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A Social Disease: Social Loafing

Year 2013, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 238 - 270, 03.06.2013

Abstract

Managers have always searched some ways to improve performance of workers and effectiveness of organizations. Presently, it’s getting more important to prevent performance loss under intensely competetive and dynamic circumstances. Since team work has become more weighty in organisations, it has been a necessity for managers to cope with social loafing. Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. In this study, the literature about definition, content, background, development, reasons and antecedents of social loafing concept are summarized and argued; finally suggestions are offered for reducing social loafing in organisations.

References

  • Brickner, M. A., Harkins, S. G. ve Ostrom, T. M. (1986). Effects of personal involvement: thought-provoking implications for social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 763-770.
  • Costa, P. T. ve McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO-PI-R professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Comer, D.R. (1995). A model of social loafing in real work groups. Human Relations, 48, 647-677.
  • Davis, J. H. (1969). Group performance. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Duffy, M. K. ve Shaw, J. D. (2000). The Salieri syndrome: Consequences of envy in groups. Small Group Research, 31, 3–23.
  • Earley, P. C. (1989). Social Loafing and Collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 565-581.
  • Earley, P.C. (1993). East meets West meets Mideast: Further explorations of collectivistic and individualistic work groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 319-348.
  • Erez, M. ve Somech, A. (1996). Is group productivity loss the rule or the exception? Effects of culture and group based motivation. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1513-1537.
  • Fang, H., Liu, P. ve Chang, C. (2007). An Experimental Study of the Factors Influencing Social Loafing in Cooperation Performance of Team Members. Paper presented at International Conference on Business and Information, Tokyo, Japan.
  • Gabrenya, W.K., Jr., Latane, B. ve Wang, Y. (1983). Social loafing in crosscultural Perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,14,368-384. Garcia, S. M., Weaver, K., Moskowitz, G. B. ve Darley, J. M. (2002). Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 843-853.
  • George, J. M. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic origins of perceived social loafing in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 191202
  • George, J. M. (1995). Asymmetrical effects of rewards and punishments: The case of social loafing. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68, 327-338.
  • Hackman, J. R. ve Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279.
  • Hackman. J. R.. & Oldham. G. R. 1980. Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and social facilitation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 1-18.
  • Harkins, S. ve Jackson, J. (1985). The role of evaluation in eliminating social loafing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 457-465.
  • Harkins, S. G., Latané, B. ve Williams, K. (1980). Social loafing: Allocating effort or taking it easy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16: 457- 465.
  • Harkins, S. G. ve Petty, R. E. (1982). Effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1214-1230.
  • Harkins, S. ve Szymanski, K. (1987). Social facilitation and social loafing: New wine in old bottles. In C. Hendrick (Ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 167-188. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Harkins, S. G. ve Szymanski, K. (1989). Social loafing and group evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 939-941.
  • Hechter, M. (1987). Principles of group solidarity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Heckhausen, H. (1977). Achievement motivation and its constructs: A cognitive model. Motivation and Emotion, 1, 283-329.
  • Ilgen, D. R. (1999). Teams embedded in organizations: Some implications. American Psychologist, 54, 129-139.
  • Ingham, A. G., Levinger, G., Graves, J. ve Peckham, V. (1974). The Ringelmann effect: Studies on group size and group performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 371-384.
  • Jackson, J. M. (1986). In defense of social impact theory: Comment on Mullen. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 511-515.
  • Jackson, J.M. ve Harkins, S.G. (1985). Equity in effort: An explanation of the social loafing effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1199-1206.
  • Jackson, J. M. ve Williams, K. D. (1985). Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 937-942.
  • Jones, G. R. (1984). Task visibility, free-riding and shirking: Explaining the effect of structure and technology on employee behavior. Academy of Management Review, 9, 684-695.
  • Karau, S. J. ve Hart, J. W. (1998). Group cohesiveness and social loafing: Effects of a social interaction manipulation on individual motivation within groups. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2, 185-191.
  • Karau, S. J. ve Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 681-706.
  • Karau, S. J. ve Williams, K. D. (1997). The effects of group cohesiveness on social loafing and social compensation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 1, 156-168.
  • Kerr, N. (1983). Motivation loss in small groups: A social dilemma analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 819-828.
  • Kerr, N. L. ve Bruun, S. E. (1983). Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 78-94.
  • Kidwell, R. E. ve Bennett, N. (1993). Employee propensity to withhold effort: A conceptual model to intersect three avenues research. The Academy of Management Review, 18(3), 429-457.
  • Kravitz, D. A. ve Martin, B. (1986). Ringelmann rediscovered: The original article. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 936-941.
  • Latane`, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36, 343-3
  • Latane, B., Williams, K.D. ve Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 822-832.
