journal of Enhanced Research in Educational Development, 3(1), 14-21.
35. Kurian, N. J. (1989). Anti-Poverty Programme: A Reappraisal. Economic and Political Weekly, 24(12), 13-20.
36. Laxminarayan, H. (1970). Longway to Development of Nagaland. Economic and Political Weekly, 5(49), 1971-1974.
37. Mack, J., Lansley, S. (1985). Poor Britain. London: George Allen.
38. Majumder, R. (2005). Infrastructure and Regional Development: Interlinkages in India Indian. Economic Review, (40)2, 167-184.
39. Minhas, B.S. (1970). Rural Poverty, Land Distribution and Development. Indian Economic Review, 5(1), 97-128.
40. Mowafi, M., Khawaja, M. (2005). Poverty. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, (1979), 59(4), 260-264.
41. Mukherjee, A. (2007). Implications for Education. Economic and Political Weekly, 42(14), 1273-1276.
42. Myrdal, G. (1968). Asian Drama-An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nation, Harmondsworth. London: Penguin Publisher House.
43. Nakhro, K. H. (2010). Role of Infrastructural Facilities in Rural Development in Singha, K and Gautam Patikar (eds), Rural Development in North-East India, Concept Publishing, New Delhi.
44. Neogi, D. (2010). Disparity in Socio-Economic Development and Its Implications on Communal Conflicts: A Study on India’s North-Eastern Region. International Journal of Social Behavioral Educational Economic Business and Industrial Engineering, 4(3), 259-266.
45. Planning Commission (2014). Report of the Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Measurement of Poverty, New Delhi.
46. Plotnick, R.D., Skidmore, F. (1975). Progress against Poverty: A Review of the 1964-75. New York: Academic Press.
47. Quinn, R. (2012). The Future Development of Education in Ireland. An Irish Quarterly Review, 101(402), 123-138.
48. Rabbani, A. (2006). Indian Education Some Expressions. In University News, 44(143), 23-25.
49. Rengma and Jha (2014). Impact of Communisation on Elementary Education: An Analysis. Zenith International Journal of multidisciplinary Research, 4(4), 62-66.
50. Rowntree, S. B. (1901). Poverty: A Study of Town Life. London: Macmillan.
51. Subbarao, K.,KakwanI, N. (1992). Rural Poverty and Its Alleviation in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 27(18), A 2-A16.
52. Tilak, J.B.G. (2005). Post Elementary Education, Poverty and Development in India. International Journal of Educational Development, 27(4), 435-445.
53. Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standard of Living. Harmondswoth: Penguin.
54. Uma, R., Schmid, J. P. (2007). Household Characteristics, Employment and Poverty in India. Working Paper, World Bank.
55. Vupru, K (2016). Impact of RTE on Quality Education in Nagaland: A Case Study of GMS, Kuda Village, Dimapur. Dimapur Govternment College Journal, 1(3), 1-14.
56. Williamson, J. B., Hyer, K. M. (1975). The Measurement and Meaning of Poverty. Social Problems, 22(5), 652-663.
57. World Bank, (1991). Gender and Poverty in India (English). A World Bank Country Study. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
58. World Bank, (2000). Millennium Development Goals, United Nation, New York. http://www.developmentgoals.org.
59. Yabiku, S T., Schlabach, S. (2009). Social Change and the Relationships between Education and Employment. Population research and Policy Review, 28 (4), 533-549.