Çocuk Yoksulluğu ve Çocuk İşçiliğinin Önlenmesinde Sosyal Korumanın Rolü

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 207 - 229, 04.10.2023

Cemalettin Kalaycı , Meltem Karadeniz

https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.1292437

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Çocuk yoksulluğu ve çocuk işçiliği küresel düzeyde çözüm aranan temel sorunlardan olup, kökeninde yoksulluk sorunu olduğu görülmektedir. Hanehalkının içinde bulunduğu maddi imkânsızlıklar çocukların kötü, ağır, tehlikeli koşullar altında çalışmalarına neden olmaktadır. Çocukların bu şartlarda çalışması zihinsel, fiziksel, ruhsal gelişimlerini olumsuz etkilemekte, gelecekte elde edebilecekleri potansiyel beceri ve donanıma kavuşmalarını engellemektedir. Bu nedenle çocukların sağlıklı bir şekilde kişisel gelişimlerini sağlamalarına yardımcı olmak için küresel düzeyde çocuk yoksulluğunu ve çocuk işçiliğini önleyici politikalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Çocuk yoksulluğu ve çocuk işçiliğinin önlenmesi öncelikle yoksulluğun azaltılması stratejileri geliştirilerek yoksullukla mücadeleden geçmektedir. Ülkeden ülkeye farklılık göstermekle birlikte çocuk yoksulluğu ve çocuk işçiliğine ilişkin veriler arzulananın çok uzağındadır. Bu kapsamda istenilen hedeflere ulaşılabilmesi için sosyal koruma programlarının arttırılarak, sosyal koruma sistemlerinin genişletilmesi gerekmektedir.

Keywords

Yoksulluk, Çocuk Yoksulluğu, Çocuk İşçiliği, Sosyal Koruma

The Role of Social Protection in the Elimination of Child Poverty and Child Labour

Abstract

Child poverty and child labor are one of the main problems to be solved at the global level. The main reason to child poverty and child labor is the problem of poverty. Financial impossibilities of households cause children to work under bad, heavy, and dangerous conditions. Working under these conditions negatively affects their mental, physical and spiritual development, and prevents them from attaining the potential skills and equipment they can acquire in the future. Therefore, to help children to achieve healthy and personal development, preventive policies in terms of child poverty and child labor are needed to be implemented at global level. Prevention of child poverty and child labor primarily goes through the fight against poverty by developing poverty reduction strategies. While differing from country to country, data on child poverty and child labor are far from being desired. In this context, in order to reach the desired targets, social protection programs should be increased and social protection systems should be expanded.

