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EUROPEAN UNION'S POLITICAL DIVISION CONCERN REGARDING THE INCREASING CHINESE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: DATA ANALYSIS

Year 2023, , 61 - 79, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1345517

Abstract

The study reveals the reasons for the European Union's concerns that the China-CEEC Cooperation Platform, launched led by China in 2012, will trigger new political divisions and differences of opinion in foreign policy between the West and the East. The study sample consists of three independent groups, namely Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands, the six most populated Western European countries of the EU; the twelve EU member states and the five candidate countries of the EU, which are included in the China-CEEC Cooperation Platform. In the study, using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey and Bonferroni tests, it has been determined that there is a statistically significant difference between these three groups in terms of supporting international joint declarations against China in 2012-2022 and also that there is a statistically significant difference between the political decisions of these three groups on international issues where the relevant six Western European Countries disagree with China.

References

  • Bayer, L. (2022) “In Major First, EU Triggers Power to Cut Hungary’s Funds over Rule-of-Law Breaches”, Politico, https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-european-commission-rule-law-mechanism-hungary-funds/, (10.03.2023).
  • Chen, C. K. (2021) “The Rise of China in Europe: A Challenge to Integration?”, International Journal of China Studies, 12(2): 245-270.
  • European Commission (2022) “Rule of law Conditionality Regulation”, https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/protection-eu-budget/rule-law-conditionality-regulation_en, (05.03.2023).
  • Grieger, G. (2018) “The EU Response to the 16+1 Format”, European Parliamentary Research Service, PE 625.173: 1-8, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/625173/EPRS_BRI.EN.pdf, (14.02.2023).
  • Gruebler, J. (2021) “China connecting Europe?”, Asia Europe Journal, 19(1): 77-101. Intellinews (2017) “Hungary Announces First Tender for Budapest-Belgrade Railway Upgrade”, https://www.intellinews.com/hungary-announces-first-tender-for-budapest-belgrade-railway-upgrade-133152/, (20.03.2023).
  • Jaklič, A. and Svetličič, M. (2019) “China and Central and Eastern European Countries within ’16+1’: Group or Bilateral Relations?”, Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 7(2): 83-99.
  • Jiemian, Y. (2015) “China’s ‘New Diplomacy’ under the Xi Jinping Administration”, China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 1(1): 1-17.
  • Káráskova, I., Bachulska, A., Szunomár, Á., Vladisavljev, S., Čerenkova, A. B. U., Andrijauskas, K., Karind, L., Leonte, A., Pejić, N. and Šebok, F. (2018) “Empty Shell No More: China’s Growing Footprint in Central and Eastern Europe”, China Observers in Central and Eastern Europe (CHOICE) Policy Paper, https://chinaobservers.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CHOICE_Empty-shell-no-more.pdf, (12.01.2023).
  • Lau, S., 2020 “China Trying to Divide and Rule in Europe, EU Foreign Policy Chief Josep Borrell Says”, South China Morning Post https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3084684/china-trying-divide-and-rule-europe-eu-foreign-policy-chief, (17.01.2023).
  • Matura, T. (2016) “Europe Needs to Take Full Advantage of the 16 + 1 Cooperation and OBOR”, Shada Islam (ed.), EU-China Relations: New Directions, New Priorities, Friends of Europe, Brussels.
  • Monica, I. and Sincai, O. (2018) “16+1, a New Issue in China-EU Relations?”, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Paper No. 88003, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/88003/1/MPRA_paper_88003.pdf, (03.03.2023).
  • Pierce, M. E. (2013) Symbolic Power in the World Trade Organization, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Rettman, A. (2021) “Hungary Gags EU Ministers on China”, EUobserver, https://euobserver.com/world/151801, (05.04.2023).
  • Reuters (2018) “EU Must Resist Chinese Attempts to Divide it – Maas” Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/germany-europe-maas-china-idINS8N1PX049, (18.03.2023).
  • Song, L. and Pavlicevic, D. (2009) “China’s Multilayered Multilateralism: A Case Study of China and Central and Eastern Europe Cooperation Framework”, Chinese Political Science Review, 103(2): 277-302.
  • Szczudlik, J. (2019) “Seven Years of the 16+1 An Assessment of China's "Multilateral Bilateralism" in Central Europe”, Asie.Visions, Ifri, 107: 1-36.
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit, “Democracy Index 2022”, https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/, (12.04.2023).
  • Tonchev, P. (2018) “Sino-Greek Relations: Marked by Values or Opportunism?”, Tim Nicholas and at al. (eds.), Political values in Europe-China relations, ETNC Report, https://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/2551241/ETNC_full_report_2018.pdf, (20.03.2023).
  • Unicredit (2021) “Western Balkans: The burden of China’s Lending to Governments”, Macro Research EEMEA Special Topics, https://www.research.unicredit.eu/DocsKey/emergingmarkets_docs_2021_179967.ashx?EXT=pdf&KEY=l6KjPzSYBBGzROuioxedUNdVqq1wFeRoBg8dvzn51cwxIFTj0Rbl4w==&T=1, (15.03.2023).
  • United Nations Digital Library System, “UNGA Resolutions: Voting Data”, https://digitallibrary.un.org/search?ln=en&p=resolutions&f=&rm=&sf=&so=d&rg=50&c=Resource%20Type&c=UN%20Bodies&c=&of=hb&fti=0&fct__1=Voting%20Data&fct__2=General%20Assembly&fti=0, (12.03.2023).
  • Vangeli, A. (2018) “Global China and Symbolic Power: The Case of 16 + 1 Cooperation”, Journal of Contemporary China, 27(113): 674-687.
  • Womack, B. (2012), “Asymmetry and China’s Tributary System”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 5(1): 37-54.
  • Womack, B. (2010) China Among Unequals: Asymmetric Foreign Relationship in Asia, First Edition, Singapore, World Scientific Publishing.
  • Wu, W. (2018) “Is China Using ‘Divide and Rule’ Tactics to Gain Influence in Europe?”, SCMP, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2135244/china-using-divide-and-rule-tactics-gain-influence, (17.01.2023).

