Research Article
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ASSESSMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ACCORDING TO DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS

Year 2021, Issue: 31, 145 - 156, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.837747

Abstract

Entrepreneurship is considered to be one of the best resolution to unemployment and economic development problems. In order to enhance entrepreneurship in an economy; policymakers should focus on promoting university students' entrepreneurial intentions. In this context, the study examines the differences in entrepreneurship intentions of university students according to demographic variables. The data were achieved from 574 students studying at universities in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The data were analyzed with the help of the SPSS-23 program. The results show that entrepreneurship intentions of university students differ according to their demographic factors (age, job experience, family income status, and the university they study at). In the study, the findings are discussed and recommendations are made for the instructors and policymakers of university education.

Supporting Institution

Yoktur

Project Number

Yoktur

Thanks

Yoktur

References

  • Agbim, K. C., Oriarewo, G. O. and Owocho, M. (2013). Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intentions Among Graduates of Nigerian Tertiary Institutions. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(4), 36-44.
  • Ahl, H. J. (2006). Why Research on Women Entrepreneurs Needs New Directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595-621.
  • Ahmed, T., Klobas, J. E. and Ramayah, T. (2019). Personality Traits, Demographic Factors and Entrepreneurial Intentions: Improved Understanding from a Moderated Mediation Study. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 20170062.
  • Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, Personality, and Behaviour, Open University Press, Buckingham.
  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
  • Ajzen, I. and Sheikh, S. (2013). Action Versus Inaction: Anticipated Affect in the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(1). 155-162. Atilla Oner, M. and Kunday, O. (2016). A study on Schumpeterian and Kirznerian Entrepreneurship in Turkey: 2006–2013. Technology Forecast Social Change, 102, 62-71.
  • Aykol, S. and Gurbuz, G. (2008). Entrepreneurial Intentions of Young Educated Public in Turkey. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 4, 47-55.
  • Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C. and Fiet, J. O. (2014). The Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta-Analytic Review. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 38, 217–254.
  • Brieger, S. A., Bäro, A., Criaco, G. and Terjesen, S. A. (2020). Entrepreneurs’ Age, Institutions, And Social Value Creation Goals: A Multi-Country Study. Small Business Economics, 1-29.
  • De Clercq, D., Honig, B. and Martin, B. (2013). The Roles of Learning Orientation and Passion for Work in the Formation of Entrepreneurial Intention. International Small Business Journal 316(6), 652–676.
  • Douglas, E. J. and Shepherd, D. A. (2002). Self-employment as a Career Choice: Attitudes, Entrepreneurial Intentions, and Utility Maximization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 81-90.
  • Duong, C., Nguyen, H., Ngo, T., Nguyen, V. and Nguyen, T. (2020). The Impact of Individual and Environmental Characteristics on Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention. Management Science Letters, 10(3), 599-608.
  • Entrialgo, M. and Iglesias, V. (2016). The Moderating Role of Entrepreneurship Education on the Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intention, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(4), 1209–1232.
  • Eryılmaz, D. Ö. İ. and Dirik, A. G. D. (2016). Girişimcilik Niyeti Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Örneği. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Örneği. Gençlerle 360 Derece 3. Uluslararası Öğrenci Kongresi, 5-6.
