A SCALE PROPOSAL FOR MEASURING JOB SATISFACTION IN PANDEMIC AND REMOTE WORKING CONDITIONS
Year 2025,
Issue: 49, 149 - 164
Ertuğrul Karoğlu
Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop a job satisfaction scale that reflects the pandemic conditions in all its dimensions. A job satisfaction scale consisting of 30 questions was created by utilizing 21 previously developed job satisfaction scales in the literature. The questionnaire forms were sent online to 151 people constituting the sample, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for the construct validity of 5 sub-dimensions of the scale consisting of 30 items. The 5 sub-dimensions of the scale were named as working conditions, supervisor/management quality, work itself, achievement/competence and reputation/importance. The results of the internal consistency, convergence, divergence and construct validity analyses show that the scale obtained can be used as a reliable and valid measurement tool reflecting the pandemic conditions.
References
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Albayrak, A. S. (2006). Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenliİstatistik Teknikleri. Asil Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara
-
AlMazrouei, H. ve Zacca, R. (2022). The Impact of Covid-19 on Management Decision-Making: The Case within Australian Organizations. Journal of General Management, 48(1), 32-45.
-
Andrews, F. M., ve Withey, S. B. (1976). Social Indicators of Well-being: American’s Perception of Life Quality. New York: Plenum.
-
Arpacı, I., Karataş, K. ve Baloğlu, M. (2020). The Development and Initial Tests for the Psychometric Properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 1-6.
-
Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P. ve Conley, S. (1991). Work‐Home Conflict Among Nurses and Engineers: Mediating the Impact of Role Stress on Burnout and Satisfaction at Work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12(1), 39-53.
-
Batura, N., Skordis-Worrall, J., Thapa, R., Basnyat, R. ve Morrison, J. (2016). Is The Job Satisfaction Survey A Good Tool to Measure Job Satisfaction Amongst Health Workers in Nepal? Result of a Validation Analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 16, 1-13.
-
Brayfield, A. H., ve Rothe, H. F. (1951). An Index of Job Satisfaction. Jornal of Applied Psychology, 35(5), 307-311.
-
Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins G. D. ve Klesh, J. (1983). Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire. Seahore, S.E, Lawler, E.E., Mirvis, P.H. & Cammann, C. (Eds.), Assessing Organizational Change: A Guide to Methods, Measures, and Practices, Wiley-Interscience, New York, Pp. 71-138.
-
Carraher-Wolverton, C. (2022). The Co-Evolution of Remote Work and Expectations in a Covid-19 World Utilizing an Expectation Disconfirmation Theory Lens. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 24(1), 55-69.
-
Clark, L. Ve Watson, D. (1995). Constructing Validity: Basic Issues in Objective Scale Development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319.
-
Chiaburu, D. S. ve Harrison, D. A. (2008). Do Peers Make The Place? Conceptual Synthesis and Meta-Analysis of Coworker Effects on Perceptions, Attitudes, OCBs, and Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1082-1103.
-
Danielak, W. ve Wysocki, R. (2022). The Impact af Remote Work During The Covid-19 Pandemic on The Development of Competences in Selected Areas of Project Management. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska Sectio H Oeconomia, 56(2), 7-20.
-
Dunham, R. B., ve Smith, F. J. (1979). Organizational Surveys. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.
-
Ferdian, F., Abrian, Y. ve Suyuthie, H. (2021). Hotel Management Graduates Perception of Work Conditions and The Moderating Effect of Salary on Work Motivation in the Hotel Industry During The Covid- 19 Pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Kejuruan, 4(2), 65-70.
-
Gaskin, J., Godfrey, S. ve Vance, A. (2018). Successful System Use: It’s Not Just Who You Are, but What You Do? AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction, 10(2), 57-81.
-
Gellert, G., Montgomery, S., Bridge, O. ve Gellert, T. (2022). No Retrenchment from Employee Empowerment: Employer Wellness Imperatives and Opportunities Emerging from The Covid-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1-5.
-
Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S. ve Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effects of Race on Organizational Experiences, Job Performance Evaluations, and Career Outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 64-86.
