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COVİD-19 KİŞİSEL TEHDİT ALGISININ COVİD-19 ÖNLEMLERİNE UYMA DAVRANIŞLARI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 208 - 222, 30.06.2021

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Covid-19 kişisel tehdit algısının Covid-19 önlemlerine uyma davranışı üzerine etkisinin tespit edilmesidir. Ayrıca araştırmada Covid-19 Kişisel Tehdit Algısı Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması ve Covid-19 Önlemlerine Uyum Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma, kesitsel tipte nicel araştırma olarak tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma Uşak ilinde yaşayan 18 yaş üstü 369 bireyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin toplanmasında, katılımcıları tanıtıcı bilgi formu, Covid-19 Kişisel Tehdit Algısı Ölçeği ve Covid-19 Önlemlerine Uyum Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, SPSS 22 ve AMOS 22 programları kullanılarak frekans, faktör, güvenilirlik, t-testi, Anova, korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Covid-19 kişisel tehdit algısı ve Covid-19 önlemlerine uyum ölçeklerinin geçerli ve güvenilir olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, katılımcıların Covid-19 kişisel tehdit algısının ve önlemlerine uyma davranışlarının cinsiyete ve mesleklerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Araştırmada bireylerin Covid-19 kişisel tehdit algısının Covid-19 önlemlerine uyma davranışları üzerinde pozitif yönde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkisi olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

