TÜKETİLEBİLİR PROPOLİS EKSTRELERİNDE KULLANILAN ÇÖZÜCÜLERİN (MENSTRUMLARIN) DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2020, , 24 - 37, 12.06.2020

Oktay Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.659556

Cited By: 6

Abstract

Bu çalışmada propolis ekstraksiyonunda farklı çözücüler kullanarak elde edilen ekstraktların özellikleri araştırıldı. Su, gliserol, glikol ve etanolik ekstraktlarının antioksidan aktiviteleri kıyaslandı. İstatistiksel olarak etanolik ekstraktlar fenolik madde miktarı, flavonoid madde miktarı ve FRAP antioksidan kapasitesi bakımından diğerlerinden yüksek bulundu. Ekstraktların antioksidan kapasiteleri ile çözücülerin dielektirik sabitleri arasında paralellik gözlendi. Numunelerin toplam fenolik madde miktarları 0,79-87,56 mg GAE/mL; toplam flavonoid madde miktarları 0,73-24,72 mg KE/mL arasında ve FRAP antioksidan kapasite 7,52-870,121 mM Troloks E/mL arasında bulundu. Bulgular etanolik ekstraktlara glikol ekstraktlarının alternatif olabileceğini göstermiştir. Ekstrelerin farklı biyoaktif özellikleri ile birlikte çözücülerin kullanım limitlerinin göz önüne alınması gerekliliği tartışıldı.

Keywords

Propolis, Ekstraksiyon, Çözücü, Antioksidan Aktivite

EVALUATION OF SOLVENTS (MENSTRUUMS) USED IN CONSUMED PROPOLIS EXTRACTS

Abstract

In this study, properties of extracts obtained by using different solvents in propolis extraction were investigated. The antioxidant activities of water, glycerol, glycol and ethanolic extracts were compared. Statistically ethanolic extracts were higher than others in terms of phenolic content, flavonoid content and FRAP antioxidant capacity. A parallelism was observed between the antioxidant capacities of the extracts and the dielectic constants of the solvents. Total phenolic amount of samples was 0.79-87.56 mg GAE/mL; total flavonoid substance amounts were between 0.73-24.72 mg KE/mL and FRAP antioxidant capacity was between 7.52-870.112 mM Trolox E / mL. Findings showed that glycol extracts may be an alternative to ethanolic extracts. The different bioactive properties of the extracts, along with the need to consider the limits of the use of solvents were discussed.

