KALKINMA KAVRAMININ TARİHSEL SÜRECİ VE ETİMOLOJİK ANALİZİ

Year 2020, Issue: 29, 149 - 164, 10.10.2020

Yunus Turhan

https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.719140

Cited By: 5

Abstract

Kalkınma, salt iktisadi büyümeyi temel alan meta merkezci bakış açısının ötesinde, normatif ve sosyal faktörleri de içine alan çok boyutlu bir süreçtir. Wolff (1759) ile Darwin (1859) arasında biyolojik evrim (evolution) olarak kullanılan kavram, pozitivist tarih anlayışı katkısıyla sosyal bilimlerde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. 1945 sonrası ise ABD Başkanı Harry S. Truman’ın Dördüncü Nokta Programı politikasıyla küresel bir boyut kazanmıştır. Geleneksel ve Neoklasik iktisatçıların ortaya koyduğu sürekli büyüme modeline karşı, eleştirel teorisyenlerin 1970’lerde kalkınma kavramına getirdikleri yapıcı katkılarla, insan ve refah gibi kalkınmanın nitel yönleri de kavrama entegre edilmiştir. 1980’lerde ve 1990’larda; insani kalkınma, yoksulluk, gelir eşitsizliği, özgürlük, kapasite geliştirme gibi konseptleri de içine alarak zenginleşen kalkınma, birçok noktada büyüme, gelişme, sanayileşme gibi etimolojik benzerlik gösteren terimlerden de bu süreçte ayrışmıştır. Buradan hareketle mevcut çalışma, kalkınma kavramının tarihsel bir retrospektifini inceleyerek farklı teorik yaklaşımların, kavrama içerik yönünden nasıl bir katkı sağladığı mercek altına alınmıştır. Böylece hem klasik hem de yeni kalkınma modelleri incelenerek kalkınma kavramının süreç içerisinde yaşadığı etimolojik dönüşüme dikkat çekilmiştir.

Keywords

Kalkınma, Az Gelişmişlik, Ekonomik Büyüme, İnsani Gelişme

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