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TÜRKİYE’DE KADIN İSTİHDAMI VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİ: SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK NEDENSELLİK TESTLERİ İLE SEKTÖREL BİR ANALİZ

Year 2018, Issue: 21, 135 - 150, 13.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.391777

Abstract

İstihdam artışı ülkelerin temel
makroekonomik politikaları arasında yer almaktadır. Günümüzde kadınların üretim
sürecine dahil edilmesi ve istihdam alanlarının yaratılması, bu amaca ulaşmak
için önem arz etmektedir. Türkiye için 1988-2015 dönemini kapsayan bu çalışmada
kadın istihdamı ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiler simetrik ve asimetrik
nedensellik testleri ile araştırılmıştır. Toda-Yamamoto (1995) nedensellik
testinin sonuçlarına göre kadın istihdamından toplam ve hizmetler sektöründe
yaratılan gayrisafi yurtiçi hasılaya doğru pozitif, tek yönlü ve istatistiksel
olarak anlamlı bir nedensellik ilişkisi söz konusudur. Hatemi-J (2012)
asimetrik nedensellik testinin sonuçları kadın istihdamının negatif
şoklarından, toplam ve hizmetler sektöründe yaratılan gayrisafi yurtiçi
hasılanın negatif şoklarına doğru tek yönlü bir nedenselliğin olduğunu
göstermektedir. Ayrıca, hem simetrik hem de asimetrik nedensellik testinin
sonuçlarına göre kadın istihdamıyla sanayi ve tarım sektörü arasında herhangi
bir nedensellik ilişkisi yoktur. Her iki nedensellik testinin sonucu da
birbirini destekler niteliktedir. Sonuç olarak, kadın istihdamının tarım ve
sanayi sektörü üzerinde herhangi bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır. Kadın istihdamı
ekonomik büyümeyi hizmet sektöründe yaratılan gayrisafi yurtiçi hasılaya
katkıda bulunarak desteklemektedir.