ORTA VE DOĞU AVRUPA’DA ARTAN ÇİN ETKİ ALANINA İLİŞKİN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN SİYASİ BÖLÜNME KAYGISI: VERİ ANALİZİ

Year 2023, , 61 - 79, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1345517

Abstract

Çalışma, Avrupa Birliği'nin 2012 yılında Çin öncülüğünde başlatılan Çin-ODAÜ İşbirliği Platformu'nun Batı ile Doğu arasında yeni siyasi bölünmeleri ve dış politikada fikir ayrılıklarını tetikleyeceği yönündeki endişelerinin gerekçelerini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma örneklemi, Almanya, Fransa, İtalya, İspanya, Belçika ve Hollanda olmak üzere AB'nin en fazla nüfusa sahip altı Batı Avrupa ülkesi, Çin-ODAÜ İşbirliği Platformuna dâhil olan on iki AB üye ülkesi ve beş AB aday ülkesi olmak üzere üç bağımsız gruptan oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada, tek yönlü ANOVA ve Tukey ve Bonferroni testlerinden yararlanılarak, bu üç grup arasında 2012-2022 yıllarında Çin aleyhine gerçekleşen uluslararası ortak bildirileri destekleme bakımından istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir farklılık bulunduğu ve ayrıca ilgili altı Batı Avrupa ülkesinin Çin ile fikir ayrılığına düştüğü uluslararası meselelerde, bu üç grubun siyasi kararları arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir farklılık bulunduğu belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Bayer, L. (2022) “In Major First, EU Triggers Power to Cut Hungary’s Funds over Rule-of-Law Breaches”, Politico, https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-european-commission-rule-law-mechanism-hungary-funds/, (10.03.2023).
  • Chen, C. K. (2021) “The Rise of China in Europe: A Challenge to Integration?”, International Journal of China Studies, 12(2): 245-270.
  • European Commission (2022) “Rule of law Conditionality Regulation”, https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/protection-eu-budget/rule-law-conditionality-regulation_en, (05.03.2023).
  • Grieger, G. (2018) “The EU Response to the 16+1 Format”, European Parliamentary Research Service, PE 625.173: 1-8, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/625173/EPRS_BRI.EN.pdf, (14.02.2023).
  • Gruebler, J. (2021) “China connecting Europe?”, Asia Europe Journal, 19(1): 77-101. Intellinews (2017) “Hungary Announces First Tender for Budapest-Belgrade Railway Upgrade”, https://www.intellinews.com/hungary-announces-first-tender-for-budapest-belgrade-railway-upgrade-133152/, (20.03.2023).
  • Jaklič, A. and Svetličič, M. (2019) “China and Central and Eastern European Countries within ’16+1’: Group or Bilateral Relations?”, Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 7(2): 83-99.
  • Jiemian, Y. (2015) “China’s ‘New Diplomacy’ under the Xi Jinping Administration”, China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 1(1): 1-17.
  • Káráskova, I., Bachulska, A., Szunomár, Á., Vladisavljev, S., Čerenkova, A. B. U., Andrijauskas, K., Karind, L., Leonte, A., Pejić, N. and Šebok, F. (2018) “Empty Shell No More: China’s Growing Footprint in Central and Eastern Europe”, China Observers in Central and Eastern Europe (CHOICE) Policy Paper, https://chinaobservers.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CHOICE_Empty-shell-no-more.pdf, (12.01.2023).
