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Effect of Optimum Nano Material Ratio on Early Age Compressive Strength in Fly Ash Added Cement Mortars

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 309 - 319, 15.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.29137/ijerad.1528756

Abstract

Fly ash, which is a by-product and waste of thermal power plants, poses an environmental problem. This waste material, fly ash, has a negative impact on the natural environment and global warming. Fly ashes are compatible with cement-based building materials. In the last hundred years, scientific work on the publication of the use of fly ash has been accelerated. Fly ashes are known to have negative effects on early-day strength. In order to minimize the negative effects of this first day, the cement in the mixture was reduced by 50% and replaced with fly ash. Nano silicate or nano iron oxide is added to the fly ash mixture at the rates of 0%, 0,5% 1.0%, 1,5% and 2,0% of the cement weight. It is aimed to determine the optimum ratio of nano materials in the mixture depending on their strength in the first days. 50x50x50 mm cube samples were produced from these mixtures and their 1st, 3rd and 7th day compressive strengths were determined. According to the results obtained, the highest strengths of the samples produced with 1% nano silicate were 28,92 MPa, 40,66 MPa and 50,43 MPa, respectively, while the samples produced with 0.5% nano iron oxide were 27,63 MPa, 40,17 MPa and 48,20 MPa. According to the results of this study, the optimum ratio of 1% nano silicate and 0.5% nano iron oxide was determined.

Thanks

Doç. Dr. Osman Şimşek'e katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ediyorum.

