SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI VE ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜMEYE ETKİSİ: ASYA PASİFİK VE İSKANDİNAV ÜLKELERİ ANALİZİ

Year 2024, Issue: 45, 63 - 78

Ayşe Özge Artekin

https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1454093

Abstract

Bu makalenin amacı Asya Pasifik ve İskandinav ülkeleri için 2000–2021 arası dönemde sağlık harcamaları ve enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyümeyi etkileyip etkilemediğini panel veri analizi kullanarak incelemektir. Daha önce yapılan ilgili araştırmaların birçoğu, sağlık harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ile enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisine odaklanmıştır. Son dönemde salgınların yol açtığı sağlık endişeleri sağlığa ayrılan kaynak artışının önemini vurgularken, dünya nüfusundaki artış ve üretimdeki genişleme ile birlikte enerji kapasitesinin ve çevreye etkilerinin de araştırılması gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Sağlıklı insanlar daha üretken olarak ekonominin büyümesine daha fazla katkıda bulunacaklardır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada yapılan analizler hem Asya Pasifik hem de İskandinav ülkelerinde sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeyi etkilediğini göstermektedir. Aynı dönemde enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyümeyi her iki bölge için de etkilemediği tespit edilmiştir. Bu minvalde çalışma, sağlık hizmetlerine yapılan yatırımların ekonomik büyümeyi desteklediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmanın bulguları, sürdürülebilir büyüme hedefleri doğrultusunda teori ve pratikte ekonomi politikalarının geliştirilmesine yardımcı olacaktır.

Keywords

Sağlık Harcamaları, Enerji Tüketimi, Ekonomik Büyüme

THE IMPACT OF HEALTH EXPENDITURES AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: ANALYSIS OF ASIA PACIFIC AND SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to examine whether the health expenditures and energy consumption affect the economic growth for Asia Pacific and Scandinavian countries for the period between 2000-2021 using panel data analysis. Most of the previous studies have focused on the relationship between health expenditures and economic growth and energy consumption and economic growth. While the recent health concerns caused by pandemics emphasize the importance of increasing resources allocated to health, the increase in energy capacity and its impact on the environment with the increase in the world population and thus production are among the issues that need to be investigated. Healthy people will be more productive and contribute more to the growth of the economy. In this context, the analysis conducted in this study shows that health expenditures affect economic growth in both Asia Pacific and Scandinavian countries. In the same period, energy consumption does not affect economic growth for both regions. In this respect, the study shows that investments in health services support economic growth. The findings obtained will help to develop economic policies in theory and practice in line with sustainable growth targets.

