A STUDY ON FREE-RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY, INDIVIDUAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND ELEMENT CONCENTRATION OF PROPOLIS

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 145 - 156, 09.11.2020

Nesrin Ecem Bayram

https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.778751

Cited By: 2

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the quality of propolis samples obtained from Turkey (TP), China (CP), Brazil (BP1, BP2), and Ethiopia (EP). The phenolic compounds of the propolis were identified and quantified using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique (LC-MS/MS). In addition, quality parameters such as total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, free-radical scavenging activity and element contents were investigated. As a result of LC-MS/MS analysis, the extracts were sorted as TP> BP1> BP2> CP> EP in terms of the total concentration of individual phenolic compounds. Chlorogenic acid was determined as the dominant compound in the propolis obtained from BP1 and EP, p-coumaric acid as the dominant compound in the BP2 propolis and trans-ferulic acid as the dominant compound in the propolis samples from CP and TP. The concentration of DPPH was higher in TP whereas the ABTS concentration was almost similar to other propolis extracts. The contents of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) in the propolis samples were in the range of 2416.75-14416.02 mg/kg, 8.52-613.25 mg/kg, 102.66–1425.82 mg/kg, 523.84–7336.7417.5 mg/kg and 57.65-191.15 mg/kg, respectively. Consequently, it is again supported that chemical characteristics and activity of propolis varies according to its geographical origin with this study.

Keywords

propolis, element composition, mineral content, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity

Thanks

Thank you to Assist. Prof. Yeliz Kaşko Arıcı conducted the statistical analysis of this study and Trakya University, Technology Research and Development Application and Research Center.

PROPOLİSİN SERBEST RADİKAL TEMİZLEME AKTİVİTESİ, BİREYSEL FENOLİK BİLEŞİK İÇERİĞİ VE ELEMENT KONSANTRASYONU ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye (TP), Çin (CP), Brezilya (BP1, BP2) ve Etiyopya'dan (EP) elde edilen propolis örneklerinin kalitesi değerlendirildi. Propolisin fenolik bileşikleri sıvı kromatografi kütle spektrometresi (LC-MS/MS) ile kantitatif olarak tespit edildi. Buna ilave olarak, total flavonoid içerik, total fenolik içerik, antioksidan aktivite ve element içeriği (ICP-MS ile) gibi kalite parametleri de araştırıldı. LC-MS/MS analizinin sonuçlarına göre propolis ekstraktları bireysel fenolik bileşiklerin toplam konsantrasyonu açısından TP> BP1> BP2> CP> EP olarak sıralandı. BP1 ve EP için klorogenik asit, BP2 için p-kumarik asit, CP ve TP için ise trans-ferulik asit baskın bileşikler olarak tespit edildi. TP’de DPPH konsantrasyonu en yüksek iken, ABTS konsantrasyonu ise diğer propolis örnekleri ile benzerlik gösterdi. Propolis numunelerindeki potasyum (K), kalsiyum (Ca), demir (Fe), magnezyum (Mg) ve sodyum (Na) içeriklerinin sırasıyla 2416.75-14416.02 mg/kg, 8.52-613.25 mg/kg, 102.66–1425.82 mg/kg, 523.84–7336.7417.5 mg/kg and 57.65-191.15 mg/kg arasında değişiklik gösterdiği belirlendi. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma ile propolisin kimyasal bileşimi ve aktivitesinin coğrafi kökenine göre değiştiği tekrar desteklendi.

Keywords

propolis, element içeriği, mineral içerik, fenolik bileşikler, antioksidan aktivite