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Project Number

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References

  • Balay, R., Kaya, A., & Geçdoğan Yılmaz, R. (2014). “Eğitim Yöneticilerinin Hizmetkar Liderlik Yeterlilikleri ile Farklılıkları Yönetme Becerileri Araındaki İlişki”, Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 4(1), 229-249.
  • Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., . . . Willer, R. (2020). “Using Social and Behavioural Science to Support COVID-19 Pandemic Response”, Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460-471. doi:10.1038 / s41562-020-0884-z.
  • Bish, A., and S. Michie. (2010). “Demographic and Attitudinal Determinants of Protective Behaviours during a Pandemic: A Review”, British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797–824. doi:10.1348/135910710X485826.
  • Broadbent E., Wilkes C., Koschwanez H., Weinman J., Norton S., Petrie K.J. (2015). “A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire”, Psychol Health, 30(11), 1361–1385. doi:10.1080/08870446.2015.1070851.
  • Carriere K.R., Garney G., Moghaddam F.M. (2018). “Terrorism as a Form of Violence”. (Ed: Vazsonyi A.T., Flannery D., & DeLisi M.): The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression. 626–644. doi: 10.1017/9781316847992.034.
  • CDC. (2020). “Social Distancing: Keep a Safe Distance to Slow the Spread”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/social-distancing.html. Erişim Tarihi: 09.03.2021.
  • Desai, A.N., & Aronoff, D.M. (2020). “Masks and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)”, JAMA Patient Page, 323(20), 2103. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6437.
  • Dryhurst, S., Schneider, C.R., Kerr, J., Freeman, A.L., Recchia, G., Van Der Bles, A. M., ... & van der Linden, S. (2020). “Risk Perceptions of COVID-19 around the World”, Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 994-1006. doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193.
  • Eikenberry, S.E., Mancuso, M., Iboni, E., Phan, T., Eikenberry, K., Kuang, Y., . . . Gumel, A. B. (2020). “To Mask or not to Mask: Modeling the Potential for Face Mask Use by the General Public to Curtail the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Infectious Disease Modelling, 5, 293-308. doi:10.1016/j.idm.2020.04.001.
  • Farooq, A., Laato, S., & Islam, N.A. (2020). “Impact of Online Information on Self-Isolation Intention During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Study”, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), e19128. doi:10.2196/19128.
  • Gesser-Edelsburg, A., Cohen, R., Hijazi, R., & Shahbari, N.A.E. (2020). “Analysis of Public Perception of the Israeli Government’s Early Emergency Instructions Regarding COVID-19: Online Survey Study”, Journal of medical Internet research, 22(5), e19370. doi:10.2196/19370.
  • Haselltine, W.A. (2020). “Want to Prevent another Coronavirus Epidemic?”, Scientific American. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/want-to-prevent-another-coronavirus-epidemic/. Erişim Tarihi: 09.03.2021.
  • İçişleri Bakanlığı. (2021). “Basın Açıklaması”, https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/basin-aciklamasi18ocak, Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2021. Jahangiry, L., Bakhtari, F., Sohrabi, Z., Reihani, P., Samei, S., Ponnet, K., & Montazeri, A. (2020). “Risk Perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian General Population: An Application of the Extended Parallel Process Model”, BMC public health, 20(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09681-7.
  • Jamaludin, S., Azmir, N.A., Ayob, A.F., & Zainal, N. (2020). “COVID-19 Exit Strategy: Transitioning towards a New Normal”, Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 59, 165-170. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.046.
  • Jin, J.M., Bai, P., He, W., Wu, F., Liu, X.F., Han, D.M., ... & Yang, J.K. (2020). “Gender Differences in Patients with COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality”, Front Public Health, 8, 152. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152.
  • Jose, R., Narendran, M., Bindu, A., Baevi, N., Manju, L., & Benny, P.V. (2021). “Public Perception and Preparedness for the Pandemic COVID 19: A Health Belief Model Approach”, Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 9, 41-46. doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.06.009.
  • Kavaklı, M., Ak, M., Uğuz, F., & Türkmen, O.O. (2020). “The Mediating Role of Self-compassion in the Relationship between Perceived COVID-19 Threat and Death Anxiety”, Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 23. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2020.59862.
  • Khosrav, M. (2020). “Perceived Risk of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Public Worry and Trust”, Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 17(4), em203. doi:10.29333/ejgm/7856.
  • Lalot, F., Abrams, D., & Travaglino, G.A. (2020). “Aversion Amplification in the Emerging COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Political Trust and Subjective Uncertainty on Perceived Threat”, J Community Appl Soc Psychol, 1-10. doi:10.1002/casp.2490.
