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THE AFRICAN UNION AS COLLECTIVE NORM ENTREPRENEUR IN STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENTS OF EXTERNAL POWERS AND AFRICA

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 1 - 23, 31.12.2022

Idris Yeba Buta

https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1176479

Abstract

Since 2000, both emerging powers like China and India and established powers like the EU and the US were voraciously seeking close relations with Africa, and the African Union was playing a coordinating role in managing the ensuing relationships. However, the role of the AU as a collective African norm entrepreneur has not been recognized due to the theoretical limitations imposed by the mainstream theories of IR. This study used ‘Subsidiarity Norm Theory’ to find out collective African agency in the progressively evolving relations using data collected from treaties, policy statements, press releases, other relevant documents, and policy actions. This study found that the AU was emerging as the premier norm entrepreneur in international politics of Africa despite the difficult challenges posed by factors such as limited organizational capacity, the opportunistic actions of some of its members, and interventions by external powers that encroach on its coordinating role. Actions of the AU and consequent intersubjectively evolving relations with emerging powers like China also reveal that the AU was both responding to emerging powers' policy initiatives and constituting the terms of the engagements.

Keywords

Pan-Africanism African Union external powers collective agency norm entrepreneurship

References

  • Abegunrin, O. (2009). Africa in global politics in the twenty-first century: A pan-African perspective. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Acharya, A. (2011). Norm Subsidiarity and Regional Orders: Sovereignty, Regionalism, and Rule-Making in the Third World1. International Studies Quarterly, 55(1), 95–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00637.x
  • Adi, H., & Sherwood, M. (2003). Pan-African History: Political figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787. In Pan-African History: Political figures from Africa and the Diaspora Since 1787. Routledge.
  • Anshan, L., Liu Haifang, Huaqiong, P., Aiping, Z., & Wenping, H. (2012). FOCAC Twelve Years Later Achievements, Challenges and the Way Forward (No. 74). http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:538478/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  • AU. (2000). Constitutive Act of the African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf
  • AU. (2001). New Partnership for Africa.s Development | AUDA-NEPAD. https://www.nepad.org/publication/new-partnership-africas-development
  • AU. (2002). Protocol relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/37293-treaty-0024_-_protocol_relating_to_the_establishment_of_the_peace_and_security_council_of_the_african_union_e.pdf
  • AU. (2007). Assembly of the African Union Eighth Ordinary Session Decisions and Declarations. African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9556-assembly_en_29_30_january_2007_auc_the_african_union_eighth_ordinary_session.pdf
  • AU. (2011). Africa - China Partnership. https://au.int/en/partnerships/africa_china
  • AU. (2012, January 27). Executive Council Twentieth Ordinary Session. AU. https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9650-ex_cl_dec_668-695_xx_e.pdf
  • Badmus , I. (2015). The African Union’s role in peacekeeping : building on lessons learned from security operations.
  • Campbell, H. (2013). Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya. Monthly Review Press.
  • Clapham, C. (1996). Africa and the international system: The politics of state survival. Cambridge University Press.
  • Dersso, S. (2017). The African Union’s Role in Maintaining Peace and Security in the Great Lakes Region BT - War and Peace in Africa’s Great Lakes Region (G. M. Khadiagala (ed.); pp. 85–100). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58124-8_6
  • Dokken, K. (2008). African security politics redefined. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dunn, K. C. (2001). Introduction: Africa and International Relations Theory. In K. Dunn & T. Shaw (Eds.), Africa’s challenge to international relations theory (pp. 1–10). Palgrave Pulishers Ltd.
  • Dunn, K. C., & Englebert, P. (2019). Inside African Politics (Second). Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. www.rienner.com
  • Economist. (2000, May 13). The heart of the matter. https://www.economist.com/weeklyedition/2000-05-13
  • Economist. (2011, December 3). Africa rising. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2011/12/03/africa-rising
  • Esterhuyse, A. (2008). The Iraqization of Africa? Looking at AFRICOM from a South African Perspective. Strategic Studies Quarterly . https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-02_Issue-1/esterhuyse.pdf
  • Ewi, M., & Aning, K. (2006). Assessing the role of the African Union in preventing and combating terrorism in Africa. African Security Review, 15(3), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2006.9627603
  • Fah, G. L. T. (2010). Dealing with Africom: The Political Economy of Anger and Protest. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 3(6). http://www.coredec.org
  • FOCAC. (2006). Forum On China-Africa Cooperation Beijing Action Plan (2007-2009). http://www.focac.org.cn/eng/zywx_1/zywj/200611/t20061116_7933564.htm
  • FOCAC. (2021). Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Dakar Action Plan (2022-2024). http://www.focac.org.cn/eng/zywx_1/zywj/202201/t20220124_10632444.htm