References

  • Aydın, F. F. ve Erdem, E. (2014). The Effect of women’s Employment on Competitiveness and Economic Growth: A Comparison of Turkey and the Most Competitive Countries. Erci-yes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 44, 59-71.
  • Belke, M. ve Bolat, S. (2016). The Panel Data Analysis of Female Labor Participation and Eco-nomic Development Relationship in Developed and Developing Countries. Economic Research Guardian, 6(2), 67-73.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. ve Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regres-sion Relationships over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, 37(2), 149-192.
  • Chapman, K. A. (2015). Economic Development and Female Labor Force Participation in the Middle East and North Africa: A Test of the U-Shape Hypothesis. Gettysburg Economic Review, 8(1), 5-22.
  • Çağatay, N. ve Özler, Ş. (1995). Feminization of the Labor Force: The Effects of Long-Term Deve-lopment and Structural Adjustment. World Development, 23(11), 1883-1894.
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 49(4), 1057-1072.Doğan, B. ve Akyüz, M. (2017). Female Labor Force Participation Rate and Economic Growth in the Framework of Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Turkey. Review of Economic and Bu-siness Studies, 10(1), 33-54.
  • Dücan, E. ve Polat, M. A. (2017). Kadın İstihdamının Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri için Panel Veri Analizi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(1), 155-170.
  • Dünya Bankası (2017). Dünya Bankası Kalkınma Göstergeleri, Washington, DC.
  • Efron, B. (1979). Computers and the Theory of Statistics: Thinking the Unthinkable. SIAM Re-view, 21(4), 460-480.
  • Er, Ş. (2012). Women Indicators of Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach. Economic Re-search Guardian, 2(1), 27-42.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2003). A New Method to Choose Optimal Lag Order in Stable and Unstable VAR Models. Applied Economics Letters, 10(3), 135-137.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012). Asymmetric Causality Tests with an Application. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 447-456.
  • Klasen, S. ve Lamanna, F. (2009). The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employ-ment on Economic Growth: New Evidence for a Panel of Countries. Feminist Econom-ics, 15(3), 91-132.
  • Korkmaz, M. ve Alacahan, N. D. (2013). Türkiye’de Formel Piyasaya Yönelmede Kadın İşgücü Arzı ve GSYH Etkileri: Ampirik Bir Çalışma. Turkish Studies, 8(7), 887-900.
  • Lahoti, R. ve Swaminathan, H. (2016). Economic Development and Women's Labor Force Parti-cipation in India. Feminist Economics, 22(2), 168-195.
  • Luci, A. (2009). Female Labour Market Participation and Economic Growth. International Jour-nal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 4(2-3), 97-108.
  • Löfström, A. (2009). Gender Equality, Economic Growth and Employment. Swedish Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality.
  • Mammen, K. ve Paxson, C. (2000). Women's Work and Economic Development. Journal of Eco-nomic Perspectives, 14(4), 141-164.
  • Mujahid, N. ve Zafar, N. U. (2012). Economic Growth-Female Labour Force Participation Nexus: An Empirical Evidence for Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 51(4), 565-585.
  • OECD (2017). OECD Statistics. Erişim adresi: http://stats.oecd.org/
  • Önder, N. (2013). Türkiye’de Kadın İşgücünün Görünümü. ÇSGB Calisma Dünyasi Dergisi, 1(1), 35-61.
  • Pampel, F. C. ve Tanaka, K. (1986). Economic Development and Female Labor Force Participa-tion: A Reconsideration. Social Forces, 64(3), 599-619.
  • Phillips, P. C. ve Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometri-ka, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Serel, H. ve Özdemir, B. S. (2017). Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamı ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi. Yö-netim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(3), 134-150.
  • Sevinç, H., Bozkurt, E. ve Sevinç, D. E. (2016). Ekonomik Büyümede Kadın İstihdamının Rolü? Yakınsama Temelli Kanıtlar, C. Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 57-69.
  • Tasseven, O. (2017). The Relationship between Economic Development and Female Labor Force Participation Rate: A Panel Data Analysis. In Global Financial Crisis and Its Ramificati-ons on Capital Markets (pp. 555-568). Springer, Cham
  • Toda, H. Y. ve Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possi-bly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
  • TÜİK (2016). İstatistiklerle Kadın, 2015. Erişim Adresi: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=21519.
  • Umit, A. O. ve Alkan, H. I. (2016). The Effects of Foreign Direct Investments and Economic Growth on Employment and Female Employment: A Time Series Analysis with Struc-tural Breaks for Turkey. International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences App-lied Research, 9(3), 43-49.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEMALE EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN TURKEY: A SECTORAL ANALYSIS WITH SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC CAUSALITY TESTS

Year 2018, Issue: 21, 135 - 150, 13.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.391777

Abstract

Employment growth is one of the main
macroeconomic targets of the countries. Nowadays, the inclusion of women in the
production process and the creation of employment areas are important to
achieve this goal. In this study, the relationships between female employment
and economic growth are examined by the symmetric and asymmetric causality
tests covering the period from 1988 to 2015 for Turkey. According to the
results of Toda Yamamoto (1995) symmetric causality test, there is a unidirectional
and statistically significant causality running from female employment to total
and service sector’s gross domestic product. The findings of Hatemi-J (2012)
asymmetric causality test show that a unidirectional causality is moving from
the negative shocks of female employment to the negative shocks of total and
service sector’s gross domestic product. In addition, both symmetric and
asymmetric causality test results indicate that there is no causal relationship
between female employment and industry and agriculture sectors. The result of
both causality tests supports each other. Consequently, the empirical results
show that female employment has no impact on the agriculture and industry
sectors. Female employment is supporting to economic growth through the service
sector in Turkey.

