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Relations with Russia in The Context of Turkey’s Policy in Constructing its ‘Strategic Autonomy’

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 79 - Guest Editor: Dimitar BECHEV | Russia and Turkey in a Changing Global Order, 33 - 50, 17.10.2023

Orhan Gafarlı , Julia Roknıfard

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1358280

Abstract

In the past two decades, the Turkish government has been seeking strategic autonomy in international relations by trying different foreign policy styles. Throughout that time, Turkey strongly prioritized its own interests in relations with other regional and global powers, and pursued a multilateral and balanced policy, seeing it as a window for more opportunities to maneuver in foreign policy. Part of Turkey’s approach to strategic autonomy relied on hedging, even if it resulted in the emergence of asymmetric relations with others. For example, Turkey developed not always economically and politically symmetric relations with Russia that had strong implications for the Middle East, South Caucasus, Black Sea region and Central Asia. On 24 February 2022, after Russia’s military intervention in Ukraine, Turkey did not join in with Western sanctions against Russia, and instead attempted to mediate between Kyiv and Moscow. This decision was not spontaneous, as it was premised on years of building and strengthening bilateral ties with Russia, despite some devastating incidents between the two. This article is an inquiry into the search for strategic autonomy in Turkey’s foreign policy with a focus on its relations with Russia.

Keywords

AKP Erdoğan Eurasianusm hedging role theory strategic culture Turkish foreign policy

