EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN COGNITIVE EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGIES AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Öz

Emotion regulation and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (rumination, catastrophizing, positive reappraisal, positive refocusing, self-blame, other-blame, acceptance, putting into perspective, refocus on planning) have been linked to depressive symptoms, according to the literature. Furthermore, many studies have looked specifically at emotion regulation difficulties experienced during adolescence as a risk factor for depressive symptoms. On the other hand, no study has been found that systematically evaluates the findings of these studies. In this direction, the purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the methods and findings of studies investigating the relationship between emotion regulation and depressive symptoms in adolescents. For this purpose, without any limitation in terms of years covered, a literature review was conducted between April-May 2021 using the keywords “Emotion regulation and adolescent and depressive symptoms”, “ Cognitive emotion regulation and depressive symptoms”, “Emotion regulation and adolescent” in PubMed, Springer Link, Sciencedirect, Wiley Online Library, YÖK Tez, and ULAKBİM databases. According to the findings of the studies reviewed, adolescents who had difficulty regulating their emotions reported more depressive symptoms. Furthermore, a meaningful relationship was discovered between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms. In general, it was stated in the findings that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies such as rumination, catastrophizing and self-blame were positively associated with depressive symptoms, while adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies such as positive reappraisal and positive refocusing were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. It has been attempted to contribute to explaining the relationship between emotion regulation and depressive symptoms in adolescents, as well as the effects of emotion regulation in the treatment and prevention of depression in adolescence.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Emotion regulation
• depressive symptoms
• adolescent
• systematic review

ERGENLERDE DUYGU DÜZENLEME İLE DEPRESİF BELİRTİLER ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLERİN İNCELENMESİ: SİSTEMATİK BİR GÖZDEN GEÇİRME

Öz

Alanyazında duygu düzenleme ve kullanılan bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejilerinin (kendini suçlama, başkalarını suçlama, ruminasyon, felaketleştirme, kabul etme, planlamaya yeniden odaklanma, olumlu yeniden odaklanma, olumlu yeniden değerlendirme, perspektife koyma) depresif belirtiler ile ilişkili olduğu raporlanmıştır. Ayrıca pek çok çalışma daha spesifik olarak ergenlik döneminde deneyimlenen duygu düzenleme güçlüklerini depresif belirtiler için bir risk faktörü olarak değerlendirmiştir. Öte yandan söz konusu çalışmaların bulgularını sistematik bir biçimde bir arada değerlendiren bir çalışmanın bulunmadığı görülmüştür. Bu doğrultuda şimdiki çalışmada ergenlerde duygu düzenleme ve depresif belirtiler arasındaki ilişkileri inceleyen araştırmaların yöntemleri ve bulguları gözden geçirilerek sistematik olarak derlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla kapsadığı yıllar açısından herhangi bir sınırlama yapılmaksızın, PubMed, Springer Link, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, YÖK Tez ve ULAKBİM veri tabanlarında “Cognitive emotion regulation and adolescent and depressive symptoms”, “Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms”, “Emotion regulation and adolescent” anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak Nisan-Mayıs 2021 tarihleri arasında literatür taraması yapılmıştır. İncelenen araştırmaların bulguları, duyguları düzenlemede güçlük çeken ergenlerin, daha fazla depresif belirtiler bildirdiklerini göstermiştir. Bunun yanında, bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejileri ile depresif belirtiler arasındaki ilişkinin anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Genel olarak ruminasyon ve felaketleştirme, kendini suçlama gibi uyumsuz bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejileri depresif belirtilerle pozitif yönde ilişkili iken; olumlu yeniden değerlendirme, olumlu yeniden odaklanma gibi uyumlu bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejileri ise depresif belirtilerle negatif olarak ilişkili olduğu bulgularda belirtilmiştir. Ergenlerde duygu düzenleme ve depresif belirtiler arasındaki ilişkileri açıklamaya katkı sağlamaya çalışılmış ve ergenlikte depresyonun tedavisi ve önlenmesinde duygu düzenlemenin etkileri tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• duygu düzenleme
• depresif belirtiler
• ergen
• sistematik derleme