Keywords

Propolis, Extraction, Solvent, Antioxidant Activity

References

• Abdulrhman, M., Samir Elbarbary, N., Ahmed Amin, D., Saeid Ebrahim, R. 2012. Honey and a mixture of honey, beeswax, and olive oil–propolis extract in treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: a randomized controlled pilot study. Pediatric hematology and oncology, 29(3), 285-292,doi.org/10.3109/08880018.2012.669026.
• Al-Shaher, A., Wallace, J., Agarwal, S., Bretz, W., Baugh, D. 2004. Effect of propolis on human fibroblasts from the pulp and periodontal ligament. Journal of endodontics, 30(5), 359-361.
• Amoros, M., Sauvager, F., Girre, L., Cormier, M. 1992. In vitro antiviral activity of propolis. Apidologie, 23(3), 231-240, doi.org/10.1051/apido:19920306.
• Aso, K., Kanno, SI., Tadano, T., Satoh, S., Ishikawa, M. 2004. Inhibitory effect of propolis on the growth of human leukemia U937. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27(5), 727-730, doi.org/10.1248/bpb.27.727.
• EFSA, 2006. Avrupa Gıda Güvenliği Otoritesi (EFSA) 414, s: 1-22.
• Baduroğlu, E., Durak, D. 2010. Alkol ile ilgili adli tıp sorunları. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(2), 65-71,
• Baltas, N., Yildiz, O., Kolayli, S. 2016. Inhibition properties of propolis extracts to some clinically important enzymes. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 31 (sup1), 52-55, doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2016.1167049.
• Bankova, V., Galabov, AS., Antonova, D., Vilhelmova, N., Di Perri, B. 2014a. Chemical composition of Propolis Extract ACF® and activity against herpes simplex virus. Phytomedicine, 21(11), 1432-1438.
• Bankova, V., Popova, M., Trusheva, B. 2014b. Propolis volatile compounds: Chemical diversity and biological activity: A review. Chemistry Central Journal, 8, 24, doi:10.1186/ 1752-153X-8-28.
• Bankova, VS., de Castro, SL., Marcucci, MC. 2000. Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie, 31(1), 3-15,doi.org/10.1051/apido:2000102.
• Banskota, AH., Tezuka, Y., Adnyana, IK., Ishii, E., Midorikawa, K., Matsushige, K., Kadota, S. 2001. Hepatoprotective and anti-Helicobacter pylori activities of constituents from Brazilian propolis. Phytomedicine, 8 (1), 16-23, doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00004.
• Banskota, AH., Tezuka, Y., Kadota, S. 2001 b. Recent progress in pharmacological research of propolis. Phytotherapy research, 15(7), 561-571, doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1029.
• Benzie, IF., Strain, JJ. 1999. Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid Concentration. In Methods in Enzymology (Vol. 299, pp. 15-27). Academic Press.
• Biavatti, MW., Bellaver, MH., Volpato, L., Costa, C., Bellaver, C. 2003. Preliminary studies of alternative feed additives for broilers: Alternanthera brasiliana extract, propolis extract and linseed oil. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 5(2), 147-151.
• Brayton, CF. 1986. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): a review. The Cornell Veterinarian, 76(1), 61-90.
• Burdock, G A. 1998. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food and Chemical toxicology, 36(4), 347-363.
• Can, Z., Yildiz, O., Şahin, H., Asadov, A., Kolaylı, S. 2015. Phenolic profile and antioxidant potential of propolis from Azerbaijan. Mellifera, 15(1), 16-28.
• Carvalho, AA., Finger, D., Machado, CS., Schmidt, EM., da Costa, PM., Alves, APNN., dos Santos, J. MT. 2011. In vivo antitumoural activity and composition of an oil extract of Brazilian propolis. Food Chemistry, 126(3), 1239-1245.
• Catchpole, OJ., Grey, JB., Mitchell, KA., Lan, JS. 2004. Supercritical antisolvent fractionation of propolis tincture. The Journal of supercritical fluids, 29(1-2), 97-106.
• Cavaco, AM., Cruz, C., Ferreira, AL., Guia, MD., Antunes, MD., Miguel, MG. 2008. Pigments, protein and activity of antioxidant enzymes in propolis collected at various sites of Algarve. In R. Oria, J. Val, A. Ferrer (Eds.), Avances en maduración y post-recolección de frutas y hortalizas Acribia, S.A.: Zaragoza, pp. 286– 293
• Chen, CT., Chien, YH., Yu, YH., Chen, YW. 2019. Extraction and Analysis of Taiwanese Green Propolis. JoVE; Journal of Visualized Experiments, (143), e58743. doi: 10.3791/58743.