References

  • Aydın, F. F. ve Erdem, E. (2014). The Effect of women’s Employment on Competitiveness and Economic Growth: A Comparison of Turkey and the Most Competitive Countries. Erci-yes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 44, 59-71.
  • Belke, M. ve Bolat, S. (2016). The Panel Data Analysis of Female Labor Participation and Eco-nomic Development Relationship in Developed and Developing Countries. Economic Research Guardian, 6(2), 67-73.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. ve Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regres-sion Relationships over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, 37(2), 149-192.
  • Chapman, K. A. (2015). Economic Development and Female Labor Force Participation in the Middle East and North Africa: A Test of the U-Shape Hypothesis. Gettysburg Economic Review, 8(1), 5-22.
  • Çağatay, N. ve Özler, Ş. (1995). Feminization of the Labor Force: The Effects of Long-Term Deve-lopment and Structural Adjustment. World Development, 23(11), 1883-1894.
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 49(4), 1057-1072.Doğan, B. ve Akyüz, M. (2017). Female Labor Force Participation Rate and Economic Growth in the Framework of Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Turkey. Review of Economic and Bu-siness Studies, 10(1), 33-54.
  • Dücan, E. ve Polat, M. A. (2017). Kadın İstihdamının Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri için Panel Veri Analizi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(1), 155-170.
  • Dünya Bankası (2017). Dünya Bankası Kalkınma Göstergeleri, Washington, DC.
  • Efron, B. (1979). Computers and the Theory of Statistics: Thinking the Unthinkable. SIAM Re-view, 21(4), 460-480.
  • Er, Ş. (2012). Women Indicators of Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach. Economic Re-search Guardian, 2(1), 27-42.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2003). A New Method to Choose Optimal Lag Order in Stable and Unstable VAR Models. Applied Economics Letters, 10(3), 135-137.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012). Asymmetric Causality Tests with an Application. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 447-456.
  • Klasen, S. ve Lamanna, F. (2009). The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employ-ment on Economic Growth: New Evidence for a Panel of Countries. Feminist Econom-ics, 15(3), 91-132.
  • Korkmaz, M. ve Alacahan, N. D. (2013). Türkiye’de Formel Piyasaya Yönelmede Kadın İşgücü Arzı ve GSYH Etkileri: Ampirik Bir Çalışma. Turkish Studies, 8(7), 887-900.
  • Lahoti, R. ve Swaminathan, H. (2016). Economic Development and Women's Labor Force Parti-cipation in India. Feminist Economics, 22(2), 168-195.
  • Luci, A. (2009). Female Labour Market Participation and Economic Growth. International Jour-nal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 4(2-3), 97-108.
  • Löfström, A. (2009). Gender Equality, Economic Growth and Employment. Swedish Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality.
  • Mammen, K. ve Paxson, C. (2000). Women's Work and Economic Development. Journal of Eco-nomic Perspectives, 14(4), 141-164.
  • Mujahid, N. ve Zafar, N. U. (2012). Economic Growth-Female Labour Force Participation Nexus: An Empirical Evidence for Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 51(4), 565-585.
  • OECD (2017). OECD Statistics. Erişim adresi: http://stats.oecd.org/
  • Önder, N. (2013). Türkiye’de Kadın İşgücünün Görünümü. ÇSGB Calisma Dünyasi Dergisi, 1(1), 35-61.
  • Pampel, F. C. ve Tanaka, K. (1986). Economic Development and Female Labor Force Participa-tion: A Reconsideration. Social Forces, 64(3), 599-619.
  • Phillips, P. C. ve Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometri-ka, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Serel, H. ve Özdemir, B. S. (2017). Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamı ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi. Yö-netim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(3), 134-150.
  • Sevinç, H., Bozkurt, E. ve Sevinç, D. E. (2016). Ekonomik Büyümede Kadın İstihdamının Rolü? Yakınsama Temelli Kanıtlar, C. Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 57-69.
  • Tasseven, O. (2017). The Relationship between Economic Development and Female Labor Force Participation Rate: A Panel Data Analysis. In Global Financial Crisis and Its Ramificati-ons on Capital Markets (pp. 555-568). Springer, Cham
  • Toda, H. Y. ve Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possi-bly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
  • TÜİK (2016). İstatistiklerle Kadın, 2015. Erişim Adresi: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=21519.
  • Umit, A. O. ve Alkan, H. I. (2016). The Effects of Foreign Direct Investments and Economic Growth on Employment and Female Employment: A Time Series Analysis with Struc-tural Breaks for Turkey. International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences App-lied Research, 9(3), 43-49.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Uğur Korkut Pata

Publication Date June 13, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Issue: 21

Cite

APA Pata, U. K. (2018). TÜRKİYE’DE KADIN İSTİHDAMI VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİ: SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK NEDENSELLİK TESTLERİ İLE SEKTÖREL BİR ANALİZ. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi(21), 135-150. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.391777

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