  • Linares, J.J.G, Jurado, M.D.M.M., Martinez, A.M., Jimenez-Rodrigez, D., & Perez-Fuentes, M.D.C.P. (2021). “The Repercussions of Perceived Threat from COVID‐19 on the Mental Health of Actively Employed Nurses”, International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(3), 724-732. doi:10.1111/inm.12841.
  • Liu, S., Lithopoulos, A., Zhang, C.-Q., Garcia-Barrera, M.A., & Rhodes, R.E. (2021). “Personality and Perceived Stress during COVID-19 Pandemic: Testing the Mediating Role of Perceived Threat and Efficacy”, Personality and Individual Differences, 168 (1), 110351. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110351.
  • Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020). “A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3165. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093165 .
  • Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I.M. (2020). “Fear of the Coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an Online Study Conducted in March 2020”, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258.
  • Ning, L., Niu, J., Bi, X., Yang, C., Liu, Z., Wu, Q., ... & Liu, C. (2020). “The Impacts of Knowledge, Risk Perception, Emotion and Information on Citizens’ Protective Behaviors during the Outbreak of COVID-19: A Cross-sectional Study in China”, BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09892-y.
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (Third Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Pan, S.L., Cui, M., & Qian, J. (2020). “Information Resource Orchestration during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study of Community Lockdowns in China”, International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102143. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102143.
  • Regalado, A. (2020). “What is herd immunity and can it stop the coronavirus?” MIT Technology Review: https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/03/17/905244/what-is-herd-immunity-and-can-it-stop-the-coronavirus/. Erişim Tarihi: 09.03.2021.
  • Rogers, R.W. (1983). Cognitive and Physiological Processes in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change: A Revised Theory of Protection Motivation. (Ed: J. Cacioppo & R. Petty), Social psychophysiology. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 53–177).
  • Rousseau, D.L., & Garcia-Retamero, R. (2007). “Identity, Power, and Threat Perception: A Cross-national Experimental Study” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(5), 744-771. doi: 10.1177%2F0022002707304813.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye COVID-19 Hasta Tablosu. COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/. Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2021.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). “Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures”, Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Soto-Acosta, P. (2020). “COVID-19 Pandemic: Shifting Digital Transformation to a High-Speed Gear”, Information Systems Management, 37(4), 260-266. doi: 10.1080/10580530.2020.1814461.
  • Stein, J.G. (2013). Threat Perception in International Relations. (Ed: L. Huddy, D. O. Sears, & J. S. Levy), The Oxford handbook of political psychology (p. 364–394). Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.013.0012.
  • Stephan, W.G., Stephan, C.W., & Gudykunst, W.B. (1999). “Anxiety in Intergroup Relations: A Comparison of Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory and Integrated Threat Theory”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(4), 613-628. doi: 10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00012-7.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (Six Edition). Boston: Pearson.
  • Tirupathi, R., Bharathidasan, K., Palabindala, V., Salim, S.A., & Al-Tawfiq, J.A. (2020). “Comprehensive Review of Mask Utility and Challenges during the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Le Infezioni in Medicina, 28(suppl 1), 57-63.
  • Usher, K., Durkin, J., & Bhullar, N. (2020). “The COVID‐19 Pandemic and Mental Health Impacts”, International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 315-318. doi:10.1111/inm.12726.
  • Van der Weerd, W., Timmermans, D.R., Beaujean, D.J., Oudhoff, J., van Steenbergen, J.E. (2011). “Monitoring the Level of Government Trust, Risk Perception and Intention of the General Public to Adopt Protective Measures during the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic in the Netherlands”, BMC public health, 11(1), 575. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-575.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., & Ho, R.C. (2020). “Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1-25. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729.
  • Wheaton, B., Muthén, B., Alwin, D.F., & Summers, G.F. (1977). “Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models”, Sociological Methodology, 8, 84-136.
  • WHO. (2021). “WHO Coronavirus (COVİD-19) Dashboard”, World Health Organization: https://covid19.who.int/table. Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2021.
  • Wnuk, A., Oleksy, T., & Maison, D. (2020). “The Acceptance of COVID-19 Tracking Technologies: The Role of Perceived Threat, Lack of Control, and Ideological Beliefs”, Plos One, 15(9), e0238973. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238973.