  • Lau, S., 2020 “China Trying to Divide and Rule in Europe, EU Foreign Policy Chief Josep Borrell Says”, South China Morning Post https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3084684/china-trying-divide-and-rule-europe-eu-foreign-policy-chief, (17.01.2023).
  • Matura, T. (2016) “Europe Needs to Take Full Advantage of the 16 + 1 Cooperation and OBOR”, Shada Islam (ed.), EU-China Relations: New Directions, New Priorities, Friends of Europe, Brussels.
  • Monica, I. and Sincai, O. (2018) “16+1, a New Issue in China-EU Relations?”, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Paper No. 88003, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/88003/1/MPRA_paper_88003.pdf, (03.03.2023).
  • Pierce, M. E. (2013) Symbolic Power in the World Trade Organization, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Rettman, A. (2021) “Hungary Gags EU Ministers on China”, EUobserver, https://euobserver.com/world/151801, (05.04.2023).
  • Reuters (2018) “EU Must Resist Chinese Attempts to Divide it – Maas” Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/germany-europe-maas-china-idINS8N1PX049, (18.03.2023).
  • Song, L. and Pavlicevic, D. (2009) “China’s Multilayered Multilateralism: A Case Study of China and Central and Eastern Europe Cooperation Framework”, Chinese Political Science Review, 103(2): 277-302.
  • Szczudlik, J. (2019) “Seven Years of the 16+1 An Assessment of China's "Multilateral Bilateralism" in Central Europe”, Asie.Visions, Ifri, 107: 1-36.
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit, “Democracy Index 2022”, https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/, (12.04.2023).
  • Tonchev, P. (2018) “Sino-Greek Relations: Marked by Values or Opportunism?”, Tim Nicholas and at al. (eds.), Political values in Europe-China relations, ETNC Report, https://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/2551241/ETNC_full_report_2018.pdf, (20.03.2023).
  • Unicredit (2021) “Western Balkans: The burden of China’s Lending to Governments”, Macro Research EEMEA Special Topics, https://www.research.unicredit.eu/DocsKey/emergingmarkets_docs_2021_179967.ashx?EXT=pdf&KEY=l6KjPzSYBBGzROuioxedUNdVqq1wFeRoBg8dvzn51cwxIFTj0Rbl4w==&T=1, (15.03.2023).
  • United Nations Digital Library System, “UNGA Resolutions: Voting Data”, https://digitallibrary.un.org/search?ln=en&p=resolutions&f=&rm=&sf=&so=d&rg=50&c=Resource%20Type&c=UN%20Bodies&c=&of=hb&fti=0&fct__1=Voting%20Data&fct__2=General%20Assembly&fti=0, (12.03.2023).
  • Vangeli, A. (2018) “Global China and Symbolic Power: The Case of 16 + 1 Cooperation”, Journal of Contemporary China, 27(113): 674-687.
  • Womack, B. (2012), “Asymmetry and China’s Tributary System”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 5(1): 37-54.
  • Womack, B. (2010) China Among Unequals: Asymmetric Foreign Relationship in Asia, First Edition, Singapore, World Scientific Publishing.
  • Wu, W. (2018) “Is China Using ‘Divide and Rule’ Tactics to Gain Influence in Europe?”, SCMP, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2135244/china-using-divide-and-rule-tactics-gain-influence, (17.01.2023).
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects European Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yiğit Yamanlar 0000-0002-3754-2968

