DİMETİL ETERİN BUJİ ATEŞLEMELİ MOTORLARDA CO EMİSYONUNA ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 31 - 60, 18.07.2025

İsmet Sezer

Öz

Alkoller ve eterler gibi oksijen içerikli yakıtlar yanmayı iyileştirmek ve emisyonları azaltmak için içten yanmalı motorlarda alternatif yakıt veya yakıt katkısı olarak kullanılabilirler. Bu alkol ve eter yakıtlar genellikle kömür, doğalgaz, biyokütle ve atık ürünler gibi bir kısmı yenilenebilir ve yerel olan çeşitli kaynaklardan üretilebilirler. Oksijen içerikli yakıtların çoğu daha temiz bir yanma sağlamalarının yanı sıra konvansiyonel petrol kökenli yakıtlara benzer tutuşma ve yanma karakteristiklerine sahiptirler. Etanol ve metil tersiyer bütil eter (MTBE) benzinin oktan sayısını ve oksijen içeriğini artırmak için düşük karışım oranlarında kullanılan başlıca katkılardandır. Alkol ve eter yakıtların benzine katılması bu yakıtların yüksek oksijen içeriği sayesinde yanmanın iyileştirilmesini sağlar ve bu sayede yanma verimi artarken emisyonlarda azalmaktadır. Ancak, bu alkol ve eter yakıtların enerji içeriği benzine göre düşük olduğundan bu yakıtlar katkı olarak kulanıldığında motorun yakıt tüketimi artırmaktadır. Dimetil eter (DME) buji ateşlemeli motorlarda yakıt veya benzin katkı maddesi olarak uzun bir geçmişe sahip değildir. Ancak, buji ateşlemeli motorlarda DME’yi benzinle birlikte kullanmak yanmayı iyileştirmek ve motorun termik verimini artırmak için olası çözümlerden biri olarak değerlendirlmektedir. Ayrıca, DME’nin buji ateşlemeli motorlarda benzinle birlikte kullanıldığında yakıt ekonomisini ve emisyon performansını artırabileceği düşünülmektedir. Öte yandan, ulaşımdan kaynaklanan karbon monoksit (CO) ve hidrokarbon (HC) emisyonlarının ana kaynağı buji ateşlemeli benzinli motorlu araçlardır. Buji ateşlemeli motorlarda DME kullanımının yüksek oksijen içeriği nedeniyle standart benzinli motorlara kıyasla daha düşük CO ve HC emisyonları üretebileceği belirtilmektedir. Bu nedenle, DME’nin buji ateşlemeli motorlarda kullanımına yönelik yapılan çalışmaların sonuçlarının bir arada değerlendirilmesi yeni çalışmalar ve pratik uygulamalar açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma, DME’nin buji ile ateşlemeli motorlarda yakıt veya yakıt katkısı olarak kullanılması üzerine yapılan çalışmaların sonuçlarından derlenmiştir. Bu derleme çalışması buji ateşlemeli motorlarda DME kullanımının özellikle CO emisyonu üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Buji ateşlemeli motorlar, Yakıt katkısı, Dimetil eter, CO emisyonu

Effects of Dimethyl Ether on CO Emission In Spark Ignition Engines

Öz

The oxygenated fuels such as alcohols and ethers can be used in internal combustion engine (ICE) as fuel and fuel additive for improving the combustion and reducing the exhaust emissions. These alcohol and ether fuels can usually be produced from a variety of sources, some of which are renewable and local, such as coal, natural gas, biomass and waste products. Most of the oxygenated fuels have similar ignition and combustion characteristics to conventional petroleum based fuels besides they give cleaner combustion. Ethanol and methyl tert–butyl ether (MTBE) are mainly used as additives at low blending ratio to enhance the octane number and oxygen content of gasoline. The addition of alcohol and ether fuels to gasoline lead to a more complete combustion due to the higher oxygen content, thereby leads to increased combustion efficiency and decreased engine out emissions. On the other hand, the energy content of alcohol and ether fuels is lower than gasoline; thereby fuel consumption of the engine will increase when using these alcohol and ether as a fuel additive. Dimethyl ether (DME) does not have a long history as a fuel or an additive to gasoline in spark ignition (SI) engines, but using of DME with gasoline in SI engines is considered as one of the possible solutions to improve combustion and increase the thermal efficiency of the engine. Moreover, it is considered that DME can enhance the economical and emissions performances of engine when it is used with gasoline in SI engines. On the other hand, the main sources of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from transport are gasoline engine vehicles. It is stated that using of DME in SI engines can generate the lower CO and HC emissions compared to the standard gasoline engines due to the high oxygen content of DME. Therefore, it is important to evaluate together the results of the studies on the use of DME in SI engines for the future studies and practical applications. This study was compiled the results of the papers which completed on using of DME as a fuel or fuel additive in SI engines. The review study aims to investigate the effects of using DME in SI engines especially on carbon monoxide (CO) emission.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Spark ignition engines, Fuel additive, Dimethyl ether, CO emission