• Cottica, SM., Sawaya, AC., Eberlin, MN., Franco, SL., Zeoula, LM., Visentainer, JV. 2011. Antioxidant activity and composition of propolis obtained by different methods of extraction. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 22(5), 929-935.
• Cunha, A., Alves, H., Araújo, C., Barroso, L., Cruz, M., Freitas, AS., Passão, C., Peixoto, M., Pereira, H., Silva-Carvalho, R., Valença, I., Ferreira, AM., Baltazar, F., Pinto-Ribeiro, F., Cardoso, S, Oliveira, R., Almeida-Aguiar, C. 2018. Portuguese Propolis: A Source of Valuable Bioactivities. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature (Apiterapi ve Doğa Dergisi), 1(3), 27.
• Dalben-Dota, KF., Faria, MG., Bruschi, ML., Pelloso, SM., Lopes-Consolaro, ME., Svidzinski, TI. 2010. Antifungal activity of propolis extract against yeasts isolated from vaginal exudates. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(3), 285-290.
• Debuyser, E. 1984. La propolis. These pour diplôme de docteur en Pharmacie. Fac. Pharmacie, Univ. Nantes, France, 34 pp.
• Denney, RC. 2000. Body Fluids. In: Siegel JA, Saukko PJ, Knupfer GC. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. UK: Harcourt Publishers Ltd, 80-6.
• Di Capua, A., Bejarano, A., Adami, R., Reverchon, E. 2018. Preparation and characterization of Chilean propolis coprecipitates using Supercritical Assisted Atomization. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 136, 776-785.
• Doğanyiğit, Z. 2013. Propolis ve karaciğere koruyucu etkisi. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 13(2), 70-78.
• EMA, 2009. (European Medical Agency), 2009. Reflection paper: formulations of choice for the pediatric population (EMEA/CHMP/PEG/194810/2005). Available from: http://www. ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/ WC500003782.pdf
• EMA, 2013. (European Medical Agency), 2013. Reflection paper: formulations of choice for the pediatric population (EMA/CHMP/704195/2013). Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/questions-answers-propylene-glycol-used-excipient-medicinal-products-human-use_en.pdf
• Fachri, BA., Sari, P., Yuwanti, S., Subroto, E. 2019. Experimental Study and Modeling on Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Indonesian Raw Propolis using Response Surface Method: Influence of Pressure, Temperature and CO2 Mass Flowrate on Extraction Yield. Chemical Engineering Research and Design.
• Finger, D., Machado, CS., Torres, YR., Quináia, SP., Thomaz, ACG., Gobbo, AR., Eberlin, MN. 2013. Antifungal Bioassay Guided Fractionation of an Oil Extract of Propolis. Journal of Food Quality, 36(5), 291-301.
• Freires, IA., de Alencar, SM., Rosalen, PL. 2016. A pharmacological perspective on the use of Brazilian Red Propolis and its isolated compounds against human diseases. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 110, 267-279.
• Fukumoto LR., Mazza, G. 2000. Assessing antioxidant and prooxidant activities of phenolic compounds. Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry, 48: 3597-3604.
• Havsteen, BH. 2002. The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids, Pharmacol. Ther. 96, 67–202.
• Herrera, CL., Alvear, M., Barrientos, L., Montenegro, G., Salazar, LA. 2010. The antifungal effect of six commercial extracts of Chilean propolis on Candida spp., Cien. Inv. Agr. 37(1):75-84.
• Hikmet, K., Nazime, M. 2006. Turkish propolis from different regions. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5 (2006) 1151–1153.
• Hunsaker, DM., Hunsaker, JC. 2004. Postmortem alcohol interpretation. In Forensic Pathology Reviews (pp. 307-338). Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
• Juliano, C., Pala, CL., Cossu, M. 2007. Preparation and characterisation of polymeric films containing propolis. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 17(3), 177-182.
• Kanbur, M., Eraslan, G., Silici, S. 2009. Antioxidant effect of propolis against exposure to propetamphos in rats. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72(3), 909-915.
• Kartal, M., Yıldız, S., Kaya, S., Kurucu, S., Topçu, G. 2003. Antimicrobial activity of propolis samples from two different regions of Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86(1), 69-73.
