EVALUATION OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL-3 AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT WITHIN THE SCOPE OF OECD COUNTRIES

Year 2024, Issue: 45, 261 - 280, 31.10.2024

Güller Şahin

https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1528253

Abstract

In this article, the effects of Sustainable Development Goal-3 (SDG-3) parameters on the ecological footprint in OECD countries in the period 2001-2020 are evaluated with panel data models. In the context of the purpose, SDG-3 parameters are used as maternal mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, under-5 mortality rate, tuberculosis incidence, death rate due to diseases, traffic deaths, life expectancy, adolescent fertility rate and number of surviving infants who received 2 vaccines. Panel data quantile regression results show that ecological footprint and tuberculosis incidence are negative at all quantile values; newborn mortality rate is statistically significant only at the 10th and 50th quantile values. It is seen that the variable that affects the ecological footprint the most is life expectancy and the variable that affects the least is adolescent fertility rate. Robust estimator results indicate that maternal mortality rate, death rate due to diseases and adolescent fertility rate increase the ecological footprint; while under-5 mortality rate, tuberculosis incidence and number of surviving infants who received 2 vaccines decrease it.

Keywords

Ecological Footprint, OECD Countries, Panel Data Models, Sustainable Development Goal-3

SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA HEDEFİ-3 VE EKOLOJİK AYAK İZİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLERİN OECD ÜLKELERİ KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Abstract

Bu makalede, OECD ülkelerinde 2001-2020 dönem aralığında Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefi-3 (SDG-3) parametrelerinin ekolojik ayak izi üzerindeki etkileri panel veri modelleri ile değerlendirilmektedir. Amaç bağlamında SDG-3 parametreleri olarak anne ölüm oranı, yenidoğan ölüm oranı, 5 yaş altı ölüm oranı, tüberküloz insidansı, hastalıklara bağlı ölüm oranı, trafik ölümleri, yaşam beklentisi, ergen doğurganlık oranı ve 2 aşılı hayatta kalan bebek sayısı değişkenleri kullanılmaktadır. Panel veri kantil regresyon sonuçları, ekolojik ayak izi ile tüberküloz insidansının tüm kantil değerlerinde negatif yönlü; yenidoğan ölüm oranının ise sadece 10th ve 50th kantil değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Ekolojik ayak izini en fazla etkileyen değişkenin yaşam beklentisi, en az etkileyen değişkenin ise ergen doğurganlık oranı olduğu görülmektedir. Robust tahminci sonuçları ise anne ölüm oranı, hastalıklara bağlı ölüm oranı ve ergen doğurganlık oranının ekolojik ayak izini artırdığına; 5 yaş altı ölüm oranı, tüberküloz insidansı ve 2 aşılı hayatta kalan bebek sayısının azalttığına işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

Ekolojik Ayak İzi, OECD Ülkeleri, Panel Veri Modelleri, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefi-3