Keywords

Expenditures, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth

References

• Arawomo, O., Oyebamiji, Y. D., and Adegboye, A. A. (2018). Dynamics of Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and Health Outcomes in Selected Sub-Sahara African Countries. African Journal of Economic Review, 6(2), 92-114.
• Artekin, A. Ö., ve Konya, S. (2020). Health Expenditure and Economic Growth: Is the Healthled Growth Hypothesis Supported for Selected OECD Countries?. Poslovna izvrsnost, 14(1), 77-89.
• Baltagi, B. (2004). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
• Becker, G. S. (1992). Human Capital and the Economy. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 136(1), 85-92.
• Bercu, A. M., Paraschiv, G., and Lupu, D. (2019). Investigating the Energy–Economic Growth–Governance Nexus: Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries. Sustainability, 11(12), 1-21.
• Beşe, E., and Kalayci, S. (2021). Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC): Empirical Relationship Between Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from 3 Developed Countries. Panoeconomicus, 68(4), 483-506.
• Beylik, U., Cirakli, U., Cetin, M., Ecevit, E., and Senol, O. (2022). The Relationship Between Health Expenditure Indicators and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: A Driscoll-Kraay Approach. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1050550.
• Bhargava, A., Jamison, D. T., Lau, L. J., and Murray, C. J. (2001). Modeling the Effects of Health on Economic Growth. Journal of Health Economics, 20(3), 423-440.
• Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., and Sevilla, J. (2004). The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: a Production Function Approach. World Development, 32(1), 1-13.
• Çalışkan, Ş., Karabacak, M., ve Meçik, O. (2013). Türkiye’de Sağlık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 37, 123-130.
• Çetin, M., ve Ecevit, E. (2010). Sağlik Harcamalarinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Panel Regresyon Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 11(2), 166-182.
• Doyar, B. V., Çetin, D., ve Kalay, M. (2017). İskandinav Ülkeleri için Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Yakıt Tipine Göre Sınanması. In Proceedings of 2 nd International Conference on Scientific Cooperation for the Future in the Economics and Administrative Sciences, 18.
• Dritsaki, M., and Dritsaki, C. (2023). The Relationship Between Health Expenditure, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth in G7: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel Data. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-26.
• Dünya Bankası (2023a). Current Health Expenditure (% of GDP) “https://data.worldbank.org /indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS” 17.08.2023 tarihinde Woldbank resmi sitesi veri tabanından alınmıştır.
• Dünya Bankası (2023b). GDP (current US$). “https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP .MKTP.CD” 21.08.2023 tarihinde Worldbank resmi sitesi veri tabanından alınmıştır.
• Eggoh, J., Houeninvo, H., and Sossou, G. A. (2015). Education, Health and Economic Growth in African Countries. Journal of Economic Development, 40(1), 93-111.
• Erçelik, G. (2018). The Relationship Between Health Expenditure and Economic Growth in Turkey from 1980 to 2015. Journal of Politics Economy and Management, 1(1), 1-8.
• Erdil, E., and Yetkiner, I. (2004). A Panel Data Approach for Income-Health Causality (No. FNU-47). Research unit Sustainability and Global Change, Hamburg University.
• Gozgor, G., Lau, C. K. M., & Lu, Z. (2018). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Evidence from the OECD Countries. Energy, 153, 27-34.
• Gök, M. S., Öngel, V., and Altındağ, E. (2018). Analysis the Interplay Between Economic Growth and Health Expenditures: The Case of Emerging Economies. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 12(2), 53-62.
• Gökçe, E. C., ve Demiralp, A. (2021). Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Kullanimi ve Beşeri Sermaye Arasındaki Ilişkinin G7 Ülkeleri için Ekonometrik Analizi. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler, 52.
• Görüş, M. S., & Aydın, M. (2019). The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and CO2 Emission in MENA Countries: Causality Analysis in the Frequency Domain. Energy, 168, 815-822.
• Gyimah-Brempong, K., and Wilson, M. (2004). Health Human Capital and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African and OECD Countries. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 44(2), 296-320.
• Haseeb, M., Kot, S., Hussain, H. I., and Jermsittiparsert, K. (2019). Impact of Economic Growth, Environmental Pollution, and Energy Consumption on Health Expenditure and R&D Expenditure of ASEAN Countries. Energies, 12(19), 1-21.
• Hilaire, E. J., and Gilles, A. S. (2015). Education, Health and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Journal of Economic Development, 40,93–111.
• Hongyi, L. I., and Huang, L. (2009). Health, Education, and Economic Growth in China: Empirical Findings and Implications. China Economic Review, 20(3), 374-387.
• Kalaycı, S., and Özden, C. (2021). The Linkage Among Sea Transport, Trade Liberalization and Industrial Development in The Context of CO2: An Empirical Investigation from China. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 633875.
• Kalayci, S. (2020). Analysing Transportation-Induced Economic Growth, Energy Use, and CO2 Emissions: An Empirical Investigation from EU Countries. In Handbook of Research on the Applications of International Transportation and Logistics for World Trade (pp. 122-138). IGI Global.
• Khan, S. A. R., Sharif, A., Golpîra, H., and Kumar, A. (2019). A Green Ideology in Asian Emerging Economies: from Environmental Policy and Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development, 27(6), 1063-1075.
• Li, J., Irfan, M., Samad, S., Ali, B., Zhang, Y., Badulescu, D., and Badulescu, A. (2023). The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth, and Health Indicators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2325.
• Lone, T. A., and Lone, P. A. (2022). Does Fiscal Deficit, Public Debt, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption Affect Health Expenditure in India: An Empirical Evidence Based ARDL Bound Testing Approach. International Journal of Happiness and Development, 7(1), 1-14.
• MacDonald, G., and Hopkins, S. (2002). Unit Root Properties of OECD Health Care Expenditure and GDP Data. Health Economics, 11(4), 371-376.
• Matahir, H., Yassin, J., Marcus, H. R., Shafie, N. A., and Mohammed, N. F. (2023). Dynamic Relationship Between Energy Efficiency, Health Expenditure and Economic Growth: In Pursuit for Sdgs in Malaysia. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 39(3), 594-611.
• Mayer, D. (2001). The Long-Term Impact of Health on Economic Growth in Latin America. World Development, 29(6), 1025-1033.
• Our World in Data (2023). Energy Use. “https://ourworldindata.org/” 22.08.2023 tarihinde Our World in Data resmi sitesi veri tabanından alınmıştır.
• Öztürk, S., and Topcu, E. (2014). Health Expenditures and Economic Growth: Evidence from G8. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 2(6), 256-261.
• Piabuo, S. M., and Tieguhong, J. C. (2017). Health Expenditure and Economic Growth-A Review of the Literature and an Analysis Between the Economic Community for Central African States (CEMAC) and Selected African Countries. Health Economics Review, 7(1), 1-13.
• Rahman, M. M. (2011). Causal Relationship Among Education Expenditure, Health Expenditure and GDP: A Case Study for Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(3), 149-159.
• Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), S71-S102.
• Sani, M and Ahmed, A. M. (2019). Impact of Economic Growth, Energy and Public Health Expenditure on Life Expectancy in Nigeria: Bound Test Approach, Journal of Taxation and Economic Development, Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria, 18(1), 14-22.
• Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
• Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
• Soydal, H., Mızrak, Z., ve Çetinkaya, M. (2012). Makro Ekonomik Açıdan Türkiye’nin Alternatif Enerji İhtiyacının Önemi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (11), 117-137.
• Tang, C. F., Tan, B. W., and Ozturk, I. (2016). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Vietnam. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1506-1514.
• Wang, F. (2015). More Health Expenditure, Better Economic Performance? Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries. Inquiry: A Journal of Medical Care Organization, Provision and Financing, 52, 1-5.
• Zaidi, S., and Saidi, K. (2018). Environmental Pollution, Health Expenditure and Economic Growth in the Sub-Saharan Africa Countries: Panel ARDL Approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 833-840.