References

• Ahn, MR., Kumazawa. S., Usui, Y., Nakamura. J., Matsuka, M., Zhu, F., Nakayama, T. (2007). Antioxidant activity and constituents of propolis collected in various areas of China. Food Chemistry, 101(4), 2007, pp. 1383-1392. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.03.045
• Alamyel, F. B., Ali Abushaala, F., Abshwigir, R.M., Alwoshesh, M. M., Hussain, M. S. (2018). Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the propolis growing in the basin of mediterranean city Misurata, Libya. The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal, 5, 2018, pp. 63-70.
• Aliyazıcıoglu, R., Sahin, H., Erturk, O., Ulusoy, E., Kolayli, S. 2013. Properties of phenolic composition and biological activity of propolis from Turkey. International Journal of Food Properties 16(2), 277-287. DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2010.551312.
• Banskota, AH., Tezuka, Y., Adnyana, I. K., Midorikawa, K., Matsushige, K., Message, D., Alfreado, AGH., Kadota, S. 2000. Cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of propolis from Brazil, Peru, the Netherlands and China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72, 239-246. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00252-x.
• Bayram, S., Bayram, NE., Gercek, YC., Aydogan, MN., Oz, GC. (2017). Chemical analysis and antimicrobial effect of propolis from Hakkari province of Turkey against some pathogenic microorganisms. Eur. J. Biol, 76, 74-78.
• Cantarelli, MÁ., Camiña, JM., Pettenati, EM., Marchevsky, EJ., Pellerano, RG. 2011. Trace mineral content of Argentinean raw propolis by neutron activation analysis (NAA): Assessment of geographical provenance by chemometrics. LWT-Food Science and Technology 44(1), 256-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2010.06.031.
• Coelho, J., Falcao, S., Vale, N., Almeida-Muradian L., Vilas-Boas M. 2017. Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity assessment of southeastern and south Brazilian propolis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56, 21-31. DOI: 10.1080/00218839.2016.1277602.
• de Oliveira Reis, JH., de Abreu Barreto, G., Cerqueira, JC., dos Anjos, JP., Andrade, LN., Padilha, FF. 2019. Machado, B. A. S.: Evaluation of the antioxidant profile and cytotoxic activity of red propolis extracts from different regions of northeastern Brazil obtained by conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction. PloS one, 14(7), 2019, pp.1-27. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219063.
• Dogan, M., Silici, S., Saraymen, R., lhan, IO. 2006. Element content of propolis from different regions of Turkey. Acta Alimentaria 35(1), 127-130. DOI: 10.1556/aalim.35.2006.1.14
• Fischer, UA., Carle, R., Kammerer, DR. (2011). Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel, mesocarp, aril and differently produced juices by HPLC-DAD–ESI/MSn. Food Chemistry 127(2), 2011, pp. 807-821. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.156.
• Gardini, S., Bertelli, D., Marchetti, L., Graziosi, R., Pinetti, D., Plessi, M., Marcazzan, GL. 2018. Chemical composition of Italian propolis of different ecoregional origin. Journal of Apicultural Research 57(5), 2018, pp. 639-647. DOI: 10.1080/00218839.2018.1494911.
• Golubkina, NA., Sheshnitsan, SS., Kapitalchuk, MV., Erdenotsogt, E. 2016. Variations of chemical element composition of bee and beekeeping products in different taxons of the biosphere. Ecological Indicators 66, 452-457. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.09.022.
• Gong, S., Luo, L., Gong, W., Gao, Y., Xie, M. (2012). Multivariate analyses of element concentrations revealed the groupings of propolis from different regions in China. Food Chemistry 134(1): 583-588 (2012). DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.127.
• González-Martín, M., Escuredo, O., Revilla, I., Vivar-Quintana, A., Coello, M., Riocerezo, C., Moncada, G. (2015). Determination of the mineral composition and toxic element contents of propolis by near infrared spectroscopy. Sensors, 15(11), 2015, pp. 27854-27868. DOI: 10.3390/s151127854
• Herald, TJ., Gadgil, P., Tilley, M. 2012. High‐throughput micro plate assays for screening flavonoid content and DPPH‐scavenging activity in sorghum bran and flour. J. Sci. Food Agric 92(11), 2326-2331. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5633.
• Kolayli, S., Ebru Cakir, H., Sahin, H. 2016. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Some Bee Products by Inhibition of Bovine Testes Hyaluronidase. Current Enzyme Inhibition, 12(2), 183-187. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573408012666160229224038.
• Kuppusamy, S., Thavamani, P., Megharaj, M., Naidu, R. 2015. Bioremediation potential of natural polyphenol rich green wastes: a review of current research and recommendations for future directions. Environmental Technology & Innovation4, 17-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2015.04.001.
• Kuppusamy, S., Thavamani, P., Megharaj, M., Venkateswarlu, K., Naidu, R. 2016. Agronomic and remedial benefits and risks of applying biochar to soil: current knowledge and future research directions. Environment International 87, 2016, pp. 1-12.
• Liben, T., Atlabachew, M., Abebe, A. 2018. Total phenolic, flavonoids and some selected metal content in honey and propolis samples from South Wolo zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture 4(1), 2018, pp. 1-12. DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2018.1475925.