Keywords

Poverty, Child Poverty, Child Labor, Social Protection

References

• Baird, S., Francisco, H.G.F., Özer, B. ve Woolcock, M. (2013). Relative Effectiveness of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers for Schooling Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 9(1), 1-124.
• Bedir, E. vd. (2018). Sosyal Politika. Eskişehir: Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayını No: 2177.
• Bhukuth, A. (2008). Defining Child Labour: A Controversial Debate. Development in Practice, 18(3), 385-394.
• Buheji, M vd. (2020). The Extent of COVID-19 Pandemic Socio-Economic Impact on Global Poverty. A Global Integrative Multidisciplinary Review. American Journal of Economics, 10(4), 213-224.
• Bulut, S., Alabed, H ve Tariq, S. (2021). Causes and Long-Term Consuquences of Child Labour. Clinical Psychology and Mental Health Care, 2(2), 1-5.
• Cichon, M. vd. (2004). Financing Social Protection. 1st Published, Geneva: ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data.
• Decerf, B. (2020). Combining Absolute and Relative Poverty: Income Poverty Measurement with Two Poverty Lines. http://www.ecineq.org/milano/WP/ECINEQ2020-548.pdf, (Erişim: 14.01.2022).
• Fidan, F. (2004). Çalışan Çocuk Olgusuna Sosyo-Psikolojik Bakış Sanayide Çalışan Çocuklar Örneği. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 30-49.
• Fiszbein, A. vd. (2009). Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present and Future Poverty. World Bank Policy Research Report 47603, Washington: World Bank.
• Gordon D. vd. (2005). Multidimensional Measures of Child Poverty. http://www.ipc-undp.org/conference/md-poverty/papers/Dave%20Gordon.pdf, (Erişim: 23.01.2022).
• Henry, C. ve Golman, M. (2021). Old Age Work and Income Security in Middle Income Countries: Comparing the Cases. ILO Working Paper 34.
• Heyrani, M. (2020). The Effect of Unconditional Cash Transfer (UCT) on Household Behavior: Evidence from Iran. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/40631/3/Mehrdad %20Heyrani.pdf, (Erişim: 20.02.2022).
• ILO (2000). Sanayide Çalışan Çocuklar Raporu. 1.Baskı, Ankara: Hak-İş Eğitim Yayınları.
• ILO(2011). Facts on Disability and Child Labour- Fact Sheet. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-jakarta/documents/publication/wcms_165280.pdf, (Erişim: 30.06.2022).
• ILO(2013). World Report on Child Labour: Economic Vulnerability, Social Protection and The Fight Against Child Labour. Geneva: International Labour Office.
• ILO(2018). Ending Child Labour by 2025: A Review of Policies and Programmes. 2th Ed., Geneva: International Labour Office.
• ILO(2020). PEPs (Public Employment Programmes) Creating Decent Jobs Through National Investments. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-ed_emp/documents/publication/ wcms_759118.pdf, (Erişim: 21.03.2022).
• ILO(2021a). World Social Protection Report 2020-22. https://www.social-protection.org/ gimi/RessourcePDF.action?id=1, (Erişim: 25.02.2022).
• ILO(2021b). Making Decent Work a Reality for Domestic Workers: Progress and Prospects Ten Years After the Adoption of the Domestic Workers Convention. 2011 (No.189). 1st Ed., Geneva: International Labour Office.
• ILO(2022a). Areas of Work: Causes. https://www.ilo.org/moscow/areas-of-work/child-labour/WCMS_248984/lang--en/index.htm,(Erişim: 30.12.2022).
• ILO(2022b). What is Child Labour. https://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm, (Erişim: 20.01.2022).
• ILO ve UNICEF (2021). Child Labour: Global Estimates 2020, Trends and the Road Forward. 1st Ed., New York: International Labour Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund.
• ILO ve UNICEF (2022). The Role of Social Protection in the Elimination of Child Labour Evidence Review and Policy Implications. 1st Ed., Geneva: International Labour Office.
• ILO/IPEC-SIMPOC (2007). Explaining the Demand and Supply of Child Labour: A Review of the Underlying Theories. https://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_IPEC_PUB_ 7870/lang--en/index.htm, (Erişim: 20.03.2022).
• İnal, K. (2010). Türkiye’de Çocuk Emeğinin Kullanım Biçimleri. Türkiye’de Çocuk Emeği. 1. Baskı içinde (29-38), Ankara: Ütopya Yayınevi.
• Juras, R. (2014). The Effect of Public Employment on Children’s Work and School Attendance: Evidence from a Social Protection Program in Argentina. IZA Journal of Labor Develop, 3(14), 1-20.
• Kelman, S. (1986). A Case for In-Kind Transfers. Economics and Philosophy, 2(1), 55-73.
• Lindert, K. (2014), “Conditional Cash Transfer (CCTs)”, https://www.worldbank.org/content/ dam/Worldbank/Event/social-protection/Lindert%20-%20CCTs%20.pdf, (Erişim: 30.04.2022).
• Minujin, A. vd. (2005). Children Living in Poverty: A Review of Child Poverty Definitions, Measurements and Policies, http://tocsin.uth.gr/sites/default/files/bibliography/child_poverty _final_draft_4_05.pdf, (Erişim: 20.02.2022).
• Müderrisoğlu, S. vd. (2013). Çocuk Refahı Belgesi. Ankara: Kalkınma Bakanlığı Yayını ve UNICEF Ortak Yayını.
• OECD (2001). Transfer in Kind, https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID= 2756, (Erişim: 30.03.2022).
• OECD (2023). OECD Data: Poverty Rate, https://data.oecd.org/inequality/poverty-rate.htm#indicator-chart, (Erişim: 13.02.2023).
• Roelen, K. (2015). Challenging Assumptions: From Child-Focused to Child-Sensitive Social Protection, https://socialprotection-humanrights.org/expertcom/challenging-assumptions-from-child-focused-to-child-sensitive-social-protection/, (Erişim: 22.03.2022).
• Scutella, R. ve Smyth, P. (2005). The Brotherhood’s Social Barometer, https://library.bsl.org.au/jspui/bitstream/1/6096/1/BSL_social_barom_monitoring_childn_chances.pdf, (Erişim: 20.01.2022).
• Spicker, P., Leguizamón, S.A. ve Gordon, D. (2007), Poverty: An International Glossary, 2th Ed., London: Zed Books.
• Tagliati, F. (2019). Child Labor Under Cash and In-Kind Transfers: Evidence from Rural Mexico, Working Papers 1935, Banco de España.
• Tam, T. T. (2021). Impact of CPTPP on Child Labour in Vietnam and the Role of Social Work. International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 6(5), 1394-1409.
• Tanrıöven, C. ve Gürbüzer, I. (2015). Dünyada Mikro Sigorta Uygulamalarının Karşılaştırılması ve Türkiye’de Uygulanabilirliği. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 97-121.
• Thevenon, O. ve Edmonds, E. (2019). Child Labour: Causes, Consequences and Policies to Tackle it. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No.235, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/child-labour_f6883e26-en, (Erişim: 21.11.2021).
• UNICEF (2005). The State of the World’s Children 2005: Childhood Under Threat. New York: International Labour Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund.
• UNICEF (2018). In Focus: Ending Child Poverty, https://www.unicef.org/eca/media/5116/file/In%20focus%20ending%20child%20poverty%20.pdf, (Erişim: 25.03.2022).
• UNICEF(2020). Universal Child Benefits in Europe and Central Asia, https://www.unicef.org/eca/media/13446/file/UCB%20in%20Europe%20and%20Central%20Asia%20English%20.pdf, (Erişim: 23.04.2022).
• UNICEF(2022a). Convention on the Rights of the Child Text, https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text, (Erişim: 30.03.2022).
• UNICEF (2022b). Child Labour and Disability: A Sector Review, https://www.unicef.org/rosa/media/18201/file/Child%20Labour%20and%20Disability:%20A%20Sector%20Review%20.pdf, (Erişim: 30.06.2022).
• Wagmiller, R. L. ve Adelman, R. M. (2009). Childhood and Intergenerational Poverty, https://www.nccp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/text_909.pdf, (Erişim: 30.03.2022).
• WB (2023). April 2022 Global Poverty Update from The World Bank, https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/april-2022-global-poverty-update-world-bank, (Erişim: 15.02.2023).