THE EFFECT OF COVİD-19 PERSONAL THREAT PERCEPTİON ON BEHAVİORS OF COMPLİANCE WİTH COVİD-19 PRECAUTİONS

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 208 - 222, 30.06.2021

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of Covid-19 personal threat perception on behaviors to complying with Covid-19 precautions. The research is designed as cross-sectional quantitative research. The research was carried out with 369 individuals over the age of 18 living in Uşak. In the collection of the data, an introductory information form for the participants, Covid-19 Personal Threat Perception Scale, and Scale of Compliance With Covid-19 Precautions were used. In the analysis of the data, frequency, factor, reliability, t-test, Anova, correlation, and regression analysis were performed using SPSS 22 and AMOS 22 programs. Covid-19 Personal Threat Perception Scale and Scale of Compliance With Covid-19 Precautions were found to be valid and reliable. According to the research findings, participants' perception of Covid-19 personal threat and their behavior to comply with their precautions differ according to gender and profession. In the research, it was concluded that individuals' perception of Covid-19 personal threat has a statistically significant positive effect on their behavior to compliance with Covid-19 precautions.

Project Number

-

References

  • Balay, R., Kaya, A., & Geçdoğan Yılmaz, R. (2014). “Eğitim Yöneticilerinin Hizmetkar Liderlik Yeterlilikleri ile Farklılıkları Yönetme Becerileri Araındaki İlişki”, Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 4(1), 229-249.
  • Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., . . . Willer, R. (2020). “Using Social and Behavioural Science to Support COVID-19 Pandemic Response”, Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460-471. doi:10.1038 / s41562-020-0884-z.
  • Bish, A., and S. Michie. (2010). “Demographic and Attitudinal Determinants of Protective Behaviours during a Pandemic: A Review”, British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797–824. doi:10.1348/135910710X485826.
  • Broadbent E., Wilkes C., Koschwanez H., Weinman J., Norton S., Petrie K.J. (2015). “A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire”, Psychol Health, 30(11), 1361–1385. doi:10.1080/08870446.2015.1070851.
  • Carriere K.R., Garney G., Moghaddam F.M. (2018). “Terrorism as a Form of Violence”. (Ed: Vazsonyi A.T., Flannery D., & DeLisi M.): The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression. 626–644. doi: 10.1017/9781316847992.034.
  • CDC. (2020). “Social Distancing: Keep a Safe Distance to Slow the Spread”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/social-distancing.html. Erişim Tarihi: 09.03.2021.
  • Desai, A.N., & Aronoff, D.M. (2020). “Masks and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)”, JAMA Patient Page, 323(20), 2103. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6437.
  • Dryhurst, S., Schneider, C.R., Kerr, J., Freeman, A.L., Recchia, G., Van Der Bles, A. M., ... & van der Linden, S. (2020). “Risk Perceptions of COVID-19 around the World”, Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 994-1006. doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193.
  • Eikenberry, S.E., Mancuso, M., Iboni, E., Phan, T., Eikenberry, K., Kuang, Y., . . . Gumel, A. B. (2020). “To Mask or not to Mask: Modeling the Potential for Face Mask Use by the General Public to Curtail the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Infectious Disease Modelling, 5, 293-308. doi:10.1016/j.idm.2020.04.001.
  • Farooq, A., Laato, S., & Islam, N.A. (2020). “Impact of Online Information on Self-Isolation Intention During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Study”, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), e19128. doi:10.2196/19128.
  • Gesser-Edelsburg, A., Cohen, R., Hijazi, R., & Shahbari, N.A.E. (2020). “Analysis of Public Perception of the Israeli Government’s Early Emergency Instructions Regarding COVID-19: Online Survey Study”, Journal of medical Internet research, 22(5), e19370. doi:10.2196/19370.
  • Haselltine, W.A. (2020). “Want to Prevent another Coronavirus Epidemic?”, Scientific American. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/want-to-prevent-another-coronavirus-epidemic/. Erişim Tarihi: 09.03.2021.
  • İçişleri Bakanlığı. (2021). “Basın Açıklaması”, https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/basin-aciklamasi18ocak, Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2021. Jahangiry, L., Bakhtari, F., Sohrabi, Z., Reihani, P., Samei, S., Ponnet, K., & Montazeri, A. (2020). “Risk Perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian General Population: An Application of the Extended Parallel Process Model”, BMC public health, 20(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09681-7.
  • Jamaludin, S., Azmir, N.A., Ayob, A.F., & Zainal, N. (2020). “COVID-19 Exit Strategy: Transitioning towards a New Normal”, Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 59, 165-170. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.046.
  • Jin, J.M., Bai, P., He, W., Wu, F., Liu, X.F., Han, D.M., ... & Yang, J.K. (2020). “Gender Differences in Patients with COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality”, Front Public Health, 8, 152. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152.
  • Jose, R., Narendran, M., Bindu, A., Baevi, N., Manju, L., & Benny, P.V. (2021). “Public Perception and Preparedness for the Pandemic COVID 19: A Health Belief Model Approach”, Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 9, 41-46. doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.06.009.
  • Kavaklı, M., Ak, M., Uğuz, F., & Türkmen, O.O. (2020). “The Mediating Role of Self-compassion in the Relationship between Perceived COVID-19 Threat and Death Anxiety”, Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 23. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2020.59862.
  • Khosrav, M. (2020). “Perceived Risk of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Public Worry and Trust”, Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 17(4), em203. doi:10.29333/ejgm/7856.