References

  • Aza, C.A., Danoglidis, P.A., Konsta-Gdoutos, M.S. (2015). Self-sensing capability of Multifunctional Cementitious Nanocomposites, Nanotechnology in Construction Nanotechnology in Construction, In: Sobolev, K., Shah, S. (eds), Springer, Cham, 363–369.
  • Andrew, R.M. (2018). Global CO2 emissions from cement production, Earth System Science Data 10 (1), 195–217.
  • Aruntaş H.Y. (2006). Potential Use of Fly Ashes in Construction Industry, Gazi University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Journal, 21(1), 193–203.
  • ASTM C230/C230M. (2008). Standard specification for flow table for use in tests of hydraulic cement. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
  • ASTM C39/C39M. (2016). “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens”, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, USA.
  • ASTM C618. (2019). “Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete”, American Society for Testing and Materials.
  • Birgisson, B., Mukhopadhyay, A. K., Geary, G., Khan, M., Sobolev, K. (2012). Nanotechnology in concrete materials: A synopsis, Transportation Research Board, 1-3, Washington.
  • Superplasticizer produced by CHRYSO Construction Chemicals. https://www.chryso.com.tr/pc/923/yeni-nesil-super-akiskanlastirici-beton-kimyasal-katkilari/ Last Access :20.10.2020
  • Set accelerator produced by CHRYSO Construction Chemicals. https://www.chryso.com.tr/pc/925/priz-hizlandirici-beton-katkilari/ Last Access :20.10.2020
  • CEM-I 52.5 R class cement supplied from ÇİMSA Afyon Cement factory. https://www.afyoncimento.com/Urunler/ Last Access :25.06.2021
  • PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) fiber supplied by Ekvator Kimya. http://www.ekvatorkimya.com/urunler/127/ Last Access :10.08.2024
  • Erdoğan, T.Y. (1993). ““Use of Waste Materials in Construction Industry-Fly Ash and Blast Furnace Slag”, Ind. Use of Waste in Construction Industry Symposium, Ankara, 1-8, 18-19 November.
  • Forex Economic News URL: https://foreks.com/haber/detay/63996f0d46e0fb000184ab55/PICNEWS/tr/2022-sonunda-ic-piyasada-cimento-tuketim-oraninin-yillik-10-azalmasi-bekleniyor, Last Access : 22.01.2022.
  • Gann, D. (2002). A Review of Nanotechnology and its Potential Applications for Construction. SPRU, University of Sussex.
  • Gökçe, H. S., Şimşek, O. (2021). Aggressive Environment Performance of Low Energy Cements Containing Fly Ash, Gazı Unıversıty Journal Of Scıence ,34(1), 19-29.
  • Heikal, M., Ibrahim, N.S. (2016). Hydration, microstructure and phase composition of composite cements containing nano-clay, Construction and Building Materials, 1 (112), 19–27.
  • Jennings H.M., Thomas J.J., Gevrenov J.S., Constantinides G., Ulm F-J. (2007). A Multi-Technique Investigation of the Nanoporosity of Cement Paste, Cement and Concrete Research, 37, 329–336.
  • Khooshechin, M. and Tanzadeh, J. (2018). Experimental and mechanical performance of shotcrete made with nanomaterials and fiber reinforcement, Construction and Building Material, 165, 199-205.
  • Li H., Xiao H.-G., Yuan J, Ou J. (2004) Microstructure of cement mortar with nano-particles. Composites Part B: Engineering Volume 35, Issue 2, March 2004, Pages 185–189 Nanocomposites.
  • Li G. (2004). Properties of high-volume fly ash concrete incorporating nano-SiO2. Cement and Concrete Research 34 1043 – 1049.
  • Mehta P.K. (1986). Concrete Structure, Properties and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, N.J.
  • Nano silica supplied by Nanografi Company. https://shop.nanografi.com.tr/nanopartikuller-nanotozlar/?gad_source=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIx7HUmYaBiAMVuD0GAB3pgQ9eEAAYAiAAEgKNqfD_BwE&q=sio2 Last Access :29.06.2021
  • Nano iron oxide supplied by Nanografi Company. https://shop.nanografi.com.tr/nanopartikuller-nanotozlar/?gad_source=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIx7HUmYaBiAMVuD0GAB3pgQ9eEAAYAiAAEgKNqfD_BwE&q=fe2o3 Last Access :29.06.2021
  • Nazari, A., and Riahi, S. (2010a). Microstructural, thermal, physical and mechanical behavior of the self compacting concrete containing SiO2 nanoparticles. Materials Science and Engineering, A, 527(29-30), 7663–7672.
  • Nazari, A., Riahi, S., Riahi, S., Shamekhi. S. F., and Khademno, A. (2010b). Benefits of Fe2O3 nanoparticles in concrete mixing matrix. Journal of American Science, 6(4), 102-106.
  • Norhasri, M.M., Hamidah, M.S., Fadzil, A.M. (2017). Applications of using nano materialin concrete: A review, Construction and Building Materials, 15 (133), 91–97.
  • Peerzada, S. and Mohammad, S. (2020). Application of nanotechnology in pavement engineering: a review, NRC Research Press, 89(221), 101-109.
  • 0-400 μm sized silica sand supplied by Pomza Export Mining and Trading Inc.. https://pomzaexport.com/#/product/5/ Last Access :25.07.2024
  • Sadeghi-Nik, A., Berenjian, J., Bahari, A., Safaei, A.S., Dehestani, M. (2017). Modification of microstructure and mechanical properties of cement by nanoparticles through a sustainable development approach, Construction and Building Materials, 30 (155), 880–891.
  • Sanchez, F., Sobolev, K. (2010). Nanotechnology in concrete–a review, Construction and Building Materials, 24 (11), 2060–207.
  • Sobolev, K., Ferrada-Gutiérrez, M. (2005). How nanotechnology can change the concrete world: Part 1. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 10, 14–17.
  • Sobolev, K., Ferrada-Gutiérrez, M. (2005). How nanotechnology can change the concrete world: Part 2. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 11, 16–19.
  • Sobolev, K., et al. (2006). Development of nano-SiO2 based admixtures for high-performance cement-based materials. Progress report, CONACYT, Mexico.
  • Sobolev, K., Flores, I., Torres-Martinez, L. M., Valdez, P. L., Zarazua, E., & Cuellar, E. L. (2009). Engineering of SiO2 Nanoparticles for Optimal Performance in Nano Cement-Based Materials. In Nanotechnology in construction 3, 139-148 Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  • Soleymani, F. (2012). Optimum content of SiO2 nanoparticles in concrete specimens. Journal of American Science, 8(4), 432-437.
  • Sumesh, M., Alengaram, U.J., Jumaat, M.Z., Mo, K.H., Alnahhal, M.F. (2017). Incorporation of nano-materials in cement composite and geopolymer based paste and mortar–A review, Construction and Building Materials, 1 (148), 62–84.
  • Taylor H. F. W. (1997). Cement Chemistry, 2nd ed., Thomas Telford, ICE Virtual Library, London.
  • Tokyay, M. (1993). “Use of Fly Ash in Concrete (Türkiye Experience)”, Use of Industrial Waste in the Construction Sector. Symposium, Ankara, 29-36, 18-19 November.
  • Tokyay, M., Erdoğdu, K. (1998). Characterization of Fly Ashes Obtained from Thermal Power Plants in Türkiye, TÇMB, Ankara.
  • Trtik, P., Bartos, P.J.M. (2001). Nanotechnology and concrete: what can we utilise from the upcoming technologies? In: Proceeding of the 2nd Anna Maria Workshop: Cement & Concrete: Trends & Challenges, pp. 109–120.
  • Turkish Standards Institute (2012). Cement - Part 1: General cements - Composition, properties and conformity criteria, TS EN 197-1, Ankara.
  • Ünal, M. T. (2022). Şimşek, O. Determination of Optimum Fly Ash and PVA Fiber Ratio in Cement Mortars, Gazi University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Journal, 25(2), 477-489.
  • Yazdi, N. A., Arefi, M. R., Mollaahmadi, E., and Nejand, B. A. (2011). To study the effect of adding Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the morphology properties and microstructure of cement mortar. Life Science Journal, 8(4), 550-554.