  • Gebrewold, B. (2016). Anatomy of Violence: Understanding the Systems of Conflict and Violence in Africa. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315566986
  • Giovanni Arrighi. (2002). The African Crisis: World Systemic and Regional Aspects. NLR, 15. https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii15/articles/giovanni-arrighi-the-african-crisis
  • IAFS. (2015). IAFS: Delhi Declaration 2015. Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series, 52(10), 21018A-21018C. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-6346.2015.06704.X
  • Jerven, M. (2015). Africa: why economists get it wrong. Zed Books.
  • Kieh, G. K. (2008). Africa and the New Globalization. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
  • Lwabukuna, O. (2021). The Responsibility to Protect Internally Displaced Persons in Africa. Journal of African Law, 65(S1), 73–100. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/S0021855320000340
  • Mail and Guardian. (2011, June 14). Zuma lashes Nato for ‘abusing’ UN resolutions on Libya - The Mail & Guardian. https://mg.co.za/article/2011-06-14-zuma-lashes-nato-for-abusing-un-resolutions-on-libya/
  • Makinda, S. M., & Okumu, W. F. (2015). The African Union. In The African Union: Addressing the Challenges of Peace, Security, and Governance: Second Edition. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315688152
  • Mansfield, H., Wilson, E. O., Himmelfarb, G., Fox, R., Samuelson, R. J., Nye, J. S., & Fukuyama, F. (1999). Second Thoughts: The Last Man in a Bottle. The National Interest, 56, 16–33. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42897175
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994). The False Promise of International Institutions. International Security, 19(3), 5–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539078
  • Morgenthau, H. J. (1973). Politics among nations. Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Murithi, T. (2012). Briefing: The African Union at Ten: An appraisal. African Affairs, 111(445), 662–669. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ads058
  • OAU. (1963). OAU Charter. The African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/7759-file-oau_charter_1963.pdf
  • OAU. (1964). Cairo Declaration (AHG/Res. 1 (1)). African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9514-1964_ahg_res_1-24_i_e.pdf
  • Plessis, M. du. (2010). Max du Plessis ISS MONOGRAPH 172. Institute for Security Studies. https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/Mono172.pdf
  • Powell, K. (2005). The African Union’s emerging peace and security regime, opportunities and challenges for delivering on the responsibility to protect (No 119; ISS MONOGRAPH SERIES). https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/119FULL.PDF
  • Shaw, T. M. (2010). China, India and (South) Africa: what international relations in the second decade of the twenty-first century? In F. Cheru & C. Obi (Eds.), The Rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and Critical Interventions. Zed Books.
  • Shepperson, G., & Drake, S. C. (1986). The Fifth Pan-African Conference, 1945 and the All African Peoples Congress, 1958. Contributions in Black Studies, 8(1). http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs/vol8/iss1/5%0A
  • Souaré, I. K. (2014). The African Union as a norm entrepreneur on military coups d’état in Africa (1952–2012): an empirical assessment. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 52(1), 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X13000785
  • The White House. (2015, July 28). Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa . https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/remarks-president-obama-people-africa
  • Uwazuruike, A. (2021). The AU’s journey to an African Criminal Court: a regional perspective. Global Affairs, 7(3), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2021.1959375
  • Vickers, B. (2013). Africa and the rising powers: bargaining for the ‘marginalized many’. International Affairs, 89(3), 673–693. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12039
  • Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of international politics. Waveland Press.
  • Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, P. D. (2007). From non-intervention to non-indifference: the origins and development of the African Union’s security culture. African Affairs, 106(423), 253–279. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm001
  • World Bank. (2011). Africa’s future and the World Bank’s support to it : Africa regional strategy. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/393441468202137255/pdf/597610BR0SecM21OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY191.pdf
  • Xi Jinping. (2021). Keynote speech by Chinese President Xi Jinping at opening ceremony of 8th FOCAC ministerial conference. http://www.focac.org.cn/eng/zywx_1/zyjh/202201/t20220124_10632446.htm
  • Xinhuanet. (2014, May 6). Joint Statement on Comprehensively Deepening China’s Non-Allies and Good Cooperation (Full Text) - Xinhua Net. http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2014-05/06/c_1110548340.htm
  • Yao Gebe, B. (2008). The quest for a union government of Africa: reflections on the vision and the realities of political integration. South African Journal of International Affairs, 15(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220460802217959
  • Young, C. (2018). The Heritage of Colonialism. In J.W. Harbeson & D. Rothchild (Eds.), Africa in World Politics (pp. 9–26). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495472-2

