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Security Promises of the East: Meeting the Expectations of Turkey in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 135 - 158, 15.11.2020

Guner Özkan

https://doi.org/10.31454/usb.774666

Abstract

This paper argues that Turkey’s full membership to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) would have a symbolic meaning in terms of showing its displeasure of the Western actions towards Ankara and whose message of not being alone in a world of realist thinking. Even if Turkey becomes a full member of the SCO, which is subject to its departure from NATO membership, it will still need to continue being in search of developing and deepening its strategic relations bilaterally with the strongest actors of Russia and China in the SCO. This paper, therefore, concludes that, in a world of quickly changing and unpredictable geopolitical settings, Turkey can be better off so long as it continues to maintain political, economic and security links with the West, and concurrently tries to find ways to develop and deepen strategic relations with the East. By performing the method of qualitative content analysis, this work tries to prove its argument by exploring first the gap in security interests within NATO, second Turkey’s difficulties in getting support in the Alliance and third the scope of the SCO as a security provider and geopolitical partner for Turkey.

Keywords

Turkey West East NATO Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

References

  • Aljazeera (2014). “Egypt's Sisi heads to Moscow for talks”, 12 February 2014. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/02/egypt-sisi-heads-moscow-talks-2014212102154158280.html (Accessed:23.05.2015).
  • Aljazeera (2017). “Iraqi Kurds set date for independence referendum”, 08 June.2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/iraqi-kurds-set-date-independence-referendum-170608044202182.html (Accessed: 17.01.2019).
  • Anadolu Ajansı (2019). “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan BM'de konuştu: Dünya 5'ten büyüktür”, 24 September 2019. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-bmde-konustu-dunya-5ten-buyuktur/1592817 (Accessed: 13.05.2020).
  • British-French Summit (1998). “British-French Summit, St-Malo, 3-4 December 1998”, in Maartje Rutten (Comp.). From St-Malo to Nice European Defence: Core Documents. Chaillot Paper 47, Institute for Security Studies, Paris: May 2001, 8-9.
  • Cohen, Roger (2011). “Leading From Behind”. 31 October 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/opinion/01iht-edcohen01.html (Accessed: 23 May 2017).
  • Demirtepe, Turgut & Erdoğan, İbrahim (2013). “Bölgesel Çıkarlar ve Küresel Hedefler Odağında Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü”, in M. Turgut Demirtepe ve Güner Özkan (ed.), Uluslararası Sistemde Orta Asya: Dış Politika ve Güvenlik, Ankara: USAK, 83-103.
  • Dempsey, Judy (2014). “Why Defense Matters: A New Narrative for NATO”. 24 June 2014. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Europe. http://carnegieeurope.eu/2014/06/24/why-defense-matters-new-narrative-for-nato-pub-55979 (Accessed: 25.05.2015).
  • European Parliament (2015). “The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation”. Briefing. June 2015. p.8, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank (Accessed: 07.04.2017).
  • Gady, Franz-Stefan (2015). “China and Russia Conclude Naval Drill in Mediterranean”. 22 May 2015. http://thediplomat.com/2015/05/china-and-russia-conclude-naval-drill-in-mediterranean/ (Accessed: 17.04.2017).
  • Gjana, Ferdinand (2015). The EU-NATO Relations in Post-Cold War Era, Rome: EUSER (European Center for Science Education and Research).
  • Gordts, Eline (2014). “How ISIS Uses Oil To Fund Terror”. 27 September 2014. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/27/isis-oil_n_5877008.html (Accessed: 22.01.2015).
  • Haberturk (2017). “Başbakan Yardımcısı Canikli: ABD'nin YPG'ye silah yardımı kabul edilemez”. 10 May 2017. http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/1489653-basbakan-yardimcisi-canikli-abdnin-ypgye-silah-yardimi-kabul-edilemez (Accessed: 01 June 2017).
  • Heisbourg, François (2004). “The French-German Duo and the Search for a New European Security Model”. The International Spectator, No:3, 61-72.