References

• Ando, T. ve Bai, J. (2014). A Simple New Test for Slope Homogeniety in Panel Data Models with Interactive Effects. MPRA Paper No. 60795, 1-18.
• Canay, I. A. (2011). A Simple Approach to Quantile Regression for Panel Data. Econometrics Journal, 14, 368-386.
• Dai, Y., Ding, Y., Fu, S., Zhang, L., Cheng, J. ve Zhu, D. (2024). Analyzing the Impact of Natural Capital on Socio-economic Objectives under the Framework of Sustainable Development Goals. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 104, 1-11.
• Dam, M. M., Kaya, F. ve Bekun, F. V. (2024). How Does Technological Innovation Affect the Ecological Footprint? Evidence from E-7 countries in the background of the SDGs. Journal of Cleaner Production, 443, 1-14.
• Dasgupta, P., Dasgupta, A. ve Barrett, S. (2023). Population, Ecological Footprint and the Sustainable Development Goals. Environmental and Resource Economics, 84, 659-675.
• De Hoyos, R. E. ve Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for Cross-sectional Dependence in Panel-data Models. The Stata Journal, 6(4), 482-496.
• Demirel M. (2022). Ecologic Footprint Makes History: Earth Overshoot Day. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 23(4), 963-980.
• Dieleman, J. L. (2020). Health Sector Spending and Spending on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, and Development Assistance for Health: Progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3. Lancet, 396, 693-724.
• Erden Özsoy, C. ve Dinç, A. (2016). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Ekolojik Ayak İzi. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 53(619), 35-55.
• Fujimori, S., Hasegawa, T., Takahashi, K., Dai, H., Liu, J.-Y. Ohashi, H., Xie, Y., Zhang, Y., Matsui, T. ve Hijioka, Y. (2020). Measuring the Sustainable Development Implications of Climate Change Mitigation. Environmental Research Letters, 15, 1-11.
• Gigliotti, M., Niccolucci, V., Marchi, M., Gagliardi, F. ve Pulselli, F. M. (2019). Relationship between the Sustainable Development Goals Framework and Emergy Evaluation for an Environmental Assessment of the 2030 Agenda. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 217, 87-92.
• Global Footprint Network. (2023). Erişim Adresi https://data.footprintnetwork.org.
• Guégan, J. F., Suzán, G., Kati-Coulibaly, S., Bonpamgue, D. N. ve Moatti, J. P. (2018). Sustainable Development Goal #3, “Health and Well-being”, and the Need for more Integrative Thinking. Veterinaria México OA, 5(2), 1-18.
• Huang, J., Nitivattananon, V., Lin, D. ve Gong, W. (2023). Integrated Assessment for Sustainable Development Goals of Metropolitan Regions: A Case Study of the Pearl River Delta region, China. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 20, 1-16.
• Ibrahim, M.D., Alola, A.A. ve Ferreira, D.C. (2023). Assessing Sustainable Development Goals Attainment through Energy-environmental Efficiency: The Case of Latin American and Caribbean Countries. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 57, 1-11.
• Karakaş, H. (2021). Start for Sustainable Development: Ecological footprint. 89-113. Erişim Adresi https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03897-893-0-5
• Koçak, E. (2024). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri Doğrultusunda Gelir Eşitsizliğinin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerindeki Etkisine İlişkin Bir İnceleme: Brezilya’dan Kanıtlar. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 43, 39-52.
• Kuc-Czarnecka, M., Markowicz, I. ve Sompolska-Rzechuła, A. (2023). SDGs Implementation, Their Synergies, and Trade-offs in EU Countries – Sensitivity Analysis-based Approach. Ecological Indicators, 146, 1-14.
• Kumari, A. ve Singh, M. P. (2023). A Journey of Social Sustainability in Organization during MDG & SDG Period: A Bibliometric Analysis. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 88, 1-19.
• Kynčlová, P., Upadhyaya, S. ve Nice, T. (2020). Composite Index as a Measure on Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG-9) industry-related targets: The SDG-9 index. Applied Energy, 265, 1-12.
• Laing, T. ve Moonsammy, S. (2021). Evaluating the Impact of Small-scale Mining on the Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in Guyana. Environmental Science and Policy, 116, 147-159.