• Keskin, M., Kolaylı, S. 2019. Ticari Propolis Ekstraktlarının Kalite Parametreleri Açısından Karşılaştırılması. Uludag Bee Journal, 19(1): 43-49.
• Kolayli, S., Ebru Cakir, H., Sahin, H. 2016. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Some Bee Products by Inhibition of Bovine Testes Hyaluronidase. Current Enzyme Inhibition, 12(2), 183-187.
• Krell, R. 1996. Value-Added Products From Beekeeping. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 124 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome.
• Kugelberg, FC., Jones, AW. 2007. Interpreting results of ethanol analysis in postmortem specimens: a review of the literature. Forensic science international, 165(1), 10-29.
• Lim, DK., Choi, U., Shin, DH., Jeong, YS. 1994. Antioxidative effect of propolis extract on palm oil and lard. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology, 26(5), 622-626.
• Line, HCCC. 2018. In vitro Assessments of Cytotoxic and Cytostatic Effects of Propolis in Cells from the Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Line (HCT 116). Journal of Apitherapy and Nature/Apiterapi ve Doğa Dergisi, 1(3), 51-51.
• Logan, BK., Distefano, S. 1998. Ethanol content of various foods and soft drinks and their potential for interference with a breath-alcohol test. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 22(3), 181-183.
• Machado, BAS., de Abreu Barreto, G., Costa, AS., Costa, SS., Silva, RPD., da Silva, DF., Padilha, FF. 2015. Determination of parameters for the supercritical extraction of antioxidant compounds from green propolis using carbon dioxide and ethanol as co-solvent. PLoS One, 10(8), e0134489.
• Marcucci, MC., Ferreres, F., Custodio, AR., Ferreira, MMC., Bankova, VS., Garcia-Viguera, C., Bretz, WA. 2000. Evaluation of phenolic compounds in Brazilian propolis from different geographic regions, Z. Naturforsch. C, 55, 76–81.
• Marcucci, MC., Sawaya, ACHF., Custodio, AR., Paulino, N., Eberlin, MN.,2008. In Scientific Evidence of the Use of Propolis in Ethnomedicine, Orsolic, N.; Basic, I.. eds., Transworld Res Network: Kerala, India, pp. 33-54.
• Medić-Šarić, M., Rastija, V., Bojić, M., Maleš, Ž. 2009. From functional food to medicinal product: Systematic approach in analysis of polyphenolics from propolis and wine. Nutrition Journal, 8, 33, doi:10.1186/1475-2891-8-33.
• Milojković-Opsenica, D., Ristivojević, P., Trifković, J., Vovk, I., Lušić, D., Tešić, Z. 2016. TLC Fingerprinting and pattern recognition methods in the assessment of authenticity of poplar-type propolis. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 54(7), 1077–1083.
• Miyataka, H., Nishiki, M., Matsumoto, H., Fujimoto, T., Matsuka, M., Satoh, T. (1997). Evaluation of propolis. I. Evaluation of Brazilian and Chinese propolis by enzymatic and physico-chemical methods. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 20(5), 496-501.
• Modell JG, Taylor JP, Lee JY., 1993. Breath alcohol values following mouthwash use. JAMA. Dec 22-29; 270(24):2955-6
• Moţ, AC., Soponar, F., Sârbu, C. 2010. Multivariate analysis of reflectance spectra from propolis: geographical variation in Romanian samples. Talanta, 81(3), 1010-1015.
• Mukerjee, P., Ramachandran, C., Pyter, RA. 1982. Solvent effects on the visible spectra of nitroxides and relation to nitrogen hyperfine splitting constants. Nonempirical polarity scales for aprotic and hydroxylic solvents. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 86(16), 3189-3197.
• Oliveira, ACP., Shinobu, CS., Longhini, R., Franco, SL., Svidzinski, TIE. 2006. Antifungal activity of propolis extract against yeasts isolated from onychomycosis lesions. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 101(5), 493-497.
• Oliveira, AP., França, HS., Kuster, RM., Teixeira, LA., Rocha, LM. 2010. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Brazilian propolis essential oil. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 16(1), 121-130.
• Özcan, M., Ceylan, DA., Ünver, A., Yetişir, R. 2003. Türkiye’nin Çeşitli Bölgelerinden Sağlanan Polen ve Propolis Ekstraktlarinin Antifungal Etkisi. Uludag Bee Journal, 27.
• Pessoaa, BA., de Souzaa, LABS., Machadoa, JJIHD., de Oliveira Fernando Reisb, LP. 2019. Extraction of propolis using supercritical carbon dioxide. Green Sustainable Processes for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide As Green Solvent, 169.