THE AFRICAN UNION AS COLLECTIVE NORM ENTREPRENEUR IN STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENTS OF EXTERNAL POWERS AND AFRICA

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 1 - 23, 31.12.2022

Idris Yeba Buta

https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1176479

Abstract

Since 2000, both emerging powers like China and India and established powers like the EU and the US were voraciously seeking close relations with Africa, and the African Union was playing a coordinating role in managing the ensuing relationships. However, the role of the AU as a collective African norm entrepreneur has not been recognized due to the theoretical limitations imposed by the mainstream theories of IR. This study used ‘Subsidiarity Norm Theory’ to find out collective African agency in the progressively evolving relations using data collected from treaties, policy statements, press releases, other relevant documents, and policy actions. This study found that the AU was emerging as the premier norm entrepreneur in international politics of Africa despite the difficult challenges posed by factors such as limited organizational capacity, the opportunistic actions of some of its members, and interventions by external powers that encroach on its coordinating role. Actions of the AU and consequent intersubjectively evolving relations with emerging powers like China also reveal that the AU was both responding to emerging powers' policy initiatives and constituting the terms of the engagements.

Keywords

Pan-Africanism African Union external powers

References

  • Abegunrin, O. (2009). Africa in global politics in the twenty-first century: A pan-African perspective. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Acharya, A. (2011). Norm Subsidiarity and Regional Orders: Sovereignty, Regionalism, and Rule-Making in the Third World1. International Studies Quarterly, 55(1), 95–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00637.x
  • Adi, H., & Sherwood, M. (2003). Pan-African History: Political figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787. In Pan-African History: Political figures from Africa and the Diaspora Since 1787. Routledge.
  • Anshan, L., Liu Haifang, Huaqiong, P., Aiping, Z., & Wenping, H. (2012). FOCAC Twelve Years Later Achievements, Challenges and the Way Forward (No. 74). http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:538478/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  • AU. (2000). Constitutive Act of the African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf
  • AU. (2001). New Partnership for Africa.s Development | AUDA-NEPAD. https://www.nepad.org/publication/new-partnership-africas-development
  • AU. (2002). Protocol relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/37293-treaty-0024_-_protocol_relating_to_the_establishment_of_the_peace_and_security_council_of_the_african_union_e.pdf
  • AU. (2007). Assembly of the African Union Eighth Ordinary Session Decisions and Declarations. African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9556-assembly_en_29_30_january_2007_auc_the_african_union_eighth_ordinary_session.pdf
  • AU. (2011). Africa - China Partnership. https://au.int/en/partnerships/africa_china
  • AU. (2012, January 27). Executive Council Twentieth Ordinary Session. AU. https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9650-ex_cl_dec_668-695_xx_e.pdf
  • Badmus , I. (2015). The African Union’s role in peacekeeping : building on lessons learned from security operations.
  • Campbell, H. (2013). Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya. Monthly Review Press.
  • Clapham, C. (1996). Africa and the international system: The politics of state survival. Cambridge University Press.
  • Dersso, S. (2017). The African Union’s Role in Maintaining Peace and Security in the Great Lakes Region BT - War and Peace in Africa’s Great Lakes Region (G. M. Khadiagala (ed.); pp. 85–100). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58124-8_6
  • Dokken, K. (2008). African security politics redefined. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dunn, K. C. (2001). Introduction: Africa and International Relations Theory. In K. Dunn & T. Shaw (Eds.), Africa’s challenge to international relations theory (pp. 1–10). Palgrave Pulishers Ltd.
  • Dunn, K. C., & Englebert, P. (2019). Inside African Politics (Second). Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. www.rienner.com
  • Economist. (2000, May 13). The heart of the matter. https://www.economist.com/weeklyedition/2000-05-13
  • Economist. (2011, December 3). Africa rising. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2011/12/03/africa-rising
  • Esterhuyse, A. (2008). The Iraqization of Africa? Looking at AFRICOM from a South African Perspective. Strategic Studies Quarterly . https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-02_Issue-1/esterhuyse.pdf
  • Ewi, M., & Aning, K. (2006). Assessing the role of the African Union in preventing and combating terrorism in Africa. African Security Review, 15(3), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2006.9627603
  • Fah, G. L. T. (2010). Dealing with Africom: The Political Economy of Anger and Protest. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 3(6). http://www.coredec.org
  • FOCAC. (2006). Forum On China-Africa Cooperation Beijing Action Plan (2007-2009). http://www.focac.org.cn/eng/zywx_1/zywj/200611/t20061116_7933564.htm
  • FOCAC. (2021). Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Dakar Action Plan (2022-2024). http://www.focac.org.cn/eng/zywx_1/zywj/202201/t20220124_10632444.htm