• Lovaković, BT., Lazarus, M., Karačonji, IB., Jurica, K., Semren, TŽ., Lušić D., Pizent, A. 2018. Multi-elemental composition and antioxidant properties of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) honey from the coastal region of Croatia: Risk-benefit analysis. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 45, 2018, pp. 85-92.
• Magalhaes, L., Santos, F., Segundo, M., Reis, S., Lima, J. 2010. Rapid microplate high-throughput methodology for assessment of Folin-Ciocalteu reducing capacity. Talanta 83, 441-447. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.09.042.
• Oroian, M., Amariei, S., Leahu, A., Gutt, G. 2015. Multi-element composition of honey as a suitable tool for its authenticity analysis. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 65(2), 2015, pp. 93-100. DOI: 10.1515/pjfns-2015-0018.
• Pietta, PG. 2000. Flavonoids as antioxidants. Journal of Natural Products 63(7),1035-1042. DOI:
• Popova, M., Trusheva, B., Bankova, V. 2017. Content of biologically active compounds in Bulgarian propolis: a basis for its standardization. Bulg. Chem. Commun 49, 2017, pp. 115-120.
• Rao, CV., Desai, D., Kaul, B., Amin, S., Reddy, BS.1992. Effect of caffeic acid esters on carcinogen-induced mutagenicity and human colon adenocarcinoma cell growth. Chemico-Biological Interactions 84(3), 277-290. DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(92)90129-9.
• Re, R., Pellegrini N., Proteggente A., Pannala A., Yang M., Rice-Evans C.1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Bio Med 26(9-10),1231-1237. DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00315-3.
• Salatino, A., Teixeira, ÉW., Negri, G. 2005. Origin and chemical variation of Brazilian propolis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2(1), 33-38. DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh060.
• Sforcin, J., Bankova, V. 2011. Propolis: Is there a potential for the development of new drugs? Journal of Ethnopharmacology 133, 253-260.
• Silici, S., Koç, NA., Ayangil, D., Çankaya, S. (2005). Antifungal activities of propolis collected by different races of honeybees against yeasts isolated from patients with superficial mycoses. Journal of pharmacological sciences, 99(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.fpe05002x.
• Šturm L, Ulrih NP. 2019. Advances in the Propolis Chemical Composition between 2013 and 2018: A Review. eFood. 1: 24–37.
• Szliszka, E., Kucharska, AZ., Sokół-Łętowska, A., Mertas, A., Czuba, ZP., Król, W. 2013. Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Brazilian green propolis on activated J774A. 1 macrophages. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1-13. DOI: 10.1155/2013/976415.
• Tapia, A., Rodriguez, J., Theoduloz, C., Lopez, S., Feresin, GE., Schmeda-Hirschmann, G. 2004. Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from Baccharis grisebachii. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 95(2-3), 155-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.035.
• Teixeira EW, Negri G, Salatino A, Stringheta PC. 2010. Seasonal variation, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Brazilian propolis samples. Comput Theor Chem 7: 307-315.
• Temiz, A., Şener, A., Tüylü, AÖ., Sorkun, K., Salih, B. (2011). Antibacterial activity of bee propolis samples from different geographical regions of Turkey against two foodborne pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes. Turkish Journal of Biology, 35(4), 503-511.
• Temizer, İK., Güder, A., Çelemli, ÖG. (2017). Botanical origin and antioxidant activities of propolis from the Irano-Turanian region. Istanbul J. Pharm, 47, 107-111. https://doi.org/10.5152/istanbuljpharm.2017.0017.
• Vargas-Sanchez, R., Mendoza-Wilson, A., Torrescano Urrutia, G., Sanchez Escalante, A. 2015. Antiradical potential of phenolic compounds fingerprints of propolis extracts: DFT approach. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry 1066, 7-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.05.003.
• Wang, X., Sankarapandian, K., Cheng, Y., Woo, S., Kwon, H., Perumalsamy, H., Ahn, Y. 2016. Relationship between total phenolic contents and biological properties of propolis from 20 different regions in South Korea. Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine 16(1), 2016. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1043-y.
• Yang, H., Dong, Y., Du, H., Shi, H., Peng, Y., Li, X. 2011. Antioxidant compounds from propolis collected in Anhui, China. Molecules 16,3444-3455. DOI: 10.3390/molecules16043444.
• Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., Jianming, W. 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry 64(4), 555-559. DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(98)00102-2.
• Zhou, J., Qi, Y., Ritho, J., Zhang, Y., Zheng, X., Wu, L 2015. Flavonoid glycosides as floral origin markers to discriminate of unifloral bee pollen by LC–MS/MS. Food Control 57, 54-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.035.
• Zilius, M., Ramanauskiene, K., Juskaite, V., Briedis, V. 2016. Formulation of Propolis Phenolic Acids Containing Microemulsions and Their Biopharmaceutical Characterization. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1-7. DOOI: 10.1155/2016/8175265.