  • Human Rights Watch (2005). “Bullets Were Falling Like Rain- The Andijan Massacre, May 13, 2005”. June 2005. Vol. 17, No. 5(D). https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/uzbekistan0605/ (Accessed: 11.05.2010).
  • Hürriyet (2013). “Şangay Beşlisi'ne alın AB'yi unutalım”. 26 January 2013. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/sangay-beslisine-alin-abyi-unutalim-22448548 (Accessed: 13.5.2017).
  • Hürriyet (2016b). “Erdoğan'dan ABD'ye Gülen ve PYD tepkisi”, 12 October 2016. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/erdogandan-flas-aciklamalar-40246457 (Accessed:17.04.2017).
  • Hürriyet (2016a). “PKK’da Rus antitank füzesi doğruymuş”, 23 June 2016. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pkkda-rus-antitank-fuzesi-dogruymus-40121454 (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • International Crisis Group (2003). “Central Asia: Islam and the State”. 10 July 2003. Osh/Brussels: ICG Asia Report, No. 59. https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/central-asia/uzbekistan/central-asia-islam-and-state (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • Karar (2015). “‘Rusya'dan PKK'nın Suriye kolu YPG'ye silah sevkiyatı”, 01 December 2015. http://www.karar.com/gundem-haberleri/rusyadan-pkknin-suriye-kolu-ypgye-silah-sevkiyati-57271# (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • Milliyet (2016). “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'dan Almanya'ya çok sert tepki”. 03 November 2016. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-bestepe-de-siyaset-2338715/ (Accessed: 17.04.2017).
  • Milliyet (2017). “Amerika-Rusya PYD ile kol kola’, 25 March 2017, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/amerika-rusya-pyd-ile-kol-kola-gundem-2420030/ (Accessed: 17.04.2017).
  • NATO (2008). North Atlantic Treaty organisation (NATO), Bucharest Summit Declaration, 03 April 2008. http://www.nato.int/cps/in/natohq/official_texts_8443.htm (Accessed: 03.11.2009).
  • Oguzlu, Tarık (2012). “NATO ve Türkiye: Dönüşen İttifakın Sorgulayan Üyesi”. Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 9, Sayı 34, Yaz 2012, 99-124.
  • Oguzlu. Tarık (2013). “Testing the Strength of the Turkish–American Strategic Relationship through NATO: Convergence or Divergence within the Alliance?”. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2, 207-222.
  • Özer, Verda (2016). “ABD gezisinin bilinmeyenleri”. 04 April 2016. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/verda-ozer/abdde-kapali-kapilar-ardinda-ne-konusuldu-40081231 (Accessed: 05 May 2017).
  • Özkan, Elif Şimşek (2017). “Rusya-Türkiye İlişkileri”, in Sertif Demir, Poyraz Gürson and Ayça Eminoğlu (ed.), Türk Dış Politikası: Aktörler, Krizler, Tercihler, Çözümler, Ankara: Barış Yayınevi. 282-331.
  • Parsi, Trita (2010). “Iran's Nuke Deal Irritates Washington”. 18 May 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/International/analysis-irans-nuclear-deal-turkey-brazil/story?id=10681106 (Accessed: 06.02.2017).
  • RFE/RL (2008). “SCO Fails To Back Russia Over Georgia”. 28 August 2008. https://www.rferl.org/a/SCO_Fails_To_Back_Russia_Over_Georgia/1194578.html (Accessed: 12.04.2017).
  • Roney, Tyler (2013). “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization: China’s NATO?”. 11 September 2013, http://thediplomat.com/2013/09/the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-chinas-nato-2/ (Accessed: 07.04.2017).
  • Russia Today (2016b). “Shanghai Cooperation Organization was never designed to compete with NATO’- John Mearsheimer”. 05 July 2016. https://www.rt.com/op-edge/349544-sco-nato-summit-russia/ (Accessed: 07.04.2017).
  • Russia Today (2016a). “ISIS, oil & Turkey: What RT found in Syrian town liberated from jihadists by Kurds (EXCLUSIVE)”. 24 March 2016. https://www.rt.com/news/336967-isis-files-oil-turkey-exclusive/ (Accessed: 28.04.2017).
  • Russian International Affairs Council (2015). “Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: Model 2014-2015”. Moscow: Working Paper 21/2015. https://russiancouncil.ru/upload/RIAC-WP-SCO-En.pdf (Accessed: 17.04.2017).
  • Sputnik Türkiye (2016). “Erdoğan: ‘Şanghay Beşlisi içerisinde Türkiye niye olmasın?’ diyorum”. 20 November 2016. https://tr.sputniknews.com/turkiye/201611201025892702-erdogan-ab-sanghay-beslisi/ (Accessed: 3.4.2017).