References

  • Abenuli, Aben Dauren (2017). “Politika Rossii v otnoshenii Siriyskix kurdov” Eurasian Research Center, 20 August, https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/politika-rossi-v/?lang=ru (Accessed 10 July 2020).
  • Aktürk, Şener (2015) “The Fourth Style of Politics: Eurasianism as a ProRussian Rethinking of Turkey’s Geopolitical Identity”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 16, No 1, p. 54-79. “Ankara ne isklyuchayet vozmozhnosti stroitel’stva yeshche odnogo truboprovoda dlya «Turetskogo potoka»” (4 November 2022). BFM Ru, https://www.bfm.ru/news/512272 (Accessed 04 Nov 2022).
  • Asmolov, Konstantin and Aleksandr Solovev (2021). “Strategicheskaya avtonomiya Respubliki Koreya: intellektualnaya khimera ili politicheskaya realʹnostʹ?”, Mezhdunarodnaya analitika, Vol. 12. No 2, p. 59-73.Atmaca, Ayşe Ömür and Zerrin Toruni (2022). “Geopolitical Visions in Turkish Foreign Policy, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 24 No 1, p. 114-137.
  • “ATOR Başkanı Maya Lomidze: Rusya’dan Türkiye’ye Gelecek Turist Sayısı 2 Milyona Düşebilir” (13 April 2022). Dünya Gazetesi, https://www.dunya.com/sektorler/turizm/ator-baskani-maya-lomidze-rusyadan-turkiyeye-gelecek-turist-sayisi-2-milyona-dusebilir-haberi-654855 (Accessed 04 November 2022).
  • “Basemat of Turkey’s Akkuyu 1 completed” (2019). World Nuclear News, 14 March, https://www. world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Basemat-of-Turkeys-Akkuyu-1-completed (Accessed 17 July 2022).
  • Bozdağlıoğlu, Yücel (2008).“Modernity, Identity and Turkey’s Foreign Policy”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 20, No 1, p. 55-75.
  • Bozdağlıoğlu, Yücel (2012). “Konstrktivizm ve Rol Teorisi: Kimlik, Rol ve Dış Politika Analizi”, Tayyar Arı (eds.), Uluslararası İlişkilerde Postmodern Analizler-1, Kimlik, Kültür, Güvenlik ve Dış Politika. Bursa, MKM Yayıncılık, p. 127-150.
  • Dannreuther, Roland (2019). “Understanding Russia’s Return to the Middle East”, International Politics, Vol. 56, No 6, p. 726-742. Davutoğlu, Ahmet (2009). Stratejik Derinlik: Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Konumu. İstanbul, Küre Yayınları.
  • Denisov, Igor and Aleksandr Lukin (2021). “Korrektsiya i khedzhirovaniye”, Rossiya v Globalnoy Politike, Vol. 19, No 4, 2021, p. 154-172.
  • Denisov, Igor and Aleksandr Lukin (2021). “Russia’s China Policy: Growing Asymmetries and Hedging Options”, Russian Politics, Vol. 6, No 4, p. 531-550.
  • Dersan Orhan, Duygu (2023) “Strategic Hedging or Alignment? Qatar’s Foreign Policy Toward Iran in the Wake of the Blockade Crisis”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, p. 1-17.
  • “Erdoğan’dan BOP Eş Başkanı Eleştirilerine Yanıt” (13 January 2019). Habertürk, https://m.haberturk. com/gundem/haber/121091-erdogandan-bop-esbaskani-elestirilerine-yanit (Accessed 20 July 2022).
  • Gerges, Fawaz (2013). “The Obama Approach to the Middle East: The End of America’s Moment?”, International Affairs, Vol. 89, No 2, p. 299-323.
  • Ghalehdar, Payam (2021). “Why a Common EU Strategic Culture is Neither Necessary nor Desirable”, London, Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom & LSE İdeas Europe Programme. “Gürcistan’a İnsani Yardımda Montrö Krizi” (16 August 2008). CNN Türk, https://www.cnnturk. com/2008/dunya/08/16/gurcistana.insani.yardimda.montro.krizi/490695.0/index.html (Accessed 15 July 2022).
  • Holsti, Kal (1970). “National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy”, International Studies Quarterly, p. 233-309.
  • “How Russia Pays for War” (2022). New York Times, 30 October, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/10/30/business/economy/russia-trade-ukraine-war.html (Accessed 04 Nov 2022).
  • Ibragimov, Alimusa (2018). “Turtsiya i Rossiya: vozmozhno li strategicheskoye partnerstvo?”, Post Sovetskiye İssledovaniya, Vol. 1, No 3, p. 297-305.
  • Kuik, Cheng-Chwee (2021). “Getting Hedging Right: A Small-state Perspective”, China International Strategy Review, Vol. 3, No 2, p. 300-315.
  • Kurtbağ, Ömer (2015). “Obama Döneminde Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri: Model Ortaklıktan Eksen Kaymasına İniş Çıkışlar ve Ayrışan Çıkarlar”, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 3, No 2, p. 185-207.
  • Kutlay, Mustafa and Ziya Öniş (2021). “Turkish Foreign Policy in a Post-western Order: Strategic Autonomy or New Forms of Dependence?”, International Affairs, Vol. 97, No 4, p. 1085-1104.
  • Lantis, Jeffrey S. (2002). “Strategic Culture and National Security Policy”, International Studies Review, Vol. 4, No 3, p. 87-113. Laruelle, Marlene (2008). Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire. Washington, Woodrow Wilson Center Press with Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Lowel, Ditmer and Samuel S. Kim (1993). “In Search of a Theory of National Identity”, Ditmer Lowel and Samuel S. Kim (eds.), China’s Quest for National Identity. Ithaca-NY, Cornell University Press, p. 1-31.
  • Morrow, James D. (1991). “Alliances and Asymmetry: An Alternative to the Capability Aggregation Model of Alliances”, American Journal of Political Science, p. 904-933.
  • “Novak: RF i Turtsiya dogovorilisʹ o sozdanii usloviy priyema karty “Mir” v turetskikh otelyakh” (2002). TASS, https://tass.ru/ekonomika/14661583?utm_source=google.com&utm_medium=organic&utm_ campaign=google.com&utm_referrer=google.com (Accessed 15 July 2022).
  • “Obama Says U.S., Turkey Can Be Model for World” (2009). CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/06/obama.turkey/ (Accessed 20 July 2022).
  • Özdamar, Özgür, Halistoprak, Burak Toygar and Sula, İsmail Erkam (2014). “From Good Neighbor to Model: Turkey’s Changing Roles in the Middle East in the Aftermath of the Arab Spring”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 11, No 42, p. 93-113.
  • “Podgotovlen saytom Vneshnyaya Torgovlya Rossii” (27 December 2021). Tovarooborot Rossii s Turtsiyey, https://russian-trade.com/reports-and-reviews/2016-02/torgovlya-mezhdu-rossiey-i-turtsiey-v-2012-g/ (Accessed 15 July 2022).
  • “Putin Suggests Turkey Become Regional ‘Gas Hub’ to Europe” (14 October 2022). Asia Nikkei, https:// asia.nikkei.com/Business/Energy/Putin-suggests-Turkey-become-regional-gas-hub-to-Europe (Accessed 01 November 2022).
  • Rajagopalan, Rajesh (2017). “India’s Strategic Choices: China and the Balance of Power in Asia”, Carnegia India, 14 September,https://carnegieindia.org/2017/09/14/india-s-strategic-choiceschina-and-balance-of-power-in-asia-pub-73108 (Accessed 18 July 2022).
  • Ruacan, Ipek (2020). “Fear, Superiority, Self-Identification and Rejection: Turks’ Different Attitudes to Europe since the Late Ottoman Era”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 22, No 5, p. 684-700.
  • Safranchukl, Ivan, Interview with (26 April 2021), Mejdunarodnoe Obozreniye, Fyodor Lyukyanov. Smith, Jeff (2020). “Strategic Autonomy and U.S.-Indian Relations”, War on the Rocks, 6 November, https://warontherocks.com/2020/11/strategic-autonomy-and-u-s-indian-relations/ (Accessed 18July 2022).
  • Starodubtsev, Ivan (2021). “Bolshaya strategiya Turtsii”, Institut Blijnego Vostoka, 26 April, http:// www.iimes.ru/?p=76852 (Accessed 20 July 2022).
  • Talukdar, Sreemoy (2018). “Vladimir Putin in India: As Russian President Arrives with S-400 Deal, New Delhi’s Strategic Autonomy Gets More Skin in Game’’, First Post, 5 October, https://www. firstpost.com/india/vladimir-putin-in-india-new-delhi-ready-to-get-more-skin-in-game-showstrategic-autonomy-not-just-moral-principle-5317641.html (Accessed 27 July 2020).
  • Taş, Hakkı (2022). “Erdoğan and the Muslim Brotherhood: An Outside-in Approach to Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 23, No 5, p. 1-21.
  • “Türk -Libya İş Adamları Derneği Başkanı Murtaza Karanfil, Libya’da On Milyarlarca Dolarlık Yatırım Potansiyeli Türkleri Bekliyor” (8 April 2022).Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ libyada-on-milyarlarca-dolarlik-yatirim-potansiyeli-turkleri-bekliyor/2202472 (Accessed 05 November 2022)
  • Ülger, İrfan Kaya (2020). “Türkiye - AB İlişkilerinde Temel Anlaşmazlık Konuları”, 10 March, https:// www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/turkiye-ab-iliskilerinde-temel-anlasmazlik-konulari-/1760573 (Accessed 15 July 2022).
  • Walker, Joshua (2006). “Turkey and Israel’s Relationship in the Middle East”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Vol. 17, No 4, p. 60-90. Wendt, Alexander (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Yavuz, M. Hakan (2022). “The Motives Behind the AKP’s Foreign Policy: Neo- Ottomanism and Strategic Autonomy”, Turkish Studies, p. 1-26. Yeşiltaş, Murat and Ferhat Pirinççi (2021). Türkiye’nin Savunma Politikaları. Ankara, SETA Yayınları.
  • Yörük, Zafer and Pantelis Vatikiotis (2013). “Soft Power or Illusion of Hegemony: The Case of the Turkish Soap Opera ‘Colonialism’”, International Journal of Communication, Vol. 7, p. 2361- 2385.
  • Yuranets, Anna (2020). “Turetskoye vliyaniye rastet»: kak izmenilsya rasklad sil v Zakavkazʹye” Gazete Rus, 14 December, https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2020/12/14_a_13399123.shtml (Accessed 29 July 2022).