-
Hackman, J. R., ve Oldham, G. R. (1974). The Job Diagnostic Survey: An Instrument fort he Diagnosis of Jobs and the Evaluation of Job Redesign Projects. (Tech. Rep. No:4), New Haven CT: Yale University, Department of Administrative Sciences.
-
Hatfield, J. D., Robinson, R. B. ve Huseman, R. C. (1985). An Empirical Evaluation of a Test for Assessing Job Satisfaction. Psychological Reports, 56, 39-45.
-
Heneman, H. G., ve Schwab, D. P. (1985). Pay Satisfaction: Its Multidimensional Nature and Measurement. Journal of Psychology, 20(1), 129-141.
-
Herzberg, F. I., Mausner, B. ve Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley.
-
Higashijima, J., Miura, Y., Nakagawa, C., Yamanouchi, Y., Takahashi, K. ve Nakamura, M. (2012). Public Opinions Regarding the Relationship Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Society: Social Agenda Construction Via Science Café and Public Dialogue Using Questionnaires. Journal of Science Communication, 11(04), 1-12.
-
Hinkin, T. (1998). A Brief Tutorial on the Development of Measures for Use in Survey Questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 104-121.
-
Iaffaldano, M. T. ve Muchinsky, P. M. (1985). Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 97(2), 251-273.
-
Ironson, G. H., Smith, P.C., Brannick, M.T., Gibson, W.M. ve Paul, K.B. (1989). Construction of a Job in General Scale: A Comparison of Global, Composite, and Specific Measures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(2), 193-200.
-
Judge, T. A., Boudreau, J. W. ve Bretz, R. D. (1994). Job and Life Attitudes of Male Executives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(5), 767.
-
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E. ve Patton, G. K. (2001). The Job Satisfaction-Job Performance Relationship: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376-407.
-
Karkuzashvili, N. (2021). The Impact of the Pandemic on the Maintaining Happiness at Work. Economics and Business Quarterly Reviews, 4(4), 48-55.
-
Kind, V., Jones, K. ve Barmby, P. (2007). Developing Attitudes Towards Science Measures. International Journal of Science Education, 29(7), 871-893.
-
Locke, E. A. (1976). The Nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M.D. Dunette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1297-1343, Rand McNally: Chicago.
-
Lopez, P. ve Fuiks, K. (2021). How Covid-19 is Shifting Psychological Contracts within Organizations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 14(1-2), 45-49.
-
Marzec, M., Szczudlińska-Kanoś, A., Freund, B. ve Miceikienė, A. (2023). Innovative Work-Life Balance after Covid-19. International Journal of Contemporary Management, 59(3), 32-64.
-
Quinn, R. P., ve Shepard, L. G. (1974). The 1972-1973 Quality of Employment Survey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
-
Peters, E. (2021). What You Want is Not Always What You Get: Gender Differences in Employer-Employee Exchange Relationships During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Social Sciences, 10(8), 1-21.
-
Reichelt, M., Makovi, K. ve Sargsyan, A. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Gender Inequality in the Labor Market and Gender-Role Attitudes. European Societies, 23(1), 228-245.
-
Rosen, C. M., Klein, K. J. ve Young, K. M. (1986). Employee Ownership in America: The Equity Solution. Lexington Books/DC Heath and Com.
-
Rothausen, T. J. (1994). Job Satisfaction and the Parent Worker: The Role of Flexibity and Rewards. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 44(3), 317-336.
-
Scarpello, V., ve Vandenberg, R. J. (1987). The Satisfaction with My Supervisor Scale: Its Utility For Research and Practical Applications. Journal of management, 13(3), 447-466.
-
SChriesheim, C., ve Tsui, A. S. (1980). Development and Validation of a Short Satisfaction Instrument For Use in Survey Feed-back Interventions. Paper presented at the Western Academy of Management Meeting.
-
Sehlo, M., Mohamed, W., Youssef, U., Lotfi, S. ve El-deen, G. (2022). Prevalence and Determinants of Anxiety in Patients with Epilepsy During Covid-19 Pandemic. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, 58(78), 1-7.
-
Smith, P. C., Kendall, L. Ve Hulin, C. L. (1969). The Measurement of Satisfaction in Work and Retirement. Rand Mc Nally: Chicago.
-
Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of Human Service Satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey, American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(6), 693-713.