• Lamarche C. (2021). Quantile Regression for Panel Data and Factor Models. 1-28. Erişim Adresi https://gattonweb.uky.edu/faculty/lamarche/pqf10.pdf
• Li, X., Xiao, L., Tian, C., Zhu, B. ve Chevallier, J. (2022). Impacts of the Ecological Footprint on Sustainable Development: Evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 352, 1-29.
• Liao, W., Qu, Q., Liang, S. ve Jiang, W. (2023). Using Granular Computing to Measure the Similarity of Sustainable Development in China: Addressing Goals 1, 3, 8, 10 and 15 of the SDGs. Environmental Development, 47, 1-13.
• Moinuddin, M. ve Olsen, S. H. (2024). Examining the Unsustainable Relationship between SDG Performance, Ecological Footprint and International Spillovers. Scientific Reports, 14, 1-9.
• Nilsson, M., Griggs, D. ve Visbeck, M. (2016). Policy: Map the Interactions between Sustainable Development Goals. Nature, 534(7607), 320-322.
• Nkounga, W. M. (2022). Energy in Development Objectives: How the Energy Ecological Footprint Affects Development Indicators? In: A. Fall ve R. Haas (Eds), Sustainable Energy Access for Communities (pp. 159-170). Springer, Cham.
• Popkova, E. G., De Bernardi, P., Tyurina, Y. G. ve Sergi, B. S. (2022). A Theory of Digital Technology Advancement to Address the Grand Challenges of Sustainable Development. Technology in Society, 68, 1-14.
• Riahi, M.R., Sadeghi, S.H., Mirnia, S.K. ve Sadoddin, A. (2024). Coincidence of Sustainable Development Indicators for the Nekarood Watershed with the United Nation’s Wustainable Development Goals. Science of the Total Environment, 917, 1-21.
• Sachs, J.D., Lafortune, G. ve Fuller, G. (2024). The SDGs and the UN Summit of the Future. Sustainable Development Report 2024. Paris: SDSN, Dublin: Dublin University Press.
• Sachs, J.D., Lafortune, G., Fuller, G. ve Drumm, E. (2023). Implementing the SDG Stimulus. Sustainable Development Report 2023. Paris: SDSN, Dublin: Dublin University Press.
• Tasnim, S., Mahbub, F., Biswas, G. ve Haque, D. M. E. (2022). Spatial Indices and SDG Indicator-based Urban Environmental Change Detection of the Major Cities in Bangladesh. Journal of Urban Management, 11, 519-529.
• Tate, C., Wang, R., Akaraci, S., Burns, C., Garcia, L., Clarke, M. ve Hunter, R. (2024). The Contribution of Urban Green and Blue Spaces to the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals: An evidence gap map. Cities, 145, 1-16.
• United Nations Environment Programme. (2024). UNDP Turkiye. Erişim Adresi https://www.undp. org/tr/turkiye/projects/surdurulebilir-kalkinma-amaclari-yatirim-inisiyatifi
• Van Soest, H. L., van Vuuren, D. P., Hilaire, J., Minx, J. C., Harmsen, M. J. H. M., Krey, V., Popp, A., Riahi, K. ve Luderer, G. (2019). Analysing Interactions among Sustainable Development Goals with Integrated Assessment Models. Global Transitions, 1, 210-225.
• Wackernagel, M., Hanscom, L. ve Lin, D. (2017). Making the Sustainable Development Goals Consistent with Sustainability. Frontiers in Energy Reserch, 5, 1-5.
• Wakunuma, K., Jiya, T. ve Aliyu, S. (2020). Socio-ethical Implications of Using AI in Accelerating SDG3 in Least Developed Countries. Journal of Responsible Technology, 4, 1-10.
• World Bank. (2023). World Development Indicators. Erişim Adresi https://databank.worldbank.org /indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/1ff4a498/Popular-Indicators
• Yang, S., Zhao, W., Liu, Y., Cherubini, F., Fu, F. ve Pereira, P. (2020). Prioritizing Sustainable Development Goals and Linking Them to Ecosystem Services: A Global Expert’s Knowledge Evaluation. Geography and Sustainability, 1, 321-330.
• Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2013). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi: Stata Uygulamalı (2. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
• Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2018). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi (2. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
• Yu, C., Li, W., Chen, D., Xu, J. ve Guo, X. (2016). The Study of Sustainable Development of Alpine Pastoral Region in Eastern Tibetan Plateau Based on the Model of Emergy Ecological Footprint. IGARSS 2016, 6074-6077.