  • Lawler, E. E., (1971). Pay and organizational effectiveness: A psychological view. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Lazear, E. P. (1979). Why is there mandatory retirement? Journal of Political Economy, 87, 1261-1284.
  • Lazear, E. P. ve Rosen, S. (1981). Rank order tournaments as optimum labor contracts. Journal of Political Economy, 89, 841-864.
  • Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Jaworski, R. A. ve Bennett, N. (2004). Social loafing: A field investigation. Journal of Management, 30(2) 285–304. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J. ve Sparrowe, R. T. (2000). An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes.
  • Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 407-416. Manz, C. C. ve Angle, H. (1986). Can group self-management mean a loss of personal control: Triangulating a paradox. Group & Organization Studies, 11, 309-334.
  • Michaelsen, L. K., Fink, L. D. ve Knight, A. (1997). Lessons for classroom teaching and faculty development. University of Oklahoma, Program for Instructional Innovation.
  • Mitchell, T. R. (1974). Expectancy models of job satisfaction, occupational preference and effort: A theoretical, methodological, and empirical appraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 1053-1077.
  • Mitchell, T. R. (1982). Expectancy-value models in organizational psychology. In N. T. Feather (Ed.), Expectations and actions: Expectancy value models in psychology, 293-312. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Mitchell, T. R., Rothman, M. ve Liden, R. C. (1985). The effects of normative information on task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 48Mudrack, P. E. (1989). Group cohesiveness and productivity: A closer look. Human Relations, 42, 771-785.
  • Mullen, B. (1983). Operationalizing the effects of the group on the individual: A self-attention perspective. Journal of Experiment Social Psychology, 19, 295-322.
  • Mulvey, P.W. ve Klein, H. J. (1998). The impact of perceived loafing and collective efficacy in group goal processes and group performance. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 74, 62-87.
  • Murphy, S. M. ve Domicone, H. (2009). Trustworthiness and social loafing: An examination of Austrian and American students. Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies.
  • Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
  • Pabico, J. P., Hermocilla, J. A. C., Galang, J. P. C. ve De Sagun, C. D. (2008). Perceived Social Loafing in Undergraduate Software Engineering Teams. Philippine Information Technology Journal, 1(2),22-28
  • Palloff, R. M. ve Pratt, K. (2003). Virtual student: A profile and guide to working with online learners. San Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass.
  • Paulus, P. B. (1983). Group influences on individual task performance. In P. B. Paulus (Ed.), Basic group processes, 97-120. New York: SpringerVerlag.
  • Pearce, J. L. ve Gregersen, H. B. (1991). Task interdependence and extra-role behavior: A test of the mediating effects of felt responsibility. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 838-844.
  • Piezon, S. L. ve Ferree, W. D. (2008). Perceptions of social loafing in online learning groups: A study of public university and U.S. Naval War College students. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 9(2), 1-17.
  • Porter, L. W. ve Lawler, E. E. (1968). Managerial attitudes and performance. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
  • Ringelmann, M. (1913). Research on animate sources of power: The work of man. Annales de l’Instuit National Agronomique, 12, 1-40.
  • Rothwell, J. D. (2004). In the Company of Others. New York. McGraw-Hill.
  • Schachter, S. (1959). The psychology of affiliation: Experimental studies of the sources of gregariousness. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Shea, G. P. ve Guzzo, R. A. (1987). Groups as human resources. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 5, 323-356.
  • Shepperd, J. A. (1993). Productivity loss in groups: A motivation analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 67-81.
  • Sheppard, J. A. ve Taylor, K. M. (1999). Social loafing and expectancy-value theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1147-1158.
  • Sorkin, R. D., Hays, C. J. ve West, R. (2001). Signal-detection analysis of group decision making. Psychological Review, 108, 183-203.
  • Spreitzer, G. M., Kizilos, M. A. ve Nason, S. W. (1997). A dimensional analysis of the relationship between psychological empowerment and effectiveness, satisfaction, and strain. Journal of Management, 23, 679-704.
  • Steiner, I. D. (1972). Group process and productivity. NY: Academic Press.
  • Stevenson, C. (1990). Motivating effort under social loafing conditions: The effects of private self-awareness on task effort. Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 482IB. (University Microfilms No. 9006796)
  • Stroebe, W. ve Frey, B. S. (1982). Self-interest and collective action: The economics and psychology of public goods. British Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 121-137.
  • Szymanski, K. ve Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and self-evaluation with a social standard. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 891-897.
  • Tan H. H. ve Tan M. L. (2008). Organizational citizenship behavior and social loafing: The role of personality, motives, and contextual factors. The Journal of Psychology, 142(1), 89-108.
  • Ülke, H. E. (2006). Investigating the Role of Personality and Justice Perceptions on Social Loafing. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
  • Wagner, J. A. (1995). Studies of individualism/collectivism: Effects on cooperation in groups. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 152-172. Williams, K. D., Harkins, S. G. ve Latane, B. (1981). Identifiability as a deterrent to social loafing: Two cheering experiments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 303-311.
  • Williams, K. D. ve Karau, S. J. (1991). Social loafing and social compensation: The effects of expectations of co-worker performance. Journal of
  • Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 570-581. Williamson, O. (1975). Markets and hierarchies. New York: Free Press.
  • Wrightsman, L. S. (1960). Effects of waiting with others on changes in level of felt anxiety. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, 216-222.