Relations with Russia in The Context of Turkey’s Policy in Constructing its ‘Strategic Autonomy’

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 79 - Guest Editor: Dimitar BECHEV | Russia and Turkey in a Changing Global Order, 33 - 50, 17.10.2023

Orhan Gafarlı , Julia Roknıfard

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1358280

Abstract

In the past two decades, the Turkish government has been seeking strategic autonomy in international relations by trying different foreign policy styles. Throughout that time, Turkey strongly prioritized its own interests in relations with other regional and global powers, and pursued a multilateral and balanced policy, seeing it as a window for more opportunities to maneuver in foreign policy. Part of Turkey’s approach to strategic autonomy relied on hedging, even if it resulted in the emergence of asymmetric relations with others. For example, Turkey developed not always economically and politically symmetric relations with Russia that had strong implications for the Middle East, South Caucasus, Black Sea region and Central Asia. On 24 February 2022, after Russia’s military intervention in Ukraine, Turkey did not join in with Western sanctions against Russia, and instead attempted to mediate between Kyiv and Moscow. This decision was not spontaneous, as it was premised on years of building and strengthening bilateral ties with Russia, despite some devastating incidents between the two. This article is an inquiry into the search for strategic autonomy in Turkey’s foreign policy with a focus on its relations with Russia.