Effect of Optimum Nano Material Ratio on Early Age Compressive Strength in Fly Ash Added Cement Mortars

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 309 - 319, 15.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.29137/ijerad.1528756

Abstract

Fly ash, which is a by-product and waste of thermal power plants, poses an environmental problem. This waste material, fly ash, has a negative impact on the natural environment and global warming. Fly ashes are compatible with cement-based building materials. In the last hundred years, scientific work on the publication of the use of fly ash has been accelerated. Fly ashes are known to have negative effects on early-day strength. In order to minimize the negative effects of this first day, the cement in the mixture was reduced by 50% and replaced with fly ash. Nano silicate or nano iron oxide is added to the fly ash mixture at the rates of 0%, 0,5% 1.0%, 1,5% and 2,0% of the cement weight. It is aimed to determine the optimum ratio of nano materials in the mixture depending on their strength in the first days. 50x50x50 mm cube samples were produced from these mixtures and their 1st, 3rd and 7th day compressive strengths were determined. According to the results obtained, the highest strengths of the samples produced with 1% nano silicate were 28,92 MPa, 40,66 MPa and 50,43 MPa, respectively, while the samples produced with 0.5% nano iron oxide were 27,63 MPa, 40,17 MPa and 48,20 MPa. According to the results of this study, the optimum ratio of 1% nano silicate and 0.5% nano iron oxide was determined.