  • Gebrewold, B. (2016). Anatomy of Violence: Understanding the Systems of Conflict and Violence in Africa. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315566986
  • Giovanni Arrighi. (2002). The African Crisis: World Systemic and Regional Aspects. NLR, 15. https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii15/articles/giovanni-arrighi-the-african-crisis
  • IAFS. (2015). IAFS: Delhi Declaration 2015. Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series, 52(10), 21018A-21018C. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-6346.2015.06704.X
  • Jerven, M. (2015). Africa: why economists get it wrong. Zed Books.
  • Kieh, G. K. (2008). Africa and the New Globalization. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
  • Lwabukuna, O. (2021). The Responsibility to Protect Internally Displaced Persons in Africa. Journal of African Law, 65(S1), 73–100. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/S0021855320000340
  • Mail and Guardian. (2011, June 14). Zuma lashes Nato for ‘abusing’ UN resolutions on Libya - The Mail & Guardian. https://mg.co.za/article/2011-06-14-zuma-lashes-nato-for-abusing-un-resolutions-on-libya/
  • Makinda, S. M., & Okumu, W. F. (2015). The African Union. In The African Union: Addressing the Challenges of Peace, Security, and Governance: Second Edition. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315688152
  • Mansfield, H., Wilson, E. O., Himmelfarb, G., Fox, R., Samuelson, R. J., Nye, J. S., & Fukuyama, F. (1999). Second Thoughts: The Last Man in a Bottle. The National Interest, 56, 16–33. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42897175
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994). The False Promise of International Institutions. International Security, 19(3), 5–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539078
  • Morgenthau, H. J. (1973). Politics among nations. Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Murithi, T. (2012). Briefing: The African Union at Ten: An appraisal. African Affairs, 111(445), 662–669. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ads058
  • OAU. (1963). OAU Charter. The African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/7759-file-oau_charter_1963.pdf
  • OAU. (1964). Cairo Declaration (AHG/Res. 1 (1)). African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9514-1964_ahg_res_1-24_i_e.pdf
  • Plessis, M. du. (2010). Max du Plessis ISS MONOGRAPH 172. Institute for Security Studies. https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/Mono172.pdf
  • Powell, K. (2005). The African Union’s emerging peace and security regime, opportunities and challenges for delivering on the responsibility to protect (No 119; ISS MONOGRAPH SERIES). https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/119FULL.PDF
  • Shaw, T. M. (2010). China, India and (South) Africa: what international relations in the second decade of the twenty-first century? In F. Cheru & C. Obi (Eds.), The Rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and Critical Interventions. Zed Books.
  • Shepperson, G., & Drake, S. C. (1986). The Fifth Pan-African Conference, 1945 and the All African Peoples Congress, 1958. Contributions in Black Studies, 8(1). http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs/vol8/iss1/5%0A
  • Souaré, I. K. (2014). The African Union as a norm entrepreneur on military coups d’état in Africa (1952–2012): an empirical assessment. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 52(1), 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X13000785
  • The White House. (2015, July 28). Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa . https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/remarks-president-obama-people-africa
  • Uwazuruike, A. (2021). The AU’s journey to an African Criminal Court: a regional perspective. Global Affairs, 7(3), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2021.1959375
  • Vickers, B. (2013). Africa and the rising powers: bargaining for the ‘marginalized many’. International Affairs, 89(3), 673–693. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12039
  • Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of international politics. Waveland Press.
  • Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, P. D. (2007). From non-intervention to non-indifference: the origins and development of the African Union’s security culture. African Affairs, 106(423), 253–279. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm001
  • World Bank. (2011). Africa’s future and the World Bank’s support to it : Africa regional strategy. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/393441468202137255/pdf/597610BR0SecM21OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY191.pdf
  • Xi Jinping. (2021). Keynote speech by Chinese President Xi Jinping at opening ceremony of 8th FOCAC ministerial conference. http://www.focac.org.cn/eng/zywx_1/zyjh/202201/t20220124_10632446.htm
  • Xinhuanet. (2014, May 6). Joint Statement on Comprehensively Deepening China’s Non-Allies and Good Cooperation (Full Text) - Xinhua Net. http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2014-05/06/c_1110548340.htm
  • Yao Gebe, B. (2008). The quest for a union government of Africa: reflections on the vision and the realities of political integration. South African Journal of International Affairs, 15(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220460802217959
  • Young, C. (2018). The Heritage of Colonialism. In J.W. Harbeson & D. Rothchild (Eds.), Africa in World Politics (pp. 9–26). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495472-2
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Law in Context, Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Idris Yeba Buta 0000-0002-7493-3407