Keywords

AKP Erdoğan Eurasianusm hedging role theory strategic culture Turkish foreign policy

References

  • Abenuli, Aben Dauren (2017). “Politika Rossii v otnoshenii Siriyskix kurdov” Eurasian Research Center, 20 August, https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/politika-rossi-v/?lang=ru (Accessed 10 July 2020).
  • Aktürk, Şener (2015) “The Fourth Style of Politics: Eurasianism as a ProRussian Rethinking of Turkey’s Geopolitical Identity”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 16, No 1, p. 54-79. “Ankara ne isklyuchayet vozmozhnosti stroitel’stva yeshche odnogo truboprovoda dlya «Turetskogo potoka»” (4 November 2022). BFM Ru, https://www.bfm.ru/news/512272 (Accessed 04 Nov 2022).
  • Asmolov, Konstantin and Aleksandr Solovev (2021). “Strategicheskaya avtonomiya Respubliki Koreya: intellektualnaya khimera ili politicheskaya realʹnostʹ?”, Mezhdunarodnaya analitika, Vol. 12. No 2, p. 59-73.Atmaca, Ayşe Ömür and Zerrin Toruni (2022). “Geopolitical Visions in Turkish Foreign Policy, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 24 No 1, p. 114-137.
  • “ATOR Başkanı Maya Lomidze: Rusya’dan Türkiye’ye Gelecek Turist Sayısı 2 Milyona Düşebilir” (13 April 2022). Dünya Gazetesi, https://www.dunya.com/sektorler/turizm/ator-baskani-maya-lomidze-rusyadan-turkiyeye-gelecek-turist-sayisi-2-milyona-dusebilir-haberi-654855 (Accessed 04 November 2022).
  • “Basemat of Turkey’s Akkuyu 1 completed” (2019). World Nuclear News, 14 March, https://www. world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Basemat-of-Turkeys-Akkuyu-1-completed (Accessed 17 July 2022).
  • Bozdağlıoğlu, Yücel (2008).“Modernity, Identity and Turkey’s Foreign Policy”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 20, No 1, p. 55-75.
  • Bozdağlıoğlu, Yücel (2012). “Konstrktivizm ve Rol Teorisi: Kimlik, Rol ve Dış Politika Analizi”, Tayyar Arı (eds.), Uluslararası İlişkilerde Postmodern Analizler-1, Kimlik, Kültür, Güvenlik ve Dış Politika. Bursa, MKM Yayıncılık, p. 127-150.
  • Dannreuther, Roland (2019). “Understanding Russia’s Return to the Middle East”, International Politics, Vol. 56, No 6, p. 726-742. Davutoğlu, Ahmet (2009). Stratejik Derinlik: Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Konumu. İstanbul, Küre Yayınları.
  • Denisov, Igor and Aleksandr Lukin (2021). “Korrektsiya i khedzhirovaniye”, Rossiya v Globalnoy Politike, Vol. 19, No 4, 2021, p. 154-172.
  • Denisov, Igor and Aleksandr Lukin (2021). “Russia’s China Policy: Growing Asymmetries and Hedging Options”, Russian Politics, Vol. 6, No 4, p. 531-550.
  • Dersan Orhan, Duygu (2023) “Strategic Hedging or Alignment? Qatar’s Foreign Policy Toward Iran in the Wake of the Blockade Crisis”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, p. 1-17.
  • “Erdoğan’dan BOP Eş Başkanı Eleştirilerine Yanıt” (13 January 2019). Habertürk, https://m.haberturk. com/gundem/haber/121091-erdogandan-bop-esbaskani-elestirilerine-yanit (Accessed 20 July 2022).
  • Gerges, Fawaz (2013). “The Obama Approach to the Middle East: The End of America’s Moment?”, International Affairs, Vol. 89, No 2, p. 299-323.
  • Ghalehdar, Payam (2021). “Why a Common EU Strategic Culture is Neither Necessary nor Desirable”, London, Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom & LSE İdeas Europe Programme. “Gürcistan’a İnsani Yardımda Montrö Krizi” (16 August 2008). CNN Türk, https://www.cnnturk. com/2008/dunya/08/16/gurcistana.insani.yardimda.montro.krizi/490695.0/index.html (Accessed 15 July 2022).
  • Holsti, Kal (1970). “National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy”, International Studies Quarterly, p. 233-309.
  • “How Russia Pays for War” (2022). New York Times, 30 October, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/10/30/business/economy/russia-trade-ukraine-war.html (Accessed 04 Nov 2022).
  • Ibragimov, Alimusa (2018). “Turtsiya i Rossiya: vozmozhno li strategicheskoye partnerstvo?”, Post Sovetskiye İssledovaniya, Vol. 1, No 3, p. 297-305.
  • Kuik, Cheng-Chwee (2021). “Getting Hedging Right: A Small-state Perspective”, China International Strategy Review, Vol. 3, No 2, p. 300-315.
  • Kurtbağ, Ömer (2015). “Obama Döneminde Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri: Model Ortaklıktan Eksen Kaymasına İniş Çıkışlar ve Ayrışan Çıkarlar”, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 3, No 2, p. 185-207.
  • Kutlay, Mustafa and Ziya Öniş (2021). “Turkish Foreign Policy in a Post-western Order: Strategic Autonomy or New Forms of Dependence?”, International Affairs, Vol. 97, No 4, p. 1085-1104.