Toplumsal Bir Hastalık: Sosyal Kaytarma

Year 2013, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 238 - 270, 03.06.2013

Abstract

Yöneticiler her zaman çalışanların performanslarını ve örgütün etkililiğini daha fazla arttırabilmenin yollarını aramışlardır. Günümüzün yoğun rekabetçi ve dinamik koşullarında çalışanların performans kayıplarını önlemek giderek daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır. Özellikle ekip çalışmalarının örgütlerde daha fazla ağırlık kazanması sonucunda, sosyal kaytarmayı önlemek yöneticiler açısından zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Sosyal kaytarma, bireylerin ortaklaşa çalıştıklarındaki motivasyon ve çabalarının, bireysel çalışmalarındakine göre azalması durumudur. Sosyal kaytarmanın bireyler, sosyal kurumlar ve toplumlar için olumsuz sonuçlar doğuran bir tür sosyal hastalık olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, sosyal kaytarma kavramının kapsamı, tarihçe, sebep ve öncülleri konusundaki mevcut literatür özetlenip tartışılmakta; ayrıca örgütlerde sosyal kaytarmayı azaltma önerileri sergilenmektedir.

References

  • Brickner, M. A., Harkins, S. G. ve Ostrom, T. M. (1986). Effects of personal involvement: thought-provoking implications for social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 763-770.
  • Costa, P. T. ve McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO-PI-R professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Comer, D.R. (1995). A model of social loafing in real work groups. Human Relations, 48, 647-677.
  • Davis, J. H. (1969). Group performance. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Duffy, M. K. ve Shaw, J. D. (2000). The Salieri syndrome: Consequences of envy in groups. Small Group Research, 31, 3–23.
  • Earley, P. C. (1989). Social Loafing and Collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 565-581.
  • Earley, P.C. (1993). East meets West meets Mideast: Further explorations of collectivistic and individualistic work groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 319-348.
  • Erez, M. ve Somech, A. (1996). Is group productivity loss the rule or the exception? Effects of culture and group based motivation. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1513-1537.
  • Fang, H., Liu, P. ve Chang, C. (2007). An Experimental Study of the Factors Influencing Social Loafing in Cooperation Performance of Team Members. Paper presented at International Conference on Business and Information, Tokyo, Japan.
  • Gabrenya, W.K., Jr., Latane, B. ve Wang, Y. (1983). Social loafing in crosscultural Perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,14,368-384. Garcia, S. M., Weaver, K., Moskowitz, G. B. ve Darley, J. M. (2002). Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 843-853.
  • George, J. M. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic origins of perceived social loafing in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 191202
  • George, J. M. (1995). Asymmetrical effects of rewards and punishments: The case of social loafing. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68, 327-338.
  • Hackman, J. R. ve Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279.
  • Hackman. J. R.. & Oldham. G. R. 1980. Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and social facilitation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 1-18.
  • Harkins, S. ve Jackson, J. (1985). The role of evaluation in eliminating social loafing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 457-465.
  • Harkins, S. G., Latané, B. ve Williams, K. (1980). Social loafing: Allocating effort or taking it easy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16: 457- 465.
  • Harkins, S. G. ve Petty, R. E. (1982). Effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1214-1230.
  • Harkins, S. ve Szymanski, K. (1987). Social facilitation and social loafing: New wine in old bottles. In C. Hendrick (Ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 167-188. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Harkins, S. G. ve Szymanski, K. (1989). Social loafing and group evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 939-941.
  • Hechter, M. (1987). Principles of group solidarity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Heckhausen, H. (1977). Achievement motivation and its constructs: A cognitive model. Motivation and Emotion, 1, 283-329.
  • Ilgen, D. R. (1999). Teams embedded in organizations: Some implications. American Psychologist, 54, 129-139.