  • Fernández-Pérez, V., Montes-Merino, A., Rodríguez-Ariza, L. and Galicia, P. E. A. (2019). Emotional Competencies and Cognitive Antecedents in Shaping Student’s Entrepreneurial Intention: The Moderating Role of Entrepreneurship Education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(1), 281-305.
  • Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and Changing Behavior the Reasoned Action Approach. New York: Taylor & Francis
  • Fragoso, R., Rocha-Junior, W. and Xavier, A. (2020). Determinant Factors of Entrepreneurial Intention among University Students in Brazil and Portugal, Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(1), 33-57.
  • Fung, H. H., Lai, P. and Ng, R. (2001). Age Differences in Social Preferences among Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese: The Role of Perceived Time, Psychology and Aging, 16(2), 351-356.
  • Goel, R. K., Göktepe-Hultén, D. and Ram, R. (2015). Academics’ Entrepreneurship Propensities and Gender Differences, The Journal of Technology Transfer, 40(1), 161-177.
  • Guerrero, M., Urbano, D., Ramos, A., Ruiz-Navarro, J., Neira, I. and Fernández-Laviada, A. (2016). Perfil Emprendedor del Estudiante Universitario. Retrieved from http://www.cise.es/gem/Informe- Observatorio-Emprendimiento-Universitario.pdf
  • Gupta, V. K., Turban, D., Wasti, S. A. and Sikdar, A. (2009). The Role of Gender Stereotypes in Perceptions of Entrepreneurs and Intentions to Become an Entrepreneur”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), 397-417.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. and Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 207-219). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Ismail M., Khalid S. A., Othman M., Jusoff H. K., Rahman N. A., Kassim K. M. and Zain R.S. (2009). Entrepreneurial Intentions among Malaysian Students, International Journal of Business and Management, 4(10), 54-60.
  • Israr, M. and Saleem, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial Intentions among University Students in Italy. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 8(1), 20.
  • Iversen, J., Malchow-Møller, N. and Sørensen, A. (2016). Success in Entrepreneurship: A Complementarity between Schooling and Wage-Work Experience. Small Business Economics, 47(2), 437-460.
  • Kadiyono, A., Sulistiobudi, R. and Zulhijah, A. (2019). Why College Students Have Big Motivation to Start Their Own Business, but Not Continuing The Business After Graduate?. In 5th Bandung Creative Movement International Conference on Creative Industries 2018 (5th BCM 2018). Atlantis Press.
  • Karimi, S., Biemans, H. J., Lans, T., Chizari, M. and Mulder, M. (2014). Effects of Role Models and Gender on Students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions. European Journal of Training and Development. 38 (8), 694-727.
  • Kelley, D. J., Baumer, B. S., Brush, C., Greene, P. G., Mahdavi, M., Majbouri Marcia Cole, M., et al. (2016).Women’s entrepreneurship 2016/2017 report. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 1–91.
  • Kolvereid, L. (1996). Organizational Employment Versus Self-Employment: Reasons for Career Choice Intentions, Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 20(3), 23-31.
  • Kristiansen, S. and Indarti, N., (2004), Entrepreneurial Intentions among Indonesian and Norwegian Students, Journal of Enterprising Culture, 12(1), 55- 78.
  • Langowitz, N. and Minniti, M. (2007). The Entrepreneurial Propensity of Women, Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 31(3), 341-364.
  • Lévesque, M. and Minniti, M. (2006). The Effect of Aging on Entrepreneurial Behaviour. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(2), 177-194.
  • Li, J., Wu, S. and Wu, L. (2008). The Impact Oof Higher Education on Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students in China. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(4), 752-774.