  • Lalot, F., Abrams, D., & Travaglino, G.A. (2020). “Aversion Amplification in the Emerging COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Political Trust and Subjective Uncertainty on Perceived Threat”, J Community Appl Soc Psychol, 1-10. doi:10.1002/casp.2490.
  • Linares, J.J.G, Jurado, M.D.M.M., Martinez, A.M., Jimenez-Rodrigez, D., & Perez-Fuentes, M.D.C.P. (2021). “The Repercussions of Perceived Threat from COVID‐19 on the Mental Health of Actively Employed Nurses”, International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(3), 724-732. doi:10.1111/inm.12841.
  • Liu, S., Lithopoulos, A., Zhang, C.-Q., Garcia-Barrera, M.A., & Rhodes, R.E. (2021). “Personality and Perceived Stress during COVID-19 Pandemic: Testing the Mediating Role of Perceived Threat and Efficacy”, Personality and Individual Differences, 168 (1), 110351. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110351.
  • Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020). “A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3165. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093165 .
  • Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I.M. (2020). “Fear of the Coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an Online Study Conducted in March 2020”, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258.
  • Ning, L., Niu, J., Bi, X., Yang, C., Liu, Z., Wu, Q., ... & Liu, C. (2020). “The Impacts of Knowledge, Risk Perception, Emotion and Information on Citizens’ Protective Behaviors during the Outbreak of COVID-19: A Cross-sectional Study in China”, BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09892-y.
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (Third Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Pan, S.L., Cui, M., & Qian, J. (2020). “Information Resource Orchestration during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study of Community Lockdowns in China”, International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102143. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102143.
  • Regalado, A. (2020). “What is herd immunity and can it stop the coronavirus?” MIT Technology Review: https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/03/17/905244/what-is-herd-immunity-and-can-it-stop-the-coronavirus/. Erişim Tarihi: 09.03.2021.
  • Rogers, R.W. (1983). Cognitive and Physiological Processes in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change: A Revised Theory of Protection Motivation. (Ed: J. Cacioppo & R. Petty), Social psychophysiology. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 53–177).
  • Rousseau, D.L., & Garcia-Retamero, R. (2007). “Identity, Power, and Threat Perception: A Cross-national Experimental Study” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(5), 744-771. doi: 10.1177%2F0022002707304813.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye COVID-19 Hasta Tablosu. COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/. Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2021.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). “Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures”, Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Soto-Acosta, P. (2020). “COVID-19 Pandemic: Shifting Digital Transformation to a High-Speed Gear”, Information Systems Management, 37(4), 260-266. doi: 10.1080/10580530.2020.1814461.
  • Stein, J.G. (2013). Threat Perception in International Relations. (Ed: L. Huddy, D. O. Sears, & J. S. Levy), The Oxford handbook of political psychology (p. 364–394). Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.013.0012.
  • Stephan, W.G., Stephan, C.W., & Gudykunst, W.B. (1999). “Anxiety in Intergroup Relations: A Comparison of Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory and Integrated Threat Theory”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(4), 613-628. doi: 10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00012-7.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (Six Edition). Boston: Pearson.
  • Tirupathi, R., Bharathidasan, K., Palabindala, V., Salim, S.A., & Al-Tawfiq, J.A. (2020). “Comprehensive Review of Mask Utility and Challenges during the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Le Infezioni in Medicina, 28(suppl 1), 57-63.
  • Usher, K., Durkin, J., & Bhullar, N. (2020). “The COVID‐19 Pandemic and Mental Health Impacts”, International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 315-318. doi:10.1111/inm.12726.
  • Van der Weerd, W., Timmermans, D.R., Beaujean, D.J., Oudhoff, J., van Steenbergen, J.E. (2011). “Monitoring the Level of Government Trust, Risk Perception and Intention of the General Public to Adopt Protective Measures during the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic in the Netherlands”, BMC public health, 11(1), 575. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-575.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., & Ho, R.C. (2020). “Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1-25. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729.
  • Wheaton, B., Muthén, B., Alwin, D.F., & Summers, G.F. (1977). “Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models”, Sociological Methodology, 8, 84-136.
  • WHO. (2021). “WHO Coronavirus (COVİD-19) Dashboard”, World Health Organization: https://covid19.who.int/table. Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2021.
  • Wnuk, A., Oleksy, T., & Maison, D. (2020). “The Acceptance of COVID-19 Tracking Technologies: The Role of Perceived Threat, Lack of Control, and Ideological Beliefs”, Plos One, 15(9), e0238973. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238973.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İbrahim Türkmen

Ramazan Rüçhan Kaya 0000-0001-6520-1848

Hale Ersan 0000-0002-7042-3186

Project Number -
Publication Date June 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Türkmen, İ., Kaya, R. R., & Ersan, H. (2021). COVİD-19 KİŞİSEL TEHDİT ALGISININ COVİD-19 ÖNLEMLERİNE UYMA DAVRANIŞLARI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 208-222.

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