VISIBILITY UNDER SIEGE: INTERNET SHUTDOWNS, DIASPORA MEDIATION, AND THE POLITICS OF DELEGITIMIZATION IN IRAN’S PROTEST MOVEMENTS
Abstract
This article examines the ways internet shutdowns, far from entirely eliminating resistance, transform the politics of visibility and resistance in Iran's protest movements, including the January 2026 protests. The paper draws on interdisciplinary sources, including theories of political legitimacy, digital activism, and media studies, to show how authoritarian censorship affects the domestic information sphere by closing off spaces for communication and the flow of protest narratives within Iran. This research shows how the censoring of digital visibility within Iran creates a pivotal moment in which diaspora populations take on the role of mediating, translating, and amplifying information about protests across national borders. It focuses on diaspora-mediated visibility as an act of political participation through which local acts of resistance are transformed into global narratives of resistance against state power. It can also be seen that such processes do not suppress resistance but rather move it, making possible new forms of delegitimization that extend beyond the Iranian state's borders. The article adds to the fields of digital authoritarianism, transnational activism, and politics of visibility by showing how censorship can inadvertently create alternative structures of resistance in authoritarian settings.
Keywords
Digital Authoretarianism Internet Shutdowns, Iranian Protests, Diaspora Activism, Political Legitimacy
References
- • Access Now (2023), The State of Internet Shutdowns in 2023, New York: Access Now.
- • Access Now and #KeepItOn Coalition (2026), Rising Repression Meets Global Resistance: Internet Shutdowns in 2025, New York: Access Now.
- • Aceto, Giuseppe & Persico, Valerio & Pescapè, Antonio (2026), “Iran’s January 2026 Internet Shutdown: Public Data, Censorship Methods, and Circumvention Techniques”, arXiv, 30.03.2026.
- • Appadurai, Arjun (1996), Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- • Azizi, Arash (2024), “The Fiasco of Iranian Diaspora Politics”, New Lines Magazine, April 22, 2024.
- • Azoulay, Ariella (2008), The Civil Contract of Photography, New York: Zone Books.
- • Beetham, David (1991), The Legitimation of Power, London: Macmillan.
- • Bennett, W. Lance & Segerberg, Alexandra (2012), “The Logic of Connective Action”, Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), pp. 739-768.
- • Brinkerhoff, Jennifer M. (2009), Digital Diasporas: Identity and Transnational Engagement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- • Bucher, Taina (2018), If…Then: Algorithmic Power and Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.