  • Starosta, Gabe (2013). “The Role of the US Air Force in the French Mission in Mali”. 04 November 2013. http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/the-role-of-the-us-air-force-in-the-french-mission-in-mali (Accessed: 22.9.2019).
  • Stent, Angele (2016). “Russia, China and the West after Crimea”. 2015-2016 Paper Series, No. 8. Washington D.C.: Transatlantic Academy. https://www.gmfus.org/publications/russia-china-and-west-after-crimea (Accessed: 04.05.2017).
  • The Guardian (2010). “Britain and France sign landmark 50-year defence deal”. 02 November 2010. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/nov/02/britain-france-landmark-50-year-defence-deal (Accessed: 05.07.2018).
  • The Guardian (2015). “Annexation of Crimea has magnified divisions inside Kazakhstan”. 03 May 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/03/annexation-of-crimea-magnified-divisions-inside-kazkhstan (Accessed: 22.04.2017).
  • The Guardian (2017). “Russia and China veto UN resolution to impose sanctions on Syria”. 01 March 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/01/russia-and-china-veto-un-resolution-to-impose-sanctions-on-syria (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2001a). “The Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism”. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 22.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2001b). “Declaration on the Establishment of the SCO”. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2002). “Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation”. 07 June 2002. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2008). “Dushanbe Declaration”. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 17.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2014a). “Khudoberdi Kholiqnazar: RATS makes advances in fighting terrorism”. 10 September 2014. http://en.sco-russia.ru/interviews/20140910/1013188768.html (Accessed:07.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2014b). “DUSHANBE DECLARATION: By the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”. 12 September 2014. Dushanbe. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2012). “DECLARATION: By the Heads of MemberStatesof the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on Building a Region of Lasting Peace and Common Prosperity”, 07 June 2012. Beijing. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2013). “BISHKEK DECLARATION: By the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”. 13 September 2013. Bishkek. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2016). “The Tashkent Declaration of the Fifteenth Anniversary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”. 24 June 2016. Tashkent. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2017). “The Astana declaration of the Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation”, 09 June 2017. Astana. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 18.05.2020).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2018). “Press release on the SCO Council of Foreign Ministers meeting”. 24 April 2018. Beijing. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 18.05.2020).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2019). “Bishkek Declaration of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation’s Heads of State Council”. 14 June 2019. Bishkek. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 18.05.2020).
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  • Vatan (2016). “MİT, Rus silahlarını ortaya çıkardı”. 05 June 2016. www.gazetevatan.com/mit-rus-silahlarini-ortaya-cikardi-952705-gundem/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • Vatan (2017). “ABD silahları PKK'nın elinde!”. 26 April 2017. http://www.gazetevatan.com/abd-silahlari-pkk-nin-elinde--1061498-dunya/ (Accessed: 11.05.2017).
  • Voice of America (2003). “NATO Approves Defence Preparations for Turkey”. 19 February 2003. https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-02-19-47-nato-66844297/375418.html (Accessed: 17.08.2016).
  • Williams, Holly (2014). “As Turkey turned blind eye, ISIS took advantage”. 04 September 2014. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/as-turkey-turned-blind-eye-isis-took-advantage/ (Accessed: 12.04.2017).