  • Ingham, A. G., Levinger, G., Graves, J. ve Peckham, V. (1974). The Ringelmann effect: Studies on group size and group performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 371-384.
  • Jackson, J. M. (1986). In defense of social impact theory: Comment on Mullen. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 511-515.
  • Jackson, J.M. ve Harkins, S.G. (1985). Equity in effort: An explanation of the social loafing effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1199-1206.
  • Jackson, J. M. ve Williams, K. D. (1985). Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 937-942.
  • Jones, G. R. (1984). Task visibility, free-riding and shirking: Explaining the effect of structure and technology on employee behavior. Academy of Management Review, 9, 684-695.
  • Karau, S. J. ve Hart, J. W. (1998). Group cohesiveness and social loafing: Effects of a social interaction manipulation on individual motivation within groups. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2, 185-191.
  • Karau, S. J. ve Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 681-706.
  • Karau, S. J. ve Williams, K. D. (1997). The effects of group cohesiveness on social loafing and social compensation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 1, 156-168.
  • Kerr, N. (1983). Motivation loss in small groups: A social dilemma analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 819-828.
  • Kerr, N. L. ve Bruun, S. E. (1983). Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 78-94.
  • Kidwell, R. E. ve Bennett, N. (1993). Employee propensity to withhold effort: A conceptual model to intersect three avenues research. The Academy of Management Review, 18(3), 429-457.
  • Kravitz, D. A. ve Martin, B. (1986). Ringelmann rediscovered: The original article. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 936-941.
  • Latane`, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36, 343-3
  • Latane, B., Williams, K.D. ve Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 822-832.
  • Lawler, E. E., (1971). Pay and organizational effectiveness: A psychological view. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Lazear, E. P. (1979). Why is there mandatory retirement? Journal of Political Economy, 87, 1261-1284.
  • Lazear, E. P. ve Rosen, S. (1981). Rank order tournaments as optimum labor contracts. Journal of Political Economy, 89, 841-864.
  • Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Jaworski, R. A. ve Bennett, N. (2004). Social loafing: A field investigation. Journal of Management, 30(2) 285–304. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J. ve Sparrowe, R. T. (2000). An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes.
  • Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 407-416. Manz, C. C. ve Angle, H. (1986). Can group self-management mean a loss of personal control: Triangulating a paradox. Group & Organization Studies, 11, 309-334.
  • Michaelsen, L. K., Fink, L. D. ve Knight, A. (1997). Lessons for classroom teaching and faculty development. University of Oklahoma, Program for Instructional Innovation.
  • Mitchell, T. R. (1974). Expectancy models of job satisfaction, occupational preference and effort: A theoretical, methodological, and empirical appraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 1053-1077.
  • Mitchell, T. R. (1982). Expectancy-value models in organizational psychology. In N. T. Feather (Ed.), Expectations and actions: Expectancy value models in psychology, 293-312. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Mitchell, T. R., Rothman, M. ve Liden, R. C. (1985). The effects of normative information on task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 48Mudrack, P. E. (1989). Group cohesiveness and productivity: A closer look. Human Relations, 42, 771-785.
  • Mullen, B. (1983). Operationalizing the effects of the group on the individual: A self-attention perspective. Journal of Experiment Social Psychology, 19, 295-322.
  • Mulvey, P.W. ve Klein, H. J. (1998). The impact of perceived loafing and collective efficacy in group goal processes and group performance. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 74, 62-87.
  • Murphy, S. M. ve Domicone, H. (2009). Trustworthiness and social loafing: An examination of Austrian and American students. Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies.
  • Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
