NIGERIA-CZECHOSLOVAKIA RELATIONS BEFORE AND AFTER THE SPLIT OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN THE 20TH CENTURY AND BEYOND

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 04.07.2024

Suleiman Yakubu

https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1416622

Öz

Nigeria-Czechoslovakia relations have been very robust and beneficial to both countries. The relations and interactions between both countries at the beginning of the 20th century were minimal because Nigeria was still under colonial rule but improved after her independence in 1960. This opened doors to a great deal of opportunities for developing long-lasting and broad relations in security, politics, economy, and sociocultural spheres. With the split of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, relations between Nigeria and the Czech Republic intensified in the areas of commerce and trade, military training, and education, but the relations Nigeria has had with Slovakia over the years have been minimal. This paper aims at discussing and identifying, while using both primary and secondary sources, the key areas where both countries have had relations over the decades and how the relations have impacted both countries in the twentieth century and beyond.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diplomatic Relations, Cooperation, Military, Security, Sports and Trade

Destekleyen Kurum

University of Pardubice

Proje Numarası

SGS 2022/012

NIGERIA-CZECHOSLOVAKIA RELATIONS BEFORE AND AFTER THE SPLIT OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN THE 20TH CENTURY AND BEYOND

Öz

Nigeria-Czechoslovakia relations have been very robust and beneficial to both countries. The relations and interactions between both countries at the beginning of the 20th century were minimal because Nigeria was still under colonial rule but improved after her independence in 1960. This opened doors to a great deal of opportunities for developing long-lasting and broad relations in security, politics, economy, and socio-cultural spheres. With the split of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, relations between Nigeria and the Czech Republic intensified in the areas of commerce and trade, military training, and education, but the relations Nigeria has had with Slovakia over the years have been minimal. This paper aims at discussing and identifying, while using both primary and secondary sources, the key areas where both countries have had relations over the decades and how the relations have impacted both countries in the twentieth century and beyond.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dipolmatic relations, Cooperation, Military, Security, Sport, Trade