-
Spreng, R., McKinnon, M., Mar, R. ve Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale Development and Initial Validation of a Factor-Analytic Solution to Multiple Empathy Measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 62-71.
-
Taylor, J. C., ve Bowers, D. G. (1974). The Survey of Organizations: Towards a Machine Scored, Standardized Questionnaire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
-
Traynor, M., ve Wade, B. (1993). The Development of a Measure of Job satisfaction For Use in Monitoring the Morale of Community Nurses in Four Trusts. Journal of Advance Nursing, 18(1), 127-136.
-
Wallace, A. S., Wannemuehler, K., Bonsu, G., Wardle, M., Nyaku, M. ve Amponsah-Achiano, K. (2019). Development of a Valid and Reliable Scale to Assess Parents’ Beliefs and Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines and Their Association with Vaccination Uptake and Delay in Ghana. Vaccine, 37 (6): 848-56.
-
Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E. Ve Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall Job Satisfaction: How Good are Single-Item Measures?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 247-252.
-
Warr, P., Cook, J. ve Wall, T. (1979). Scales for the Measurement of Some Work Attitudes and Aspects of Psychological Well‐Being. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 52(2), 129-148.
-
Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V. ve England, G. W. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation, 22, 120.
-
Wong, I. ve Wan, Y. (2012). A Systematic Approach to Scale Development in Tourist Shopping Satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 52(1), 29-41.
-
Zhang, C. ve Liu, L. (2022). The Influence of Health-Promoting Leadership on Employees’ Positive Workplace Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Employability and the Moderating Role of Workplace Civility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 1-17.
-
Zhang, N., Wu, K. ve Wang, W. (2020). Timely Mental Health Services Contribute to the Containment of Covid-19 Pandemic in China. Global Health Research and Policy, 5(1), 1-4
SALGIN VE UZAKTAN ÇALIŞMA KOŞULLARINDA İŞ TATMİNİNİN ÖLÇÜLMESİNE YÖNELİK BİR ÖLÇEK ÖNERİSİ
Year 2025,
Issue: 49, 149 - 164
Ertuğrul Karoğlu
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı salgın şartlarını tüm boyutlarıyla yansıtan bir iş tatmin ölçeğinin önerilmesi ve geçerlenmesidir. Daha önce geliştirilmiş alanyazında yer alan 21 adet iş tatmin ölçeğinden faydalanılarak 30 soru içeren bir iş tatmin ölçeği oluşturulmuştur. Örnekleme dahil edilen 151 kişiye çevrimiçi yöntemle anket formları gönderilmiş keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi 30 maddeden oluşan ölçeğin 5 alt boyutunun yapı geçerliliğine kanıt sağlamıştır. Ölçeğin 5 alt boyutu çalışma koşulları, amir/yönetim kalitesi, işin kendisi, başarma/yeterlilik ve itibar/önem şeklinde isimlendirilmiştir. İçsel tutarlılık, birleşme, ayrışma ve yapısal geçerliliklere dair analiz sonuçları, elde edilen ölçeğin salgın koşullarını yansıtan güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçme aracı olarak kullanılabilecek nitelikte olduğunu göstermektedir.
Ethical Statement
19.02.2021 tarihli, E-81614018-000-158 sayısı ile Trabzon Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır.
Supporting Institution
Çalışmayı destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır.
References
-
Albayrak, A. S. (2006). Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenliİstatistik Teknikleri. Asil Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara
-
AlMazrouei, H. ve Zacca, R. (2022). The Impact of Covid-19 on Management Decision-Making: The Case within Australian Organizations. Journal of General Management, 48(1), 32-45.
-
Andrews, F. M., ve Withey, S. B. (1976). Social Indicators of Well-being: American’s Perception of Life Quality. New York: Plenum.
-
Arpacı, I., Karataş, K. ve Baloğlu, M. (2020). The Development and Initial Tests for the Psychometric Properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 1-6.
-
Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P. ve Conley, S. (1991). Work‐Home Conflict Among Nurses and Engineers: Mediating the Impact of Role Stress on Burnout and Satisfaction at Work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12(1), 39-53.