Early Pub Date December 31, 2022
Publication Date December 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Buta, I. Y. (2022). THE AFRICAN UNION AS COLLECTIVE NORM ENTREPRENEUR IN STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENTS OF EXTERNAL POWERS AND AFRICA. Uluslararası İlişkiler Ve Diplomasi, 5(2), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1176479
AMA Buta IY. THE AFRICAN UNION AS COLLECTIVE NORM ENTREPRENEUR IN STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENTS OF EXTERNAL POWERS AND AFRICA. UİD/Jird. December 2022;5(2):1-23. doi:10.51763/uid.1176479
Chicago Buta, Idris Yeba. “THE AFRICAN UNION AS COLLECTIVE NORM ENTREPRENEUR IN STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENTS OF EXTERNAL POWERS AND AFRICA”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Ve Diplomasi 5, no. 2 (December 2022): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1176479.
EndNote Buta IY (December 1, 2022) THE AFRICAN UNION AS COLLECTIVE NORM ENTREPRENEUR IN STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENTS OF EXTERNAL POWERS AND AFRICA. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi 5 2 1–23.
IEEE I. Y. Buta, “THE AFRICAN UNION AS COLLECTIVE NORM ENTREPRENEUR IN STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENTS OF EXTERNAL POWERS AND AFRICA”, UİD/Jird, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1–23, 2022, doi: 10.51763/uid.1176479.
ISNAD Buta, Idris Yeba. “THE AFRICAN UNION AS COLLECTIVE NORM ENTREPRENEUR IN STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENTS OF EXTERNAL POWERS AND AFRICA”. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi 5/2 (December 2022), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1176479.
JAMA Buta IY. THE AFRICAN UNION AS COLLECTIVE NORM ENTREPRENEUR IN STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENTS OF EXTERNAL POWERS AND AFRICA. UİD/Jird. 2022;5:1–23.
MLA Buta, Idris Yeba. “THE AFRICAN UNION AS COLLECTIVE NORM ENTREPRENEUR IN STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENTS OF EXTERNAL POWERS AND AFRICA”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Ve Diplomasi, vol. 5, no. 2, 2022, pp. 1-23, doi:10.51763/uid.1176479.
Vancouver Buta IY. THE AFRICAN UNION AS COLLECTIVE NORM ENTREPRENEUR IN STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENTS OF EXTERNAL POWERS AND AFRICA. UİD/Jird. 2022;5(2):1-23.
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Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi birbirinden ayrılamaz bir bütünün iki parçasıdır. Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini içerisinde yer alan çoğu konu diplomasi ışığında ele alınmakta, en başta gelen politik, ekonomik konular uluslararası ilişkiler ve diplomasinin birlikte hareket etmesi ile açıklanmakta ya da çözüme kavuşturulabilmektedir. Bu nedenle derginin isminin Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi olmasına karar verilmiştir. Dergimizin; Uluslararası İlişkiler, Diplomasi, Ekonomi, Temel Bilimler ve Sosyal Bilimlerin, siyaset, ekonomi, ekonomi-politik, diplomasi uygulamaları, siyasi tarih, uluslararası antlaşmalar, uluslararası örgütler, hukuk, uluslararası hukuk gibi alanları ile alakalı olarak bilim dünyasına önemli katkı yapması beklenmektedir.