  • Lantis, Jeffrey S. (2002). “Strategic Culture and National Security Policy”, International Studies Review, Vol. 4, No 3, p. 87-113. Laruelle, Marlene (2008). Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire. Washington, Woodrow Wilson Center Press with Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Lowel, Ditmer and Samuel S. Kim (1993). “In Search of a Theory of National Identity”, Ditmer Lowel and Samuel S. Kim (eds.), China’s Quest for National Identity. Ithaca-NY, Cornell University Press, p. 1-31.
  • Morrow, James D. (1991). “Alliances and Asymmetry: An Alternative to the Capability Aggregation Model of Alliances”, American Journal of Political Science, p. 904-933.
  • “Novak: RF i Turtsiya dogovorilisʹ o sozdanii usloviy priyema karty “Mir” v turetskikh otelyakh” (2002). TASS, https://tass.ru/ekonomika/14661583?utm_source=google.com&utm_medium=organic&utm_ campaign=google.com&utm_referrer=google.com (Accessed 15 July 2022).
  • “Obama Says U.S., Turkey Can Be Model for World” (2009). CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/06/obama.turkey/ (Accessed 20 July 2022).
  • Özdamar, Özgür, Halistoprak, Burak Toygar and Sula, İsmail Erkam (2014). “From Good Neighbor to Model: Turkey’s Changing Roles in the Middle East in the Aftermath of the Arab Spring”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 11, No 42, p. 93-113.
  • “Podgotovlen saytom Vneshnyaya Torgovlya Rossii” (27 December 2021). Tovarooborot Rossii s Turtsiyey, https://russian-trade.com/reports-and-reviews/2016-02/torgovlya-mezhdu-rossiey-i-turtsiey-v-2012-g/ (Accessed 15 July 2022).
  • “Putin Suggests Turkey Become Regional ‘Gas Hub’ to Europe” (14 October 2022). Asia Nikkei, https:// asia.nikkei.com/Business/Energy/Putin-suggests-Turkey-become-regional-gas-hub-to-Europe (Accessed 01 November 2022).
  • Rajagopalan, Rajesh (2017). “India’s Strategic Choices: China and the Balance of Power in Asia”, Carnegia India, 14 September,https://carnegieindia.org/2017/09/14/india-s-strategic-choiceschina-and-balance-of-power-in-asia-pub-73108 (Accessed 18 July 2022).
  • Ruacan, Ipek (2020). “Fear, Superiority, Self-Identification and Rejection: Turks’ Different Attitudes to Europe since the Late Ottoman Era”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 22, No 5, p. 684-700.
  • Safranchukl, Ivan, Interview with (26 April 2021), Mejdunarodnoe Obozreniye, Fyodor Lyukyanov. Smith, Jeff (2020). “Strategic Autonomy and U.S.-Indian Relations”, War on the Rocks, 6 November, https://warontherocks.com/2020/11/strategic-autonomy-and-u-s-indian-relations/ (Accessed 18July 2022).
  • Starodubtsev, Ivan (2021). “Bolshaya strategiya Turtsii”, Institut Blijnego Vostoka, 26 April, http:// www.iimes.ru/?p=76852 (Accessed 20 July 2022).
  • Talukdar, Sreemoy (2018). “Vladimir Putin in India: As Russian President Arrives with S-400 Deal, New Delhi’s Strategic Autonomy Gets More Skin in Game’’, First Post, 5 October, https://www. firstpost.com/india/vladimir-putin-in-india-new-delhi-ready-to-get-more-skin-in-game-showstrategic-autonomy-not-just-moral-principle-5317641.html (Accessed 27 July 2020).
  • Taş, Hakkı (2022). “Erdoğan and the Muslim Brotherhood: An Outside-in Approach to Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 23, No 5, p. 1-21.
  • “Türk -Libya İş Adamları Derneği Başkanı Murtaza Karanfil, Libya’da On Milyarlarca Dolarlık Yatırım Potansiyeli Türkleri Bekliyor” (8 April 2022).Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ libyada-on-milyarlarca-dolarlik-yatirim-potansiyeli-turkleri-bekliyor/2202472 (Accessed 05 November 2022)
  • Ülger, İrfan Kaya (2020). “Türkiye - AB İlişkilerinde Temel Anlaşmazlık Konuları”, 10 March, https:// www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/turkiye-ab-iliskilerinde-temel-anlasmazlik-konulari-/1760573 (Accessed 15 July 2022).
  • Walker, Joshua (2006). “Turkey and Israel’s Relationship in the Middle East”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Vol. 17, No 4, p. 60-90. Wendt, Alexander (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Yavuz, M. Hakan (2022). “The Motives Behind the AKP’s Foreign Policy: Neo- Ottomanism and Strategic Autonomy”, Turkish Studies, p. 1-26. Yeşiltaş, Murat and Ferhat Pirinççi (2021). Türkiye’nin Savunma Politikaları. Ankara, SETA Yayınları.
  • Yörük, Zafer and Pantelis Vatikiotis (2013). “Soft Power or Illusion of Hegemony: The Case of the Turkish Soap Opera ‘Colonialism’”, International Journal of Communication, Vol. 7, p. 2361- 2385.
  • Yuranets, Anna (2020). “Turetskoye vliyaniye rastet»: kak izmenilsya rasklad sil v Zakavkazʹye” Gazete Rus, 14 December, https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2020/12/14_a_13399123.shtml (Accessed 29 July 2022).
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects European and Region Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Orhan Gafarlı 0000-0002-8890-2038

