FROM THE BOSPHORUS TO KHURASAN: THE TURKISH DOMINATION OF ASIA IN THE PERCEPTION OF THE CHRONICLERS OF THE FIRST CRUSADE
Abstract
Recent writing on the crusades has emphasised how much the military success of the First Crusade (1096-1099) owed to political and religious divisions within the Islamic world, which prevented any united Muslim response. Yet given the implacable rivalries between the Great Seljuk sultanate and its claim to leadership of the Sunnī world, and the Shī‘ite caliphate of Egypt, one might well question whether any co-operation between them could have been reasonably expected. Much more significant was the lack of significant co-operation between the different Turkish powers. The Seljuks of Rūm, the Danishmendids, and the Artuqids had become independent powers, while the Seljuk sub-kingdoms and emirates of Aleppo, Damascus and Antioch had a high degree of autonomy from their nominal masters in Persia. Yet apart from the Seljuk heartlands of western Persia, and areas of significant Türkmen immigration, such as the Anatolian highlands and the Jazira, the Turks constituted a small military elite ruling over majority populations of Arabs, Greeks, and Armenians.
Whereas some modern writing on the crusades claims that Westerners made few real distinctions between different Muslim groups, key sources show that the crusader leadership had a clear perception of the Turks as a distinct ethnic group separate from their subject populations. Drawing on the evidence of the Gesta Francorum, Fulcher of Chartres, Raymond of Aguilers, and Albert of Aachen, this paper will argue that, in contrast to the historical reality of political fragmentation, Western narrative sources present a picture of a powerful and unified Turkish world which extended from the Rūm-Byzantine borderlands to the original Seljuk homelands in Central Asia. In particular, the mysterious land of Corrozana (the Latin name for the historical Khūrasan) figures in chronicles as the epicentre of this empire, a constant source of military reinforcements and a place to which Christian captives are sent. It is argued that the crusaders’ perception of a vast, united Turkish world derived from an awareness of the Turks as a conquering military elite, whose organisation and training ensured an effectiveness out of all proportion to their numbers. By the second half of the twelfth century the Franks even produced a history of the Turks which recorded their conquests from Khūrasan to the Levant. Written in the style of Western origin myths, this history thus gives the Turks a similar status to historic Western peoples such as Trojans, Goths, Normans and Scandinavians. It is a further indication of the mixture of fear and admiration with which the early crusaders viewed their Turkish opponents
Keywords
References
- PRIMARY SOURCES
- Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana: History of the Journey to Jerusalem, ed. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, 2 vols (Oxford, 2007)
- Baldric of Dol, ‘Baldrici episcopi Dolensis Historia Jerosolimitana’, in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Occidentaux, ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 5 vols (Paris, 1841-1906), 4: 1-111.
- Chanson d’Antioche, ed. Suzanne Duparc-Quioc (Paris, 1976).
- Fulcheri Carnotensis Historia Hierosolymitana, ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer (Heidelberg, 1913)
- Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum: The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem, ed. and trans. Rosalind Hill (London, 1962)
- Peter Tudebode, ‘Petri Tudebodi seu Tudebovis, sacerdotis Sivracensis, Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere’, in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Occidentaux, ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 5 vols (Paris, 1841-1906), 3: 1-117
- Raymond of Aguilers, ‘Raimundi de Aguilers canonici Podiensis historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem’, in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Occidentaux, ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 5 vols (Paris, 1841-1906), 3: 231-309.
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
-
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Alan V. Murray
This is me
United Kingdom
Publication Date
October 9, 2018
Submission Date
March 29, 2017
Acceptance Date
April 16, 2018
Published in Issue
Year 2018 Number: 8