References

  • Aza, C.A., Danoglidis, P.A., Konsta-Gdoutos, M.S. (2015). Self-sensing capability of Multifunctional Cementitious Nanocomposites, Nanotechnology in Construction Nanotechnology in Construction, In: Sobolev, K., Shah, S. (eds), Springer, Cham, 363–369.
  • Andrew, R.M. (2018). Global CO2 emissions from cement production, Earth System Science Data 10 (1), 195–217.
  • Aruntaş H.Y. (2006). Potential Use of Fly Ashes in Construction Industry, Gazi University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Journal, 21(1), 193–203.
  • ASTM C230/C230M. (2008). Standard specification for flow table for use in tests of hydraulic cement. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
  • ASTM C39/C39M. (2016). “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens”, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, USA.
  • ASTM C618. (2019). “Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete”, American Society for Testing and Materials.
  • Birgisson, B., Mukhopadhyay, A. K., Geary, G., Khan, M., Sobolev, K. (2012). Nanotechnology in concrete materials: A synopsis, Transportation Research Board, 1-3, Washington.
  • Superplasticizer produced by CHRYSO Construction Chemicals. https://www.chryso.com.tr/pc/923/yeni-nesil-super-akiskanlastirici-beton-kimyasal-katkilari/ Last Access :20.10.2020
  • Set accelerator produced by CHRYSO Construction Chemicals. https://www.chryso.com.tr/pc/925/priz-hizlandirici-beton-katkilari/ Last Access :20.10.2020
  • CEM-I 52.5 R class cement supplied from ÇİMSA Afyon Cement factory. https://www.afyoncimento.com/Urunler/ Last Access :25.06.2021
  • PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) fiber supplied by Ekvator Kimya. http://www.ekvatorkimya.com/urunler/127/ Last Access :10.08.2024
  • Erdoğan, T.Y. (1993). ““Use of Waste Materials in Construction Industry-Fly Ash and Blast Furnace Slag”, Ind. Use of Waste in Construction Industry Symposium, Ankara, 1-8, 18-19 November.
  • Forex Economic News URL: https://foreks.com/haber/detay/63996f0d46e0fb000184ab55/PICNEWS/tr/2022-sonunda-ic-piyasada-cimento-tuketim-oraninin-yillik-10-azalmasi-bekleniyor, Last Access : 22.01.2022.
  • Gann, D. (2002). A Review of Nanotechnology and its Potential Applications for Construction. SPRU, University of Sussex.
  • Gökçe, H. S., Şimşek, O. (2021). Aggressive Environment Performance of Low Energy Cements Containing Fly Ash, Gazı Unıversıty Journal Of Scıence ,34(1), 19-29.
  • Heikal, M., Ibrahim, N.S. (2016). Hydration, microstructure and phase composition of composite cements containing nano-clay, Construction and Building Materials, 1 (112), 19–27.
  • Jennings H.M., Thomas J.J., Gevrenov J.S., Constantinides G., Ulm F-J. (2007). A Multi-Technique Investigation of the Nanoporosity of Cement Paste, Cement and Concrete Research, 37, 329–336.
  • Khooshechin, M. and Tanzadeh, J. (2018). Experimental and mechanical performance of shotcrete made with nanomaterials and fiber reinforcement, Construction and Building Material, 165, 199-205.
  • Li H., Xiao H.-G., Yuan J, Ou J. (2004) Microstructure of cement mortar with nano-particles. Composites Part B: Engineering Volume 35, Issue 2, March 2004, Pages 185–189 Nanocomposites.
  • Li G. (2004). Properties of high-volume fly ash concrete incorporating nano-SiO2. Cement and Concrete Research 34 1043 – 1049.
  • Mehta P.K. (1986). Concrete Structure, Properties and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, N.J.
  • Nano silica supplied by Nanografi Company. https://shop.nanografi.com.tr/nanopartikuller-nanotozlar/?gad_source=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIx7HUmYaBiAMVuD0GAB3pgQ9eEAAYAiAAEgKNqfD_BwE&q=sio2 Last Access :29.06.2021
  • Nano iron oxide supplied by Nanografi Company. https://shop.nanografi.com.tr/nanopartikuller-nanotozlar/?gad_source=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIx7HUmYaBiAMVuD0GAB3pgQ9eEAAYAiAAEgKNqfD_BwE&q=fe2o3 Last Access :29.06.2021
  • Nazari, A., and Riahi, S. (2010a). Microstructural, thermal, physical and mechanical behavior of the self compacting concrete containing SiO2 nanoparticles. Materials Science and Engineering, A, 527(29-30), 7663–7672.