  • Liñán, F. and Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross–Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617.
  • McManus, P. A. (2001). Women’s Participation in Self-Employment in Western Industrialized Nations, International Journal of Sociology, 31(2), 70-97.
  • Miranda, F. Javier, A. C, Sergio R. and Jesús P. M. (2017).Academic Entrepreneurial Intention: The Role of Gender. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(11), 66-86.
  • Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U. and Zarafshani, K. (2012). A Cross-Cultural Approach to Understanding Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Career Development, 39(2), 162-185.
  • Ottih, L. O. (2014). Entrepreneurship: Personality, Process and Enterprise. Port Harcourt: Pearl.
  • Plant, R. and Ren, J. (2010). Comparative Study of Motivation and Entrepreneurial Intentionality: Chinese and American Perspectives, Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, 15(2), 187-204.
  • Poutziouris, P. (2003), The Strategic Orientation of Owner/Managers of Small Ventures, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 9(5), 185-214.
  • Rauch, A. and Hulsink, W. (2015). Putting Entrepreneurship Education where the Intention to Act Lies: An Investigation into the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Behavior. The Academy of Management Learning and Education, 14(2), 187-204.
  • Reynolds, P. D., Hay, M., Bygrave, W. D., Camp, S. M. and Aution, E. (2000) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2000 Executive Report, A Research Report from Babson College, Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership, and London Business School.
  • Sadler-Smith, E., Hampson, Y. Chaston, I. and Badger, B. (2003). Managerial Behavior, Entrepreneurial Style and Small Firm Performance, Journal of Small Business Management, 41(1), 47-67.
  • Samuel, Y. A., Ernest, K. and Awuah, J. B. (2013). An assessment of Entrepreneurship Intention Among Sunyani Polytechnic Marketing Students. International Review of Management and Marketing, 3(1), 37.
  • Sayli, H., Baytok, A. and Soybali, H. H. (2010). The Effects of Employees' Demographic Characteristics on the Perception of Organizational Culture: A Study in Service Enterprise. In 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, 198-204.
  • Schjoedt, L. and Shaver, K. G. (2007). Deciding on an Entrepreneurial Career: A Test of the Pull and Push Hypotheses Using the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics Data. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(5), 733–752.
  • Sinha, T. N. (1996). Human Factors in Entrepreneurship Effectiveness, Journal of Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 23-39.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. and Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (Vol. 5). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Thébaud, S. (2010). Gender and Entrepreneurship as a Career Choice, Social Psychology Quarterly, 73(3), 288-297.
  • Turhan, N. S. (2020). Analysis on Entrepreneurial Intentions and Motivation and Learning Strategies of University Students. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 5(2), 159-164.
  • Van Auken, H., Stephens, P., Fry, F. and Silva, J. (2006). Role Model Influences on Entrepreneurial Intentions: A comparison between USA and Mexico”, The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2(3), 325- 336.
  • Van der Sluijs, J., van Praag, M. and Vijverberg, W. (2008). Education and Entrepreneurship Selection: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(5), 795-841.
  • Wang, C. K. and Wong, P. (2004). Entrepreneurial Interest of University Students in Singapore. Technovation, 24, 163-172.
  • Zain, Z. M., Akram, A. M. and Ghani, E. K. (2010). Entrepreneurial Intention among Malaysian Business Students. Canadian Social Science, 6(3), 34-44.
Year 2021, Issue: 31, 145 - 156, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.837747