Security Promises of the East: Meeting the Expectations of Turkey in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 135 - 158, 15.11.2020

Guner Özkan

https://doi.org/10.31454/usb.774666

Abstract

This paper argues that Turkey’s full membership to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) would have a symbolic meaning in terms of showing its displeasure of the Western actions towards Ankara and whose message of not being alone in a world of realist thinking. Even if Turkey becomes a full member of the SCO, which is subject to its departure from NATO membership, it will still need to continue being in search of developing and deepening its strategic relations bilaterally with the strongest actors of Russia and China in the SCO. This paper, therefore, concludes that, in a world of quickly changing and unpredictable geopolitical settings, Turkey can be better off so long as it continues to maintain political, economic and security links with the West, and concurrently tries to find ways to develop and deepen strategic relations with the East. By performing the method of qualitative content analysis, this work tries to prove its argument by exploring first the gap in security interests within NATO, second Turkey’s difficulties in getting support in the Alliance and third the scope of the SCO as a security provider and geopolitical partner for Turkey.

Keywords

Turkey West East NATO Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

References

  • Aljazeera (2014). “Egypt's Sisi heads to Moscow for talks”, 12 February 2014. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/02/egypt-sisi-heads-moscow-talks-2014212102154158280.html (Accessed:23.05.2015).
  • Aljazeera (2017). “Iraqi Kurds set date for independence referendum”, 08 June.2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/iraqi-kurds-set-date-independence-referendum-170608044202182.html (Accessed: 17.01.2019).
  • Anadolu Ajansı (2019). “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan BM'de konuştu: Dünya 5'ten büyüktür”, 24 September 2019. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-bmde-konustu-dunya-5ten-buyuktur/1592817 (Accessed: 13.05.2020).
  • British-French Summit (1998). “British-French Summit, St-Malo, 3-4 December 1998”, in Maartje Rutten (Comp.). From St-Malo to Nice European Defence: Core Documents. Chaillot Paper 47, Institute for Security Studies, Paris: May 2001, 8-9.
  • Cohen, Roger (2011). “Leading From Behind”. 31 October 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/opinion/01iht-edcohen01.html (Accessed: 23 May 2017).
  • Demirtepe, Turgut & Erdoğan, İbrahim (2013). “Bölgesel Çıkarlar ve Küresel Hedefler Odağında Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü”, in M. Turgut Demirtepe ve Güner Özkan (ed.), Uluslararası Sistemde Orta Asya: Dış Politika ve Güvenlik, Ankara: USAK, 83-103.
  • Dempsey, Judy (2014). “Why Defense Matters: A New Narrative for NATO”. 24 June 2014. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Europe. http://carnegieeurope.eu/2014/06/24/why-defense-matters-new-narrative-for-nato-pub-55979 (Accessed: 25.05.2015).
  • European Parliament (2015). “The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation”. Briefing. June 2015. p.8, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank (Accessed: 07.04.2017).
  • Gady, Franz-Stefan (2015). “China and Russia Conclude Naval Drill in Mediterranean”. 22 May 2015. http://thediplomat.com/2015/05/china-and-russia-conclude-naval-drill-in-mediterranean/ (Accessed: 17.04.2017).
  • Gjana, Ferdinand (2015). The EU-NATO Relations in Post-Cold War Era, Rome: EUSER (European Center for Science Education and Research).
  • Gordts, Eline (2014). “How ISIS Uses Oil To Fund Terror”. 27 September 2014. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/27/isis-oil_n_5877008.html (Accessed: 22.01.2015).