  • Nazari, A., Riahi, S., Riahi, S., Shamekhi. S. F., and Khademno, A. (2010b). Benefits of Fe2O3 nanoparticles in concrete mixing matrix. Journal of American Science, 6(4), 102-106.
  • Norhasri, M.M., Hamidah, M.S., Fadzil, A.M. (2017). Applications of using nano materialin concrete: A review, Construction and Building Materials, 15 (133), 91–97.
  • Peerzada, S. and Mohammad, S. (2020). Application of nanotechnology in pavement engineering: a review, NRC Research Press, 89(221), 101-109.
  • 0-400 μm sized silica sand supplied by Pomza Export Mining and Trading Inc.. https://pomzaexport.com/#/product/5/ Last Access :25.07.2024
  • Sadeghi-Nik, A., Berenjian, J., Bahari, A., Safaei, A.S., Dehestani, M. (2017). Modification of microstructure and mechanical properties of cement by nanoparticles through a sustainable development approach, Construction and Building Materials, 30 (155), 880–891.
  • Sanchez, F., Sobolev, K. (2010). Nanotechnology in concrete–a review, Construction and Building Materials, 24 (11), 2060–207.
  • Sobolev, K., Ferrada-Gutiérrez, M. (2005). How nanotechnology can change the concrete world: Part 1. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 10, 14–17.
  • Sobolev, K., Ferrada-Gutiérrez, M. (2005). How nanotechnology can change the concrete world: Part 2. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 11, 16–19.
  • Sobolev, K., et al. (2006). Development of nano-SiO2 based admixtures for high-performance cement-based materials. Progress report, CONACYT, Mexico.
  • Sobolev, K., Flores, I., Torres-Martinez, L. M., Valdez, P. L., Zarazua, E., & Cuellar, E. L. (2009). Engineering of SiO2 Nanoparticles for Optimal Performance in Nano Cement-Based Materials. In Nanotechnology in construction 3, 139-148 Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  • Soleymani, F. (2012). Optimum content of SiO2 nanoparticles in concrete specimens. Journal of American Science, 8(4), 432-437.
  • Sumesh, M., Alengaram, U.J., Jumaat, M.Z., Mo, K.H., Alnahhal, M.F. (2017). Incorporation of nano-materials in cement composite and geopolymer based paste and mortar–A review, Construction and Building Materials, 1 (148), 62–84.
  • Taylor H. F. W. (1997). Cement Chemistry, 2nd ed., Thomas Telford, ICE Virtual Library, London.
  • Tokyay, M. (1993). “Use of Fly Ash in Concrete (Türkiye Experience)”, Use of Industrial Waste in the Construction Sector. Symposium, Ankara, 29-36, 18-19 November.
  • Tokyay, M., Erdoğdu, K. (1998). Characterization of Fly Ashes Obtained from Thermal Power Plants in Türkiye, TÇMB, Ankara.
  • Trtik, P., Bartos, P.J.M. (2001). Nanotechnology and concrete: what can we utilise from the upcoming technologies? In: Proceeding of the 2nd Anna Maria Workshop: Cement & Concrete: Trends & Challenges, pp. 109–120.
  • Turkish Standards Institute (2012). Cement - Part 1: General cements - Composition, properties and conformity criteria, TS EN 197-1, Ankara.
  • Ünal, M. T. (2022). Şimşek, O. Determination of Optimum Fly Ash and PVA Fiber Ratio in Cement Mortars, Gazi University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Journal, 25(2), 477-489.
  • Yazdi, N. A., Arefi, M. R., Mollaahmadi, E., and Nejand, B. A. (2011). To study the effect of adding Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the morphology properties and microstructure of cement mortar. Life Science Journal, 8(4), 550-554.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Construction Materials
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Murat Bingöl 0000-0003-2825-8372

Osman Şimşek 0000-0003-3842-5541

Early Pub Date July 4, 2025
Publication Date July 15, 2025
Submission Date August 6, 2024
Acceptance Date August 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 17 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bingöl, M., & Şimşek, O. (2025). Effect of Optimum Nano Material Ratio on Early Age Compressive Strength in Fly Ash Added Cement Mortars. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 17(2), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.29137/ijerad.1528756

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