• Pobiega, K., Kraśniewska, K., Gniewosz, M. 2019. Application of propolis in antimicrobial and antioxidative protection of food quality–A review. Trends in food science & technology, 83, 53-62.
• Pujirahayu, N., Ritonga, H., Uslinawaty, Z. 2015. Antibacterial activity of oil extract of trigona propolis. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 419-422.
• Ramanauskienė, K., Inkėnienė, AM., Petrikaitė, V., Briedis, V. 2013. Total phenolic content and antimicrobial activity of different lithuanian propolis solutions. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.
• Resmi gazete, 2017. Etil Alkol ve Metanolün Üretimi ile İç ve Dış Ticaretine İlişkin Usul ve Esaslar Hakkında Yönetmelikte Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik (RG 30.12.2017 - 30286)
• Sahin, H., Aliyazicioglu, R., Yildiz, O., Kolayli, S., Innocenti, A., Supuran, C. T. 2011. Honey, polen, and propolis extracts show potent inhibitory activity against the zinc metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 26(3), 440-444.
• Saral, Ö., Kilicarslan, M., Şahin, H., Yildiz, O., Dincer, B. 2019. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of bee products of different bee races in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 43(4), 441-447, doi:10.3906/vet-1901-3.
• Saral, Ö., Yildiz, O., Aliyazicioğlu, R., Yuluğ, E., Canpolat, S., Öztürk, F., Kolayli, S. 2016. Apitherapy products enhance the recovery of CCL4-induced hepatic damages in rats. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 46(1), 194-202, doi:10.3906/sag-1411-35.
• Sforcin, JM. 2007. Propolis and the immune system: a review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113(1), 1-14, doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.012.
• Silici, S., Kutluca, S. 2005. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of propolis collected by three different races of honeybees in the same region. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 99(1), 69-73.
• Silici, S., Ünlü, M., Vardar-Ünlü, G. 2007. Antibacterial activity and phytochemical evidence for the plant origin of Turkish propolis from different regions. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 23(12), 1797-1803.
• Slinkard, K., Singleton, VL. 1977. Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28(1), 49-55.
• Trusheva, B., Trunkova, D., Bankova, V. 2007. Different extraction methods of biologically active components from propolis: a preliminary study. Chemistry Central Journal, 1(1), 13.
• Turkut, G. M., Mehtap, E. R., Degırmencı, A. 2019. Evaluating Bioactivity and Bioaccessibility Properties of Turkish Propolis Extracts Prepared with Various Solvents. Apiterapi ve Doğa Dergisi, 2(1), 7-11, doi.org/10.35206/jan.577616.
• Türk Gıda Kodeksi, Gıda Maddelerinin ve Gıda Bileşenlerinin Üretiminde Kullanılan Ekstraksiyon Çözücüleri Tebliği (Tebliğ No: 2013/45).
• Türk Gıda Kodeksi, Takviye Edici Gıdalar Tebliği (Tebliğ No: 2013/49).
• Ugur, A., Arslan, T. 2004. An in vitro study on antimicrobial activity of propolis from Mugla province of Turkey. Journal of Medicinal Food, 7(1), 90-94.
• Wagh, V D. 2013. Propolis: A Wonder Bees Product and Its Pharmacological Potentials. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, 2013, 308249, doi:10.1155/2013/308249.
• Watson, DG., De Konıng, H., Ebıloma, G., Igolı, J., Sıherı, W., Alenzı, N., Harnett, SAW. 2018. The Immune Modulatory and Anti-protozoal Effects of Different Propolis Samples. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature/Apiterapi ve Doğa Dergisi, 1(3), 7-7.
• Wıdelskı, J., Golus, J., Okıńczyc, P., Sawıckı, R., Gınalska, G., Mroczek, T., Skalıcka-Woźnıak, K. 2018. Antituberculosis Activity of Propolis. Apiterapi ve Doğa Dergisi, 1(3), 77-77.
• Yildiz, O., Kolayli, S. 2015. Ham Propolisden Biyoaktif Potansiyeli Yüksek Sulu Propolis Ekstrakti Hazırlama Yöntemi", Türkiye, Patent, 2015/04984, Mayıs 2019.
• Yildiz O., Can Z., Hotaman HE., Kolayli S. 2014. Farklı Çözücülerle Hazırlanan Propolis Ekstraktlarının Biyoyararlılıkları, 4. Uluslararası MuğlaArıcılık ve Çam Balı Kongresi eşzamanlı olarak 20. Apislavia Kongresi, Muğla, Türkiye