Kaynakça

1. Abela, J. R. Z.ve Benjamin L. Hankin. (2008). Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. In Guilford Press. New York: Guilford Press.
2. Akça, S. Ö., Selen, F., Demir, E.ve Demir, T. (2018). Cinsiyet ve yaş farkllklarnn ergenlerin depresyon, anksiyete bozukluğu, kendine zarar verme, psikoz, travma sonras stres bozukluğu, alkol-uyuşturucu bağmllğ ve dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu ile ilişkili sorunlara etkisi. Dicle Tp Dergisi, 45(3), 255–264.
3. Alba, J., Calvete, E., Wante, L., Van Beveren, M. L.ve Braet, C. (2018). Early Maladaptive Schemas as Moderators of the Association between Bullying Victimization and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-017-9874-5
4. Aldao, A.ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(10), 974–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.002
5. Alexa C. Curtis. (2015). Defining the adolescent. Journal of Adolescent and Family Health. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2013) Ruhsal bozuklukların tanımsal ve sayımsal el kitabı (DSM-5). (E. Köroğlu, Çev.) Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
6. Annagür, B. B.ve Savaş, H. A. (2011). Depresyonda ekhastalık, ekhastalık olarak depresyon: Türkiye’de yapılmış çalışmaların gözden geçirilmesi. Journal Of Mood Disorders, 1(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.5455/JMOOD.20110618110559
7. Barrio, V. del, Capilla, M. L. R., Olmedo, M.ve Colodrón, F. (2002). First adaptation of the CDI-S for Spanish population. Acción Psicológica, 1(3), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.5944/AP.1.3.558
8. BE, C., J, C.-S.ve SS, J. (2004). Temperament, stress reactivity, and coping:implications for depression in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 33(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_3

9. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A.ve Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) (Vol. 10). Pearson.
10. Berman, M. G., Peltier, S., Nee, D. E., Kross, E., Deldin, P. J.ve Jonides, J. (2011). Depression, rumination and the default network. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsq080
11. Betts, J., Gullone, E.ve Sabura Allen, J. (2009). An examination of emotion regulation, temperament, and parenting style as potential predictors of adolescent depression risk status: A correlational study. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1348/026151008X314900
12. Cole, P. M. (2016). Emotion and the Development of Psychopathology. In Developmental Psychopathology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy107
13. Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K.ve Teti, L. O. (1994). The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: A Clinical Perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2/3), 73. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166139
14. Cracco, E., Durme, K. Vanve Braet, C. (2015). Validation of the FEEL-KJ: An Instrument to Measure Emotion Regulation Strategies in Children and Adolescents. PLoS ONE, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0137080
15. D’Acremont, M.ve Van der Linden, M. (2007). How is impulsivity related to depression in adolescence? Evidence from a French validation of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Adolescence, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.02.007
16. Davison, G. C., Neale, J. M.ve Kring, A. M. (2001). Abnormal psychology. John Wiley New York.
17. De Lissnyder, E., Koster, E. H. W., Goubert, L., Onraedt, T., Vanderhasselt, M. A.ve De Raedt, R. (2012). Cognitive control moderates the association between stress and rumination. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(1), 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.07.004
18. Derogatis, L. R.ve Cleary, P. A. (1977). Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: A study in construct validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 981–989.
19. Dryman, M. T.ve Heimberg, R. G. (2018). Emotion regulation in social anxiety and depression: a systematic review of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. Clinical Psychology Review, Vol. 65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.07.004
20. Duarte, A. C., Matos, A. P.ve Marques, C. (2015). Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Depressive Symptoms: Gender’s Moderating Effect. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.632
21. DUMAN, N., YILMAZ, S. A., UMUNÇ, Ş. ve İMRE, Y. (2019). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Duygudurum Düzenleme ve Öfke. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi (IBAD), 4(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.21733/IBAD.505283
22. EMİROĞLU, M., MURAT, M.ve BİNDAK, R. (2011). LİSE SON SINIF ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN DEPRESYON DÜZEYLERİNİ YORDAYAN SOSYO-DEMOGRAFİK DEĞİŞKENLERİN BELİRLENMESİ. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(38), 262–274.
23. Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V.ve Spinhoven, P. (2001a). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6
24. Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V.ve Spinhoven, P. (2001b). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8), 1311–1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6
25. Garnefski, Nadia, Boon, S.ve Kraaij, V. (2003). Relationships between Cognitive Strategies of Adolescents and Depressive Symptomatology Across Different Types of Life Event. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32(6). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025994200559
26. Garnefski, Nadiave Kraaij, V. (2006a). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire – development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1045–1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2006.04.010
27. Garnefski, Nadiave Kraaij, V. (2006b). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.009
28. Garnefski, Nadiave Kraaij, V. (2007). The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire: Psychometric features and prospective relationships with depression and anxiety in adults. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(3). https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141
29. Garnefski, Nadiave Kraaij, V. (2018). Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 32(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1232698
30. Garnefski, Nadia, Kraaij, V.ve van Etten, M. (2005). Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and Internalizing and Externalizing psychopathology. Journal of Adolescence, 28(5), 619–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.12.009
31. Garnefski, Nadia, Legerstee, J., Kraaij, V., Van Den Kommer, T.ve Teerds, J. (2002). Cognitive coping strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A comparison between adolescents and adults. Journal of Adolescence, 25(6). https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2002.0507
32. Garnefski, Nadia, Rieffe, C., Jellesma, F., Terwogt, M. M.ve Kraaij, V. (2007). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional problems in 9-11-year-old children: The development of an instrument. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-006-0562-3
33. Garnefski, Nadia, Teerds, J., Kraaij, V., Legerstee, J.ve van den Kommer, T. (2004). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: Differences between males and females. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00083-7
34. Garnefski, Nadia, Van Kommer, T. Den, Kraaij, V., Teerds, J., Legerstee, J.ve Onstein, E. (2002). The Relationship between Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Emotional Problems: Comparison between a Clinical and a Non-Clinical Sample. European Journal of Personality, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/per.458
35. Geçkil, E.ve Dündar, Ö. (2011). Turkish adolescent health risk behaviors and self-esteem. Social Behavior and Personality, 39(2), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.2224/SBP.2011.39.2.219
36. Gonçalves, S. F., Chaplin, T. M., Turpyn, C. C., Niehaus, C. E., Curby, T. W., Sinha, R.ve Ansell, E. B. (2019). Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Predict Depressive Symptom Trajectory from Early to Middle Adolescence. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 50(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00867-8
37. Gratz, K. L.ve Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2004 26:1, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
38. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, Vol. 2. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
39. Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00152
40. Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, Vol. 39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577201393198
41. Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward. Emotion, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032135
42. Gross, J. J.ve Thompson, R. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Eds.) Handbook of Emotion Regulation. Joormann, J.ve Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903407948
43. Kraaij, V., Garnefski, N., De Wilde, E. J., Dijkstra, A., Gebhardt, W., Maes, S.ve Ter Doest, L. (2003). Negative Life Events and Depressive Symptoms in Late Adolescence: Bonding and Cognitive Coping as Vulnerability Factors? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022543419747
44. Kullik, A.ve Petermann, F. (2013). Attachment to parents and peers as a risk factor for adolescent depressive disorders: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 44(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0347-5
