TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM AND WORLD POLITICS

Year 2015, Issue: 15, 313 - 326, 20.06.2015

Engin Erdem

https://doi.org/10.18092/ijeas.90257

Abstract

Transnational activism has become increasingly salient dynamics of world politics in several issue areas including human rights, environment, development, women‟s rights, and peace. The article first assesses how major International Relations theories look at them. While realist theories do not take them seriously, constructivism and sociological institutionalism underline the fact that transnational actors can matter in world politics. An important component of this study is that it assesses when, how, and under what conditions transnational actors can matter in international relations. Finally, the study examines areas in which transnational actors pose challenges for state-centric Westphalian international system while suggesting that they also suffer from notable limitations. In the end, the article calls for the existence of opportunities for further research

Keywords

Transnational Activism, International Relations Theories, Norms, Transnational Social

ULUSAŞIRI EYLEMCİLİK VE KÜRESEL SİYASET

Abstract

Ulusaşırı eylemcilik son dönem dünya siyasetinin birçok alanında (insan hakları, çevre, kadın hakları,
kalkınma ve barış vb.) giderek ivme kazanan bir dinamik haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma öncelikle belli
başlı uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinin ulusaşırı eylemciliğe nasıl baktığını değerlendirmektedir. Realist
teoriler bu aktörlerin etkinliği konusuna şüphe ile yaklaşırken inşacı ve sosyolojik kurumsalcı yaklaşımlar
ulusaşırı aktörlerin dünya siyasetinde etkin bir rol alabileceklerine destek vermektedirler. Makalenin
önemli kısmını ulusaşırı aktörlerin ne zaman, nasıl ve hangi koşullarda uluslararası ilişkilerin kayda değer
bir unsuru olabileceklerine dair olan tartışma oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma, ulusaşırı aktörlerin devlet merkezli Vestfalyan uluslararası sisteme meydan okuduklarını belirtirken bu aktörlerin aynı zamanda önemli
eksiklikler içerdiğini iddia etmektedir. Nihai olarak çalışma, ulusaşırı eylemcilik/aktör konusunun uluslararası ilişkiler araştırmacıları için önemli fırsatlar sunduğunu savunmaktadır.

Keywords

Ulusaşırı Eylemcilik, Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, Normlar, Ulusaşırı Sosyal Ha

References

• CARR, E.H. (1939), The Twentieth Century Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• COLEMAN, William (2001), “Policy Networks, Non-State Actors and Internationalized Policy-Making: A Case Study of Agricultural Trade” in Josselin, Daphne and William Wallace (Eds) Non-State Actors in World Politics, New York: Palgrave, pp: 93-112.
• DELLA PORTA & TARROW (2005), “Transnational Processes and Social Activism” in Della Porta, Donatella and Sidney Tarrow (Eds) Transnational Protest and Global Activism, Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., pp: 1-20.
• DRYZEK, John S. (2012), “Global Civil Society: The Progress of Post-Westphalian Politics”, Annual Review of Political Science 15, 101-19.
• FINNEMORE, Martha (1996), National Interests in International Society, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• HALLIDAY, Fred (2001), “The Romance of Non-State Actors” in Josselin, Daphne and William Wallace (Eds) Non-State Actors in World Politics, New York: Palgrave, pp.21-37.
• HAWKINS, Darren (2002), “Human Rights Norms and Networks in Authoritarian Chile” in Khagram, Sanjeev et al. (Eds) Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms, Minnepolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 47-70.
• JOSSELIN, Daphna & William WALLACE (2001), “Non-State Actors in World Politics: A Framework” in Josselin, Daphne and William Wallace (Eds) Non-State Actors in World Politics, New York: Palgrave, pp: 1-20.
• KATZENSTEIN, Peter et al (eds.) (1996), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, NY: Columbia University Press.
• KECK, Margaret E. and Kathryn SIKKINK (1998), Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• KEOHANE, Robert and Joseph NYE (1971), Transnational Relations and World Politics, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• KEOHANE, Robert and Joseph NYE (1977), Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, Boston: Little and Brown.
• KHAGRAM, Sanjeev (2002), “Restructuring Global Politics of Development: The Case of India’s Narmada Valley Dams” in Khagram, Sanjeev et al. (Eds) Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms, Minnepolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp: 206-230.
• KHAGRAM, Sanjeev, James V. RIKER and Kathryn SIKKINK (2002), “From Santiago to Seattle: Transnational Advocacy Networks Restructuring World Politics” in Khagram, Sanjeev et al. (Eds) Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms, Minnepolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp: 3-23.
• KLOTZ, Audie (1995), “Norms Reconstituting Interests: Global Racial Equality and U.S. Sanctions against South Africa”, International Organization, 49 (3), 451-78.
• KLOTZ, Audie (1999), Norms in International Relations: The Struggle Against Apartheid, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• KLOTZ, Audie (2002), “Transnational Activism and Global Transformations: The Anti-Apartheid and Abolitionist Experiences”, European Journal of International Relations, 8 (1), 49-76.
• MOGHADAM, Valentine M. (2009), Globalization and Social Movements: Islamism, Feminism, and the Global Justice Movement. Maryland: Rowman and Littelefield Publishers.
• MORGENTHAU, Hans (1950), Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and. Peace, Knopf. New York.
• RISSE, Thomas (2002), “Transnational Actors and World Politics” in Walter Carlsnaes et al (eds) Handbook of International Relations, London: Sage Publications, pp.255-274.
• RISSE-KAPPEN, Thomas (1995), “Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Introduction” in T.Risse-Kappen (ed.), Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-33.
• ROBINSON, William (1996), Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• RUGGIE, John G. (1998), “What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-Utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge”, International Organization, 52(4), 855-885.
• SIKKINK, Kathryn and Jackie SMITH (2002), “Infrastructures for Change: Transnational Organizations, 1953-93” in Khagram, Sanjeev et al. (Eds) Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms, Minnepolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp: 24-44.
• SIKKINK, Kathryn (2002), “Restructuring World Politics: The Limits and Asymmetries of Soft Power” in Khagram, Sanjeev et al. (Eds) Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms, Minnepolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp: 301-317.
• SIKKINK, Kathryn (2005), “Patterns of Dynamic Multilevel Governance and the Insider-Outsider Coalition” in Della Porta, Donatella and Sidney Tarrow (Eds) Transnational Protest and Global Activism, Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., pp. 151-174.
• SMITH Jackie and Joe BANDY (2005), “Introduction: Cooperation and Conflict in Transnational Protest” in Bandy, Joe and Jackie Smith (eds) Coalitions Across Borders: Transnational Protest and the Neoliberal Order, Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., pp.1-20.
• TARROW, Sidney (1994), Power in Movement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• TARROW, Sidney (2005), The New Transnational Activism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• WALTZ Kenneth (1959), Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis, NY: Columbia University Press.
• WALTZ, Kenneth (1979), Theory of International Politics, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
• WENDT, Alexander (1992), “Anarchy is What States Make of It”, International Organization, 46 (2), 391-425.
• WENDT, Alexander (1998), Social Theory of International Politics, NY: Cambridge University Press.