Abstract

Project Number

Yoktur

References

  • Agbim, K. C., Oriarewo, G. O. and Owocho, M. (2013). Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intentions Among Graduates of Nigerian Tertiary Institutions. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(4), 36-44.
  • Ahl, H. J. (2006). Why Research on Women Entrepreneurs Needs New Directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595-621.
  • Ahmed, T., Klobas, J. E. and Ramayah, T. (2019). Personality Traits, Demographic Factors and Entrepreneurial Intentions: Improved Understanding from a Moderated Mediation Study. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 20170062.
  • Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, Personality, and Behaviour, Open University Press, Buckingham.
  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
  • Ajzen, I. and Sheikh, S. (2013). Action Versus Inaction: Anticipated Affect in the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(1). 155-162. Atilla Oner, M. and Kunday, O. (2016). A study on Schumpeterian and Kirznerian Entrepreneurship in Turkey: 2006–2013. Technology Forecast Social Change, 102, 62-71.
  • Aykol, S. and Gurbuz, G. (2008). Entrepreneurial Intentions of Young Educated Public in Turkey. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 4, 47-55.
  • Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C. and Fiet, J. O. (2014). The Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta-Analytic Review. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 38, 217–254.
  • Brieger, S. A., Bäro, A., Criaco, G. and Terjesen, S. A. (2020). Entrepreneurs’ Age, Institutions, And Social Value Creation Goals: A Multi-Country Study. Small Business Economics, 1-29.
  • De Clercq, D., Honig, B. and Martin, B. (2013). The Roles of Learning Orientation and Passion for Work in the Formation of Entrepreneurial Intention. International Small Business Journal 316(6), 652–676.
  • Douglas, E. J. and Shepherd, D. A. (2002). Self-employment as a Career Choice: Attitudes, Entrepreneurial Intentions, and Utility Maximization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 81-90.
  • Duong, C., Nguyen, H., Ngo, T., Nguyen, V. and Nguyen, T. (2020). The Impact of Individual and Environmental Characteristics on Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention. Management Science Letters, 10(3), 599-608.
  • Entrialgo, M. and Iglesias, V. (2016). The Moderating Role of Entrepreneurship Education on the Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intention, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(4), 1209–1232.
  • Eryılmaz, D. Ö. İ. and Dirik, A. G. D. (2016). Girişimcilik Niyeti Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Örneği. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Örneği. Gençlerle 360 Derece 3. Uluslararası Öğrenci Kongresi, 5-6.
  • Fernández-Pérez, V., Montes-Merino, A., Rodríguez-Ariza, L. and Galicia, P. E. A. (2019). Emotional Competencies and Cognitive Antecedents in Shaping Student’s Entrepreneurial Intention: The Moderating Role of Entrepreneurship Education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(1), 281-305.
  • Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and Changing Behavior the Reasoned Action Approach. New York: Taylor & Francis
  • Fragoso, R., Rocha-Junior, W. and Xavier, A. (2020). Determinant Factors of Entrepreneurial Intention among University Students in Brazil and Portugal, Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(1), 33-57.
  • Fung, H. H., Lai, P. and Ng, R. (2001). Age Differences in Social Preferences among Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese: The Role of Perceived Time, Psychology and Aging, 16(2), 351-356.
  • Goel, R. K., Göktepe-Hultén, D. and Ram, R. (2015). Academics’ Entrepreneurship Propensities and Gender Differences, The Journal of Technology Transfer, 40(1), 161-177.
  • Guerrero, M., Urbano, D., Ramos, A., Ruiz-Navarro, J., Neira, I. and Fernández-Laviada, A. (2016). Perfil Emprendedor del Estudiante Universitario. Retrieved from http://www.cise.es/gem/Informe- Observatorio-Emprendimiento-Universitario.pdf
  • Gupta, V. K., Turban, D., Wasti, S. A. and Sikdar, A. (2009). The Role of Gender Stereotypes in Perceptions of Entrepreneurs and Intentions to Become an Entrepreneur”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), 397-417.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. and Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 207-219). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Ismail M., Khalid S. A., Othman M., Jusoff H. K., Rahman N. A., Kassim K. M. and Zain R.S. (2009). Entrepreneurial Intentions among Malaysian Students, International Journal of Business and Management, 4(10), 54-60.
  • Israr, M. and Saleem, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial Intentions among University Students in Italy. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 8(1), 20.
  • Iversen, J., Malchow-Møller, N. and Sørensen, A. (2016). Success in Entrepreneurship: A Complementarity between Schooling and Wage-Work Experience. Small Business Economics, 47(2), 437-460.
  • Kadiyono, A., Sulistiobudi, R. and Zulhijah, A. (2019). Why College Students Have Big Motivation to Start Their Own Business, but Not Continuing The Business After Graduate?. In 5th Bandung Creative Movement International Conference on Creative Industries 2018 (5th BCM 2018). Atlantis Press.
  • Karimi, S., Biemans, H. J., Lans, T., Chizari, M. and Mulder, M. (2014). Effects of Role Models and Gender on Students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions. European Journal of Training and Development. 38 (8), 694-727.