Julia Roknıfard This is me 0000-0002-2263-3955

Early Pub Date September 13, 2023
Publication Date October 17, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 20 Issue: 79 - Guest Editor: Dimitar BECHEV | Russia and Turkey in a Changing Global Order

Cite

APA Gafarlı, O., & Roknıfard, J. (2023). Relations with Russia in The Context of Turkey’s Policy in Constructing its ‘Strategic Autonomy’. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 20(79), 33-50. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1358280
AMA Gafarlı O, Roknıfard J. Relations with Russia in The Context of Turkey’s Policy in Constructing its ‘Strategic Autonomy’. uidergisi. October 2023;20(79):33-50. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1358280
Chicago Gafarlı, Orhan, and Julia Roknıfard. “Relations With Russia in The Context of Turkey’s Policy in Constructing Its ‘Strategic Autonomy’”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 20, no. 79 (October 2023): 33-50. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1358280.
EndNote Gafarlı O, Roknıfard J (October 1, 2023) Relations with Russia in The Context of Turkey’s Policy in Constructing its ‘Strategic Autonomy’. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 20 79 33–50.
IEEE O. Gafarlı and J. Roknıfard, “Relations with Russia in The Context of Turkey’s Policy in Constructing its ‘Strategic Autonomy’”, uidergisi, vol. 20, no. 79, pp. 33–50, 2023, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1358280.
ISNAD Gafarlı, Orhan - Roknıfard, Julia. “Relations With Russia in The Context of Turkey’s Policy in Constructing Its ‘Strategic Autonomy’”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 20/79 (October 2023), 33-50. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1358280.
JAMA Gafarlı O, Roknıfard J. Relations with Russia in The Context of Turkey’s Policy in Constructing its ‘Strategic Autonomy’. uidergisi. 2023;20:33–50.
MLA Gafarlı, Orhan and Julia Roknıfard. “Relations With Russia in The Context of Turkey’s Policy in Constructing Its ‘Strategic Autonomy’”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 20, no. 79, 2023, pp. 33-50, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1358280.
Vancouver Gafarlı O, Roknıfard J. Relations with Russia in The Context of Turkey’s Policy in Constructing its ‘Strategic Autonomy’. uidergisi. 2023;20(79):33-50.