Kaynakça

• [1] Denys Stepanenko, Zbigniew Kneba, “DME as alternative fuel for compression ignition engines–a review”, Combustion Engines, 177(2), ss. 172–179, 2019.
• [2] Troy A. Semelsberger, Rodney L. Borup, Howard L. Grene, “Dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel”, Journal of Power Sources, 156, ss. 497–511, 2006.
• [3] Omar I. Awad, R. Mamat, Thamir K. Ibrahim, Ali Thaeer Hammid, I. M. Yusri, Mohd Adnin Hamidi, Ali M. Humada, A. F. Yusop, “Overview of the oxygenated fuels in spark ignition engine: Environmental and performance”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, ss. 394–408, 2018.
• [4] Omar I. Awad, R. Mamat, Obed M. Ali, N. A. C. Sidik, T. Yusaf, K. Kadirgama, Maurice Kettner, “Alcohol and ether as alternative fuels in spark ignition engine: A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, ss. 2586–2605, 2018.
• [5] Stanisław Kruczyńki, Marcin Ślęzak, Wojciech Gis, Piotr Orliński, Andrzej Kulczycki, Wojciech Dzięgielewski, Mateusz Bednarski, “Problems in fuelling spark ignition engines with dimethyl ether”, Combustion Engines, 170(3), ss. 154–158, 2017.
• [6] Yanuandri Putrasari, Ocktaeck Lim, “Dimethyl ether as the next generation fuel to control nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions from internal combustion engines: A review”, ACS Omega, 7, ss. 32–37, 2022.
• [7] Constantine Arcoumanis, Choongsik Bae, Roy Crookes, Eiji Kinoshita, “The potential of di–methyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel for compression–ignition engines: A review”, Fuel, 87, ss. 1014–1030, 2008.
• [8] Lei Shi, Changwei Ji, Shuofeng Wang, Teng Su, Xiaoyu Cong, Du Wang, Chuanqi Tang, “Effects of second injection timing on combustion characteristics of the spark ignition direct injection gasoline engines with dimethyl ether enrichment in the intake port”, Energy, 180, ss. 10–18, 2019.
• [9] Yuhan Huang, Nic C. Surawski, Yuan Zhuang, John L. Zhou, Guang Hong, “Dual injection: An effective and efficient technology to use renewable fuels in spark ignition engines”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143, ss. 110921, 2021.
• [10] Yong Qian, Zilong Li, Liang Yu, Xiaole Wang, Xingcai Lu, “Review of the state–of–the–art of particulate matter emissions from modern gasoline fueled engines”, Applied Energy, 238, 1269–1298, 2019.
• [11] Lei Shi, Changwei Ji, Shuofeng Wang, Xiaoyu Cong, Teng Su, Cheng Shi, “Impacts of dimethyl ether enrichment and various injection strategies on combustion and emissions of direct injection gasoline engines in the lean–burn condition”, Fuel, 254, ss. 115636, 2019.
• [12] F. Zhao, M.–C. Lai, D. L. Harrington, “Automotive spark–ignited direct–injection gasoline engines”, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 25, ss. 437–562, 1999.
• [13] Karittha Imorb, Amornchai Arpornwichanop, “Comparative techno–economic assessment of bio–methanol and bio–DME production from oil palm residue”, Energy Conversion and Management, 258, 115511, 2022.
• [14] Zoha Azizi, Mohsen Rezaeimanesh, Tahere Tohidian, Mohammad Reza Rahimpour, “Dimethyl ether: A review of technologies and production challenges”, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 82, ss. 150–172, 2014.
• [15] M. Fazlollahnejad, M. Taghizadeh, A. Eliassi, G. Bakeri, “Experimental study and modeling of an adiabatic fixed–bed reactor for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether”, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 17(4), 630–634, 2009.
• [16] Su Han Park, Chang Sik Lee, “Applicability of dimethyl ether (DME) in a compression ignition engine as an alternative fuel”, Energy Conversion and Management, 86, ss. 848–863, 2014.