  • Kelley, D. J., Baumer, B. S., Brush, C., Greene, P. G., Mahdavi, M., Majbouri Marcia Cole, M., et al. (2016).Women’s entrepreneurship 2016/2017 report. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 1–91.
  • Kolvereid, L. (1996). Organizational Employment Versus Self-Employment: Reasons for Career Choice Intentions, Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 20(3), 23-31.
  • Kristiansen, S. and Indarti, N., (2004), Entrepreneurial Intentions among Indonesian and Norwegian Students, Journal of Enterprising Culture, 12(1), 55- 78.
  • Langowitz, N. and Minniti, M. (2007). The Entrepreneurial Propensity of Women, Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 31(3), 341-364.
  • Lévesque, M. and Minniti, M. (2006). The Effect of Aging on Entrepreneurial Behaviour. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(2), 177-194.
  • Li, J., Wu, S. and Wu, L. (2008). The Impact Oof Higher Education on Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students in China. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(4), 752-774.
  • Liñán, F. and Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross–Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617.
  • McManus, P. A. (2001). Women’s Participation in Self-Employment in Western Industrialized Nations, International Journal of Sociology, 31(2), 70-97.
  • Miranda, F. Javier, A. C, Sergio R. and Jesús P. M. (2017).Academic Entrepreneurial Intention: The Role of Gender. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(11), 66-86.
  • Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U. and Zarafshani, K. (2012). A Cross-Cultural Approach to Understanding Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Career Development, 39(2), 162-185.
  • Ottih, L. O. (2014). Entrepreneurship: Personality, Process and Enterprise. Port Harcourt: Pearl.
  • Plant, R. and Ren, J. (2010). Comparative Study of Motivation and Entrepreneurial Intentionality: Chinese and American Perspectives, Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, 15(2), 187-204.
  • Poutziouris, P. (2003), The Strategic Orientation of Owner/Managers of Small Ventures, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 9(5), 185-214.
  • Rauch, A. and Hulsink, W. (2015). Putting Entrepreneurship Education where the Intention to Act Lies: An Investigation into the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Behavior. The Academy of Management Learning and Education, 14(2), 187-204.
  • Reynolds, P. D., Hay, M., Bygrave, W. D., Camp, S. M. and Aution, E. (2000) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2000 Executive Report, A Research Report from Babson College, Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership, and London Business School.
  • Sadler-Smith, E., Hampson, Y. Chaston, I. and Badger, B. (2003). Managerial Behavior, Entrepreneurial Style and Small Firm Performance, Journal of Small Business Management, 41(1), 47-67.
  • Samuel, Y. A., Ernest, K. and Awuah, J. B. (2013). An assessment of Entrepreneurship Intention Among Sunyani Polytechnic Marketing Students. International Review of Management and Marketing, 3(1), 37.
  • Sayli, H., Baytok, A. and Soybali, H. H. (2010). The Effects of Employees' Demographic Characteristics on the Perception of Organizational Culture: A Study in Service Enterprise. In 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, 198-204.
  • Schjoedt, L. and Shaver, K. G. (2007). Deciding on an Entrepreneurial Career: A Test of the Pull and Push Hypotheses Using the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics Data. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(5), 733–752.
  • Sinha, T. N. (1996). Human Factors in Entrepreneurship Effectiveness, Journal of Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 23-39.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. and Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (Vol. 5). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Thébaud, S. (2010). Gender and Entrepreneurship as a Career Choice, Social Psychology Quarterly, 73(3), 288-297.
  • Turhan, N. S. (2020). Analysis on Entrepreneurial Intentions and Motivation and Learning Strategies of University Students. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 5(2), 159-164.
  • Van Auken, H., Stephens, P., Fry, F. and Silva, J. (2006). Role Model Influences on Entrepreneurial Intentions: A comparison between USA and Mexico”, The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2(3), 325- 336.
  • Van der Sluijs, J., van Praag, M. and Vijverberg, W. (2008). Education and Entrepreneurship Selection: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(5), 795-841.
  • Wang, C. K. and Wong, P. (2004). Entrepreneurial Interest of University Students in Singapore. Technovation, 24, 163-172.
  • Zain, Z. M., Akram, A. M. and Ghani, E. K. (2010). Entrepreneurial Intention among Malaysian Business Students. Canadian Social Science, 6(3), 34-44.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Maslakcı 0000-0001-6820-4673

Lütfi Sürücü

Project Number Yoktur
Publication Date April 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 31

Cite

APA Maslakcı, A., & Sürücü, L. (2021). ASSESSMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ACCORDING TO DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi(31), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.837747

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