-
Batura, N., Skordis-Worrall, J., Thapa, R., Basnyat, R. ve Morrison, J. (2016). Is The Job Satisfaction Survey A Good Tool to Measure Job Satisfaction Amongst Health Workers in Nepal? Result of a Validation Analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 16, 1-13.
-
Brayfield, A. H., ve Rothe, H. F. (1951). An Index of Job Satisfaction. Jornal of Applied Psychology, 35(5), 307-311.
-
Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins G. D. ve Klesh, J. (1983). Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire. Seahore, S.E, Lawler, E.E., Mirvis, P.H. & Cammann, C. (Eds.), Assessing Organizational Change: A Guide to Methods, Measures, and Practices, Wiley-Interscience, New York, Pp. 71-138.
-
Carraher-Wolverton, C. (2022). The Co-Evolution of Remote Work and Expectations in a Covid-19 World Utilizing an Expectation Disconfirmation Theory Lens. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 24(1), 55-69.
-
Clark, L. Ve Watson, D. (1995). Constructing Validity: Basic Issues in Objective Scale Development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319.
-
Chiaburu, D. S. ve Harrison, D. A. (2008). Do Peers Make The Place? Conceptual Synthesis and Meta-Analysis of Coworker Effects on Perceptions, Attitudes, OCBs, and Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1082-1103.
-
Danielak, W. ve Wysocki, R. (2022). The Impact af Remote Work During The Covid-19 Pandemic on The Development of Competences in Selected Areas of Project Management. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska Sectio H Oeconomia, 56(2), 7-20.
-
Dunham, R. B., ve Smith, F. J. (1979). Organizational Surveys. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.
-
Ferdian, F., Abrian, Y. ve Suyuthie, H. (2021). Hotel Management Graduates Perception of Work Conditions and The Moderating Effect of Salary on Work Motivation in the Hotel Industry During The Covid- 19 Pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Kejuruan, 4(2), 65-70.
-
Gaskin, J., Godfrey, S. ve Vance, A. (2018). Successful System Use: It’s Not Just Who You Are, but What You Do? AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction, 10(2), 57-81.
-
Gellert, G., Montgomery, S., Bridge, O. ve Gellert, T. (2022). No Retrenchment from Employee Empowerment: Employer Wellness Imperatives and Opportunities Emerging from The Covid-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1-5.
-
Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S. ve Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effects of Race on Organizational Experiences, Job Performance Evaluations, and Career Outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 64-86.
-
Hackman, J. R., ve Oldham, G. R. (1974). The Job Diagnostic Survey: An Instrument fort he Diagnosis of Jobs and the Evaluation of Job Redesign Projects. (Tech. Rep. No:4), New Haven CT: Yale University, Department of Administrative Sciences.
-
Hatfield, J. D., Robinson, R. B. ve Huseman, R. C. (1985). An Empirical Evaluation of a Test for Assessing Job Satisfaction. Psychological Reports, 56, 39-45.
-
Heneman, H. G., ve Schwab, D. P. (1985). Pay Satisfaction: Its Multidimensional Nature and Measurement. Journal of Psychology, 20(1), 129-141.
-
Herzberg, F. I., Mausner, B. ve Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley.
-
Higashijima, J., Miura, Y., Nakagawa, C., Yamanouchi, Y., Takahashi, K. ve Nakamura, M. (2012). Public Opinions Regarding the Relationship Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Society: Social Agenda Construction Via Science Café and Public Dialogue Using Questionnaires. Journal of Science Communication, 11(04), 1-12.
-
Hinkin, T. (1998). A Brief Tutorial on the Development of Measures for Use in Survey Questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 104-121.
-
Iaffaldano, M. T. ve Muchinsky, P. M. (1985). Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 97(2), 251-273.
-
Ironson, G. H., Smith, P.C., Brannick, M.T., Gibson, W.M. ve Paul, K.B. (1989). Construction of a Job in General Scale: A Comparison of Global, Composite, and Specific Measures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(2), 193-200.
-
Judge, T. A., Boudreau, J. W. ve Bretz, R. D. (1994). Job and Life Attitudes of Male Executives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(5), 767.
-
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E. ve Patton, G. K. (2001). The Job Satisfaction-Job Performance Relationship: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376-407.
-
Karkuzashvili, N. (2021). The Impact of the Pandemic on the Maintaining Happiness at Work. Economics and Business Quarterly Reviews, 4(4), 48-55.