• [17] Seyyed Ya’ghoob Hosseini, Mohammad Reza Khosravi Nikou, “Modeling of industrial fixed bed reactor to produce dimethyl ether from methanol and determination of optimum operating conditions”, Journal of American Science, 8(5), ss. 218–225, 2012.
• [18] Kanit Wattanavichien, “Implementation of DME in a small direct injection diesel engine”, International Journal of Renewable Energy, 4(2), ss. 1–12, 2009.
• [19] M. Alam, S. Kajitani, “DME as an alternative fuel for direct injection diesel engine”, 4th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka–Bangladesh, 87–92, December 26–28, 2001.
• [20] Peng Geng, Erming Cao, Qinming Tan, Lijiang Wie, “Effects of alternative fuels on the combustion characteristics and emission products from diesel engines: A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, 523–534, 2017.
• [21] Junfa Duan, Yongsheng Sun, Zhenzhong Yang, Zhiqiang Sun, Combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel engine operating on composite combustion mode of DME and diesel. Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, 27, ss. 463–466, 2012.
• [22] A. Kowalewicz, M. Wojtyniak, “Alternative fuels and their application to combustion engines”, Journal of Automobile Engineering, 219, ss. 103–125, 2005.
• [23] Ping Sun, Jincheng Feng, Song Yang, Chao Wang, Kexin Cui, Wei Dong, Yaodong Du, Xiumin Yu, Jiangdong Zhou, “Particulate number and size distribution of dimethyl ether/gasoline combined injection spark ignition engines at medium engine speed and load”, Fuel, 313, ss. 122645, 2022.
• [24] Kitae Yeom, Choongsik Bae, “Knock characteristics in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)–dimethyl ether (DME) and gasoline–DME homogeneous charge compression ignition engines”, Energy & Fuels, 23, ss. 1956–1964, 2009.
• [25] Zhen Huang, Xinqi Qiao, Wugao Zhang, Junhua Wu, Junjun Zhang, “Dimethyl ether as alternative fuel for CI engine and vehicle”, Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China, 3(1), ss. 99–108, 2009.
• [26] Seung Hyun Yoon, June Pyo Cha, Chang Sik Lee, “An investigation of the effects of spray angle and injection strategy on dimethyl ether (DME) combustion and exhaust emission characteristics in a common–rail diesel engine.”, Fuel Processing Technology, 91, ss. 1364–1372, 2010.
• [27] Johannes Claßen, Sascha Krysmon, Frank Dorscheidt, Stefan Sterlepper, Stefan Pischinger, “Real driving emission calibration–review of current validation methods against the background of future emission legislation”, Applied Science, 11, ss. 5429, 2021.
• [28] Marco Valério Kuhlmann Raggi, José Ricardo Sodré, “Model for kinetic formation of CO emissions in internal combustion engines”, SAE Technical Papers, ss. 2003–01–3138, 2003.
• [29] Shete Yogesh Shreekrushna, “Engine emissions and their control: review”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 6(1), ss. 450–456, 2019.
• [30] Ketan Bhabad, Sumedh Aher, Sahil Mhaiske, Samarth Nagapurkar, “Review on emission control system in IC engine by 3 way catalytic converter with aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 10(11), ss. 505–518, 2023.
• [31] Patrycja Makoś, Edyta Słupek, Joanna Sobczak, Dawid Zabrocki, Jan Hupka, Andrzej Rogala, “Dimethyl ether (DME) as potential environmental friendly fuel”, E3S Web of Conferences, 116, Wrocław, Poland, June 9–12, 2019.
• [32] Sanjoy Maji, Sirajuddin Ahmed, Weqar Ahmad Siddiqui, Sanjeev Aggarwal, Anil Kumar, “Impact of di–methyl ether (DME) as an additive fuel for compression ignition engine in reduction of urban air pollution”, American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(2), ss. 48–52, 2015.
• [33] Changwei Ji, Chen Liang, Binbin Gao, Baojian Wei, Xiaolong Liu, Yongmimg Zhu, “The cold start performance of a spark–ignited dimethyl ether engine”, Energy, 50, ss. 187–193, 2013.