45. Larson, R., Csikszentmihalyi, M.ve Graef, R. (1980). Mood variability and the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02089885
46. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press on Demand.
47. Lee, F. S., Heimer, H., Giedd, J. N., Lein, E. S., estan, N., Weinberger, D. R.ve Casey, B. J. (2014). Adolescent mental health--Opportunity and obligation. Science, 346(6209). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260497
48. M, K. (1985). The Children’s Depression, Inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21(4), 995–998. Retrieved from http://europepmc.org/article/MED/4089116
49. Marganska, A., Gallagher, M.ve Miranda, R. (2013). Adult Attachment, Emotion Dysregulation, and Symptoms of Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/ajop.12001
50. Martin, R. C.ve Dahlen, E. R. (2005). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress, and anger. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(7), 1249–1260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.004
51. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J.ve Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. BMJ (Online), Vol. 339. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2535
52. Nair, M. K. C., Paul, M. K.ve John, R. (2004). Prevalence of depression among adolescents. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2004 71:6, 71(6), 523–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02724294
53. Öngen, D. E. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression and submissive behavior: Gender and grade level differences in Turkish adolescents. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.358
54. Özkul, B.ve Partlak Günüşen, N. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinde depresif belirti yaygınlığının ve etkileyen etkenlerin incelenmesi: Epidemiyolojik bir araştırma. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 21(2), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.54064
55. Paus, T., Keshavan, M.ve Giedd, J. N. (2008). Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2513
56. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401.
57. Rey Peña, L.ve Extremera Pacheco, N. (2012). Physical-Verbal Aggression and Depression in Adolescents: The Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies. Universitas Psychologica, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy11-4.pada
58. Reynolds, W. M. (2010). Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.CORPSY0798
59. Reynolds, W. M.ve Mazza, J. J. (1998). Reliability and Validity of the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale with Young Adolescents. Journal of School Psychology, 36(3), 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4405(98)00010-7
60. Ruscio, J.ve Ruscio, A. M. (2000). Informing the continuity controversy: a taxometric analysis of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 473.
61. Sai, L., Luo, S., Ward, A.ve Sang, B. (2016). Development of the tendency to use emotion regulation strategies and their relation to depressive symptoms in chinese adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(AUG). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01222
62. Salk, R. H., Petersen, J. L., Abramson, L. Y.ve Hyde, J. S. (2016). The contemporary face of gender differences and similarities in depression throughout adolescence: Development and chronicity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.071
63. Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., ve Patton, G. C. (2018). The age of adolescence. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(3), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1
64. Schäfer, J. Ö., Naumann, E., Holmes, E. A., Tuschen-Caffier, B.ve Samson, A. C. (2017). Emotion Regulation Strategies in Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0585-0
65. Siener, S.ve Kerns, K. A. (2012). Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms in preadolescence. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 43(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-0274-x
66. Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L.ve Morris, A. S. (2003). Adolescents’ Emotion Regulation in Daily Life: Links to Depressive Symptoms and Problem Behavior. Child Development, 74(6). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00643.x
67. Southam-Gerow, M. A.ve Kendall, P. C. (2002). Emotion regulation and understanding: implications for child psychopathology and therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(2), 189–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00087-3
68. Spear, L. P. (2000). The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00014-2
69. Stikkelbroek, Y., Bodden, D. H. M., Kleinjan, M., Reijnders, M.ve Van Baar, A. L. (2016). Adolescent depression and negative life events, the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation. PLoS ONE, 11(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161062
70. Suri, G., Sheppes, G.ve Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion Regulation and Cognition. In Handbook Of Cognitif and Emotion.
71. Thapar, A., Collishaw, S., Pine, D. S.ve Thapar, A. K. (2012). Depression in adolescence. The Lancet, Vol. 379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60871-4
72. Thompson, R. A. (1991). Emotional regulation and emotional development. Educational Psychology Review, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01319934
73. Tortella-Feliu, M., Balle, M.ve Sesé Albert, A. (2010). Relationships between negative affectivity, emotion regulation, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in adolescents as examined through structural equation modeling. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.012
74. Van Den Heuvel, M. W. H., Stikkelbroek, Y. A. J., Bodden, D. H. M.ve Van Baar, A. L. (2020). Coping with stressful life events: Cognitive emotion regulation profiles and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000920
75. Web1:Adolescence: a period needing special attention - recognizing-adolescence. (n.d.) https://apps.who.int/adolescent/second-decade/section2/page1/recognizing-adolescence.html Erişim Tarihi: 21.06.2021
76. Werner, K.ve Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A conceptual framework. Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology.
77. Wolgast, M., Lundh, L. G.ve Viborg, G. (2011). Cognitive reappraisal and acceptance: An experimental comparison of two emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.011
78. Yap, M. B. H., Allen, N. B.ve Sheeber, L. (2007). Using an emotion regulation framework to understand the role of temperament and family processes in risk for adolescent depressive disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-006-0014-0
79. Yılmaz, L, Yazar, R. ve Tolan, O. (2021). Prediction of Social Anxiety in Adolescence in the Context of Parental Attitudes and Emotion Regulation. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 13, (4), 1198-1217.
80. Young, K. S., Sandman, C. F.ve Craske, M. G. (2019). Positive and negative emotion regulation in adolescence: links to anxiety and depression. Brain Sciences, Vol. 9.https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9040076
81. Zeman, J., Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C.ve Stegall, S. (2006). Emotion regulation in children and adolescents. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Vol. 27. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200604000-00014
82. Zhao, Y.ve Zhao, G. (2015). Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms: Examining the mediation effects of school connectedness in Chinese late adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.12.009