Early Pub Date December 31, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Yamanlar, Y. (2023). EUROPEAN UNION’S POLITICAL DIVISION CONCERN REGARDING THE INCREASING CHINESE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: DATA ANALYSIS. Uluslararası İlişkiler Ve Diplomasi, 6(2), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1345517
AMA Yamanlar Y. EUROPEAN UNION’S POLITICAL DIVISION CONCERN REGARDING THE INCREASING CHINESE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: DATA ANALYSIS. UİD/Jird. December 2023;6(2):61-79. doi:10.51763/uid.1345517
Chicago Yamanlar, Yiğit. “EUROPEAN UNION’S POLITICAL DIVISION CONCERN REGARDING THE INCREASING CHINESE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: DATA ANALYSIS”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Ve Diplomasi 6, no. 2 (December 2023): 61-79. https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1345517.
EndNote Yamanlar Y (December 1, 2023) EUROPEAN UNION’S POLITICAL DIVISION CONCERN REGARDING THE INCREASING CHINESE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: DATA ANALYSIS. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi 6 2 61–79.
IEEE Y. Yamanlar, “EUROPEAN UNION’S POLITICAL DIVISION CONCERN REGARDING THE INCREASING CHINESE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: DATA ANALYSIS”, UİD/Jird, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 61–79, 2023, doi: 10.51763/uid.1345517.
ISNAD Yamanlar, Yiğit. “EUROPEAN UNION’S POLITICAL DIVISION CONCERN REGARDING THE INCREASING CHINESE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: DATA ANALYSIS”. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi 6/2 (December 2023), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1345517.
JAMA Yamanlar Y. EUROPEAN UNION’S POLITICAL DIVISION CONCERN REGARDING THE INCREASING CHINESE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: DATA ANALYSIS. UİD/Jird. 2023;6:61–79.
MLA Yamanlar, Yiğit. “EUROPEAN UNION’S POLITICAL DIVISION CONCERN REGARDING THE INCREASING CHINESE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: DATA ANALYSIS”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Ve Diplomasi, vol. 6, no. 2, 2023, pp. 61-79, doi:10.51763/uid.1345517.
Vancouver Yamanlar Y. EUROPEAN UNION’S POLITICAL DIVISION CONCERN REGARDING THE INCREASING CHINESE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: DATA ANALYSIS. UİD/Jird. 2023;6(2):61-79.

Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi birbirinden ayrılamaz bir bütünün iki parçasıdır. Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini içerisinde yer alan çoğu konu diplomasi ışığında ele alınmakta, en başta gelen politik, ekonomik konular uluslararası ilişkiler ve diplomasinin birlikte hareket etmesi ile açıklanmakta ya da çözüme kavuşturulabilmektedir. Bu nedenle derginin isminin Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi olmasına karar verilmiştir. Dergimizin; Uluslararası İlişkiler, Diplomasi, Ekonomi, Temel Bilimler ve Sosyal Bilimlerin, siyaset, ekonomi, ekonomi-politik, diplomasi uygulamaları, siyasi tarih, uluslararası antlaşmalar, uluslararası örgütler, hukuk, uluslararası hukuk gibi alanları ile alakalı olarak bilim dünyasına önemli katkı yapması beklenmektedir.