  • Pabico, J. P., Hermocilla, J. A. C., Galang, J. P. C. ve De Sagun, C. D. (2008). Perceived Social Loafing in Undergraduate Software Engineering Teams. Philippine Information Technology Journal, 1(2),22-28
  • Palloff, R. M. ve Pratt, K. (2003). Virtual student: A profile and guide to working with online learners. San Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass.
  • Paulus, P. B. (1983). Group influences on individual task performance. In P. B. Paulus (Ed.), Basic group processes, 97-120. New York: SpringerVerlag.
  • Pearce, J. L. ve Gregersen, H. B. (1991). Task interdependence and extra-role behavior: A test of the mediating effects of felt responsibility. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 838-844.
  • Piezon, S. L. ve Ferree, W. D. (2008). Perceptions of social loafing in online learning groups: A study of public university and U.S. Naval War College students. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 9(2), 1-17.
  • Porter, L. W. ve Lawler, E. E. (1968). Managerial attitudes and performance. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
  • Ringelmann, M. (1913). Research on animate sources of power: The work of man. Annales de l’Instuit National Agronomique, 12, 1-40.
  • Rothwell, J. D. (2004). In the Company of Others. New York. McGraw-Hill.
  • Schachter, S. (1959). The psychology of affiliation: Experimental studies of the sources of gregariousness. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Shea, G. P. ve Guzzo, R. A. (1987). Groups as human resources. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 5, 323-356.
  • Shepperd, J. A. (1993). Productivity loss in groups: A motivation analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 67-81.
  • Sheppard, J. A. ve Taylor, K. M. (1999). Social loafing and expectancy-value theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1147-1158.
  • Sorkin, R. D., Hays, C. J. ve West, R. (2001). Signal-detection analysis of group decision making. Psychological Review, 108, 183-203.
  • Spreitzer, G. M., Kizilos, M. A. ve Nason, S. W. (1997). A dimensional analysis of the relationship between psychological empowerment and effectiveness, satisfaction, and strain. Journal of Management, 23, 679-704.
  • Steiner, I. D. (1972). Group process and productivity. NY: Academic Press.
  • Stevenson, C. (1990). Motivating effort under social loafing conditions: The effects of private self-awareness on task effort. Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 482IB. (University Microfilms No. 9006796)
  • Stroebe, W. ve Frey, B. S. (1982). Self-interest and collective action: The economics and psychology of public goods. British Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 121-137.
  • Szymanski, K. ve Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and self-evaluation with a social standard. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 891-897.
  • Tan H. H. ve Tan M. L. (2008). Organizational citizenship behavior and social loafing: The role of personality, motives, and contextual factors. The Journal of Psychology, 142(1), 89-108.
  • Ülke, H. E. (2006). Investigating the Role of Personality and Justice Perceptions on Social Loafing. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
  • Wagner, J. A. (1995). Studies of individualism/collectivism: Effects on cooperation in groups. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 152-172. Williams, K. D., Harkins, S. G. ve Latane, B. (1981). Identifiability as a deterrent to social loafing: Two cheering experiments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 303-311.
  • Williams, K. D. ve Karau, S. J. (1991). Social loafing and social compensation: The effects of expectations of co-worker performance. Journal of
  • Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 570-581. Williamson, O. (1975). Markets and hierarchies. New York: Free Press.
  • Wrightsman, L. S. (1960). Effects of waiting with others on changes in level of felt anxiety. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, 216-222.
There are 75 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burcu Ilgın This is me

Publication Date June 3, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ilgın, B. (2013). Toplumsal Bir Hastalık: Sosyal Kaytarma. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(3), 238-270. https://doi.org/10.12780/UUSBD215

Address: Uşak University Graduate Education Institute
Telephone: 0276 221 21 60 Fax: 0276 221 21 61
E-mail: sosyaldergi@usak.edu.tr