Proje Numarası

SGS 2022/012

Kaynakça

• Abdulmalik M. B, (2021) “Flight Officer of Nigerian Airforce that was in the Czech Republic for military training for twelve months: An oral interview”.
• Afolabi, O. (2023) “How Nigeria cancelled Czech PM visits over Israel’s risking investment” https://pluboard.com/2023/11/14/policy/how-nigeria-cancelled-czech-pm-visit-over-israel-risking-investment/, (13.11.2023).
• Basil, U. (2022). “Nigeria-Biafra War and the Politics of Oblivion: Implications of Revealing the Hidden Narratives through Transformative Learning.” Doctoral Dissertation. Florida: Nova Southeastern University.
• Britannica (2023) “Czech Republic,” https://www.britannica.com/place/Czech-Republic/Resources-and-power (26.9.2023).
• Britannica (2023) “The interwar years,” https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/The-interwar-years (28.9.2023).
• Britannica (2023) “Vaclav, Havel” https://www.britannica.com/search?query=Vaclav%2C+Havel, (26.9.2023)
• Curt, F. B. (1963) “Czechoslovakia's Penetration of Africa, 1955-1962” World Politics 15(3), 404-405.
• Dawood, O. E. (2021) Professor of African History, University of Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria. An oral interview.
• Dhikru, A. Y. & Antonia TS (2020) “Politics, Political Parties, and the Party System in Nigeria: Whose Interest?” International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences no. 89, 33-50.
• Gencturk, A. (2020) “Nigeria cancels Czech premier's visit, citing government's inability to provide adequate reception” https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/nigeria-cancels-czech-premiers-visit-citing-governments-inability-to-provide-adequate-reception/3046628, (13.11.2023).
• Havel Channel (2023). “Vaclav Havel” https://www.vaclavhavel.cz/#scr4, (26.9.2023).
• Hedley, B. (2012) “The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics,” New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 157. Jaroslav, P. & Oldřich, T. (2018) “A History of the Czech Lands,” Prague: Charles University Karolinum Press.
• Marco, W. (2018) “The Challenge of Western Neutralism during the Cold War: Britain and the Buildup of a Nigerian Air Force” Journal of Cold War Studies 20(2), 99-128.
• Muehlenbeck, P. (2016) “Czechoslovakia in Africa, 1945–1968,” London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Nigeria Investment Promotion Commission (2020), “Nigeria, Czech Republic Sign MoU for Technology Transfer” https://www.nipc.gov.ng/2020/12/12/nigeria-czech-republic-sign-mou-for-technology-transfer/ (30.9.2023).
• Obomeghie, W. (2023) a writer and Journalist, Nigeria: An oral interview.
• Ojo, O. J. B. (1985) “The Soviet Union and Nigeria: The Quest for Influence 1967-1983” Africa Spectrum 20(2), 167-189.
• Ondřej, H. H. & Rudincová, K. (2012) “Sub-Saharan Africa in Czech Foreign Policy, part iv, bilateral relations with selected countries and regions,” A conclusion of the chapter devoted to Czech foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa in the yearbook of Czech Foreign Policy of the Institute of International Relations Sub_saharian_africa_OHH New3.PDF (14.10.2023).
• Orobator, S. E. (1983) “The Nigerian Civil War and the invasion of Czechoslovakia,” African Affairs 82(327), 201 – 202. Oye, O. (1976) “Nigeria and the Great Powers: The Impact of the Civil War on Nigerian Foreign Relations” African Affairs 75(298), 24.
• Popa, L. & Diana, R. (2016) “Formal And Significant Mutations of Traditional Diplomacy," Annals of University of Craiova - Economic Sciences Series, 1(44), 230-239.
• Premium Times online ((2023) “NIIA, Czech Republic embassy partner to discuss Africa’s global relevance,” https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/633982-niia-czech-republic-embassy-partner-to-discuss-africas-global-relevance.html (29.9.2023).
• Raji, H. (2021) A Flight lieutenant of Nigerian Airforce that was in the Czech Republic for military training for twelve months: An oral Interview.
• Richard, L. C. (2011) “Diplomacy in the Twenty-First century: Change and Evolution,” A major Research Paper presented at the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/23894/1/RICHARD,%20Laurence-Camille%2020115.pdf, . (28.9.2023).
• Richterova, D, Mikuláš, P. and Natalia, T. (2021) “Banking on Military Assistance: Czechoslovakia’s Struggle for Influence and Profit in the Third World 1955–1968” The International History Review 43(1), 90-108.
• Rick, F. (2000)” The Czech Republic: A nation of velvet”, France: Harwood academic publishers.
• Robert, C. C. (2005) “The Czech Republic: The Velvet Revolution,” Philadelphia: Chelsea house publishers.
• Rojoef, M. (2022) “Czech Republic Flies Upgraded Albatros Aircraft to Nigeria,” https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/11/14/nigeria-army-albatros-upgrade/?expand_article=1 (29.9.2023)
• Rudincová, K. Ž. (2019) “Sub-Saharan Africa in the Czech Foreign Policy: Approaching Africa as a partner: Czech Foreign Policy in 2017 Analysis: 204 – 220 file:///C:/Users/AsusMTK/Downloads/10%20(1).pdf (15.10;2023).
• Sieber, K. (2002) “Československo a Nigérie v letech 1961-1967” Historie a vojenství 51(1), 3-34.
• Sieber, K. (2002) “Československo a občanská válka v Nigérii (1967-1970)” Historie a vojenství, (51), 267-302.
• Stuart, M. (2006) “Reordering diplomatic theory for the twenty-first century: a tripartite approach.” Doctoral Dissertation. Sydney: Bond University.
• Toyin, F. (2001) “Culture and Customs of Nigeria” Westport: Greenwood Press.
• Toyin, F. & Matthew, M. H. (2008), “A history of Nigeria,” New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Vilém, Ř. & Josef, K. (2020). “New Impulses for Czech Strategy in Africa,” a working policy paper of the European Union: 15 https://www.facebook.com/HannsSeidel-Stiftung-Tschechien-NadaceHannse-Seidela-v- . (25.9.2023).
• Wapmut, S. (2014) “Trade and Investment Relations between Nigeria and Russia” Journal of African Foreign Affairs 1(2), 73-92.
• William, M. M (2011) “The history of the Czech Republic and Slovakia,” California: Green Publishers.
• Wikipedia (2023) “Czech Republic” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic (26.9.2023).
• Wikipedia (2023) “Nigeria” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria (26.9.2023).
• Wikipedia (2023) “Prague Spring,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Spring, (29.92023).
• Wikipedia (2023) “Sněžka” https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C4%9B%C5%BEka, (26.9.2023).
• WorldAtlas “Czech Republic” https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/czech-republic (26.9.2023).
• World Facebook (2023) “Czech Republic” https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/czechia/ (26.9.2023)
• Zdeněk, O, Jaromír, H. & Miroslav, S. (2016) “The allocation of Czech foreign aid in Sub-Saharan Africa: the influence of historical relationships” International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, 9(4), 325 – 343.