-
Kind, V., Jones, K. ve Barmby, P. (2007). Developing Attitudes Towards Science Measures. International Journal of Science Education, 29(7), 871-893.
-
Locke, E. A. (1976). The Nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M.D. Dunette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1297-1343, Rand McNally: Chicago.
-
Lopez, P. ve Fuiks, K. (2021). How Covid-19 is Shifting Psychological Contracts within Organizations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 14(1-2), 45-49.
-
Marzec, M., Szczudlińska-Kanoś, A., Freund, B. ve Miceikienė, A. (2023). Innovative Work-Life Balance after Covid-19. International Journal of Contemporary Management, 59(3), 32-64.
-
Quinn, R. P., ve Shepard, L. G. (1974). The 1972-1973 Quality of Employment Survey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
-
Peters, E. (2021). What You Want is Not Always What You Get: Gender Differences in Employer-Employee Exchange Relationships During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Social Sciences, 10(8), 1-21.
-
Reichelt, M., Makovi, K. ve Sargsyan, A. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Gender Inequality in the Labor Market and Gender-Role Attitudes. European Societies, 23(1), 228-245.
-
Rosen, C. M., Klein, K. J. ve Young, K. M. (1986). Employee Ownership in America: The Equity Solution. Lexington Books/DC Heath and Com.
-
Rothausen, T. J. (1994). Job Satisfaction and the Parent Worker: The Role of Flexibity and Rewards. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 44(3), 317-336.
-
Scarpello, V., ve Vandenberg, R. J. (1987). The Satisfaction with My Supervisor Scale: Its Utility For Research and Practical Applications. Journal of management, 13(3), 447-466.
-
SChriesheim, C., ve Tsui, A. S. (1980). Development and Validation of a Short Satisfaction Instrument For Use in Survey Feed-back Interventions. Paper presented at the Western Academy of Management Meeting.
-
Sehlo, M., Mohamed, W., Youssef, U., Lotfi, S. ve El-deen, G. (2022). Prevalence and Determinants of Anxiety in Patients with Epilepsy During Covid-19 Pandemic. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, 58(78), 1-7.
-
Smith, P. C., Kendall, L. Ve Hulin, C. L. (1969). The Measurement of Satisfaction in Work and Retirement. Rand Mc Nally: Chicago.
-
Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of Human Service Satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey, American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(6), 693-713.
-
Spreng, R., McKinnon, M., Mar, R. ve Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale Development and Initial Validation of a Factor-Analytic Solution to Multiple Empathy Measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 62-71.
-
Taylor, J. C., ve Bowers, D. G. (1974). The Survey of Organizations: Towards a Machine Scored, Standardized Questionnaire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
-
Traynor, M., ve Wade, B. (1993). The Development of a Measure of Job satisfaction For Use in Monitoring the Morale of Community Nurses in Four Trusts. Journal of Advance Nursing, 18(1), 127-136.
-
Wallace, A. S., Wannemuehler, K., Bonsu, G., Wardle, M., Nyaku, M. ve Amponsah-Achiano, K. (2019). Development of a Valid and Reliable Scale to Assess Parents’ Beliefs and Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines and Their Association with Vaccination Uptake and Delay in Ghana. Vaccine, 37 (6): 848-56.
-
Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E. Ve Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall Job Satisfaction: How Good are Single-Item Measures?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 247-252.
-
Warr, P., Cook, J. ve Wall, T. (1979). Scales for the Measurement of Some Work Attitudes and Aspects of Psychological Well‐Being. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 52(2), 129-148.
-
Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V. ve England, G. W. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation, 22, 120.
-
Wong, I. ve Wan, Y. (2012). A Systematic Approach to Scale Development in Tourist Shopping Satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 52(1), 29-41.
-
Zhang, C. ve Liu, L. (2022). The Influence of Health-Promoting Leadership on Employees’ Positive Workplace Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Employability and the Moderating Role of Workplace Civility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 1-17.
-
Zhang, N., Wu, K. ve Wang, W. (2020). Timely Mental Health Services Contribute to the Containment of Covid-19 Pandemic in China. Global Health Research and Policy, 5(1), 1-4