• [34] Sunil Kumar Pathak, Vineet Sood, Yograj Singh, Shubham Gupta, Salim Abbasbhai Channiwala, “Application of DME 20 fuel in a gasoline passenger car to comply with Euro IV emission legislation”, SAE Technical Paper, 2017–01–0872, 2017.
• [35] H. F. Zhang, K. Seo, H. Zhao, “Combustion and emission analysis of the direct DME injection enabled and controlled auto–ignition gasoline combustion engine operation”, Fuel, 107, ss. 800–814, 2013.
• [36] Xue–Qing Fu, Bang–Quan He, Hong–Tao Li, Tao Chen, Si–Peng Xu, Hua Zhao, “Effect of direct injection dimethyl ether on the micro-flame ignited (MFI) hybrid combustion and emission characteristics of a 4–stroke gasoline engine”, Fuel Processing Technology, 167, ss. 555–562, 2017.
• [37] Xue–Qing Fu, Bang–Quan He, Si–PengXu, Tao Chen, Hua Zhao, Yan Zhang, Yufeng Li, Honglin Bai, “Multi–point micro–flame ignited hybrid lean–burn combustion of gasoline with direct injection dimethyl ether”, International Journal of Engine Research, 22(1), ss. 140–151, 2021.
• [38] Changwei Ji, Lei Shi, Shuofeng Wang, Xiaoyu Cong, Teng Su, Menghui Yu, “Investigation on performance of a spark–ignition engine fueled with dimethyl ether and gasoline mixtures under idle and stoichiometric conditions”, Energy, 126, ss. 335–342, 2017.
• [39] Changwei Ji, Chen Liang, Shuofeng Wang, “Investigation on combustion and emissions of DME/gasoline mixtures in a spark–ignition engine”, Fuel, 90, ss. 1133–1138, 2011.
• [40] Lei Shi, Changwei Ji, Shuofeng Wang, Xiaoyu Cong, Teng Su, Du Wang, “Combustion and emissions characteristics of a S.I. engine fueled with gasoline–DME blends under different spark timings”, Fuel, 211, ss. 11–17, 2018.
• [41] Song Yang, Ping Sun, Jincheng Feng, Kexin Cui, Chao Wang, Wei Dong, Xiumin Yu, Ye Gu, “Combustion and emissions characteristics of combined injection gasoline engine with direct injection dimethyl ether enrichment in lean burn conditions”, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4147182.
• [42] Xiaoyu Cong, Changwei Ji, Shuofeng Wang, “Investigation into engine performance of a hydrogen–dimethyl ether spark–ignition engine under various dimethyl ether fractions”, Fuel, 306, ss. 121429, 2021.
• [43] Chen Liang, Changwei Ji, Xiaolong Liu, “Combustion and emissions performance of a DME–enriched spark–ignited methanol engine at idle condition”, Applied Energy, 88, ss. 3704–3711, 2011.
• [44] Mingfa Yao, Zheng Chen, Zunqing Zheng, Bo Zhang, Yuan Xing, “Study on the controlling strategies of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion with fuel of dimethyl ether and methanol”, Fuel, 85, ss. 2046–2056, 2006.
• [45] Changwei Ji, Chen Liang, Yongming Zhu, Xiaolong Liu, Binbin Gao, “Investigation on idle performance of a spark–ignited ethanol engine with dimethyl ether addition”, Fuel Processing Technology, 94, ss. 94–100, 2012.
• [46] Chen Liang, Changwei Ji, Binbin Gao, Xiaolong Liu, Yongming Zhu, “Investigation on the performance of a spark–ignited ethanol engine with DME enrichment”, Energy Conversion and Management, 58, ss. 19–25, 2012.
• [47] Chen Liang, Chanwei Ji, Binbin Gao, “Load characteristics of a spark–ignited ethanol engine with DME enrichment”, Applied Energy, 112, ss. 500–506, 2013.
• [48] Seokhwan Lee, Seungmook Oh, Young Choi, “Performance and emission characteristics of an SI engine operated with DME blended LPG fuel”, Fuel, 88, ss. 1009–1015, 2009.
• [49] Seokhwan Lee, Seungmook Oh, Young Choi, Kernyong Kang, “Effect of n–Butane and propane on performance and emission characteristics of an SI engine operated with DME–blended LPG fuel”, Fuel, 90, ss. 1674–1680, 2011.
• [50] Riesta Anggarani, Maymuchar, Cahyo S. Wibowo, Reza Sukaraharja, “Performance and emission characteristics of dimethyl ether (DME) mixed liquefied gas for vehicle (LGV) as alternative fuel for spark ignition engine”, Energy Procedia, 65, ss. 274–281, 2015.