  • Haberturk (2017). “Başbakan Yardımcısı Canikli: ABD'nin YPG'ye silah yardımı kabul edilemez”. 10 May 2017. http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/1489653-basbakan-yardimcisi-canikli-abdnin-ypgye-silah-yardimi-kabul-edilemez (Accessed: 01 June 2017).
  • Heisbourg, François (2004). “The French-German Duo and the Search for a New European Security Model”. The International Spectator, No:3, 61-72.
  • Human Rights Watch (2005). “Bullets Were Falling Like Rain- The Andijan Massacre, May 13, 2005”. June 2005. Vol. 17, No. 5(D). https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/uzbekistan0605/ (Accessed: 11.05.2010).
  • Hürriyet (2013). “Şangay Beşlisi'ne alın AB'yi unutalım”. 26 January 2013. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/sangay-beslisine-alin-abyi-unutalim-22448548 (Accessed: 13.5.2017).
  • Hürriyet (2016b). “Erdoğan'dan ABD'ye Gülen ve PYD tepkisi”, 12 October 2016. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/erdogandan-flas-aciklamalar-40246457 (Accessed:17.04.2017).
  • Hürriyet (2016a). “PKK’da Rus antitank füzesi doğruymuş”, 23 June 2016. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pkkda-rus-antitank-fuzesi-dogruymus-40121454 (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • International Crisis Group (2003). “Central Asia: Islam and the State”. 10 July 2003. Osh/Brussels: ICG Asia Report, No. 59. https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/central-asia/uzbekistan/central-asia-islam-and-state (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • Karar (2015). “‘Rusya'dan PKK'nın Suriye kolu YPG'ye silah sevkiyatı”, 01 December 2015. http://www.karar.com/gundem-haberleri/rusyadan-pkknin-suriye-kolu-ypgye-silah-sevkiyati-57271# (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • Milliyet (2016). “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'dan Almanya'ya çok sert tepki”. 03 November 2016. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-bestepe-de-siyaset-2338715/ (Accessed: 17.04.2017).
  • Milliyet (2017). “Amerika-Rusya PYD ile kol kola’, 25 March 2017, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/amerika-rusya-pyd-ile-kol-kola-gundem-2420030/ (Accessed: 17.04.2017).
  • NATO (2008). North Atlantic Treaty organisation (NATO), Bucharest Summit Declaration, 03 April 2008. http://www.nato.int/cps/in/natohq/official_texts_8443.htm (Accessed: 03.11.2009).
  • Oguzlu, Tarık (2012). “NATO ve Türkiye: Dönüşen İttifakın Sorgulayan Üyesi”. Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 9, Sayı 34, Yaz 2012, 99-124.
  • Oguzlu. Tarık (2013). “Testing the Strength of the Turkish–American Strategic Relationship through NATO: Convergence or Divergence within the Alliance?”. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2, 207-222.
  • Özer, Verda (2016). “ABD gezisinin bilinmeyenleri”. 04 April 2016. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/verda-ozer/abdde-kapali-kapilar-ardinda-ne-konusuldu-40081231 (Accessed: 05 May 2017).
  • Özkan, Elif Şimşek (2017). “Rusya-Türkiye İlişkileri”, in Sertif Demir, Poyraz Gürson and Ayça Eminoğlu (ed.), Türk Dış Politikası: Aktörler, Krizler, Tercihler, Çözümler, Ankara: Barış Yayınevi. 282-331.
  • Parsi, Trita (2010). “Iran's Nuke Deal Irritates Washington”. 18 May 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/International/analysis-irans-nuclear-deal-turkey-brazil/story?id=10681106 (Accessed: 06.02.2017).
  • RFE/RL (2008). “SCO Fails To Back Russia Over Georgia”. 28 August 2008. https://www.rferl.org/a/SCO_Fails_To_Back_Russia_Over_Georgia/1194578.html (Accessed: 12.04.2017).
  • Roney, Tyler (2013). “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization: China’s NATO?”. 11 September 2013, http://thediplomat.com/2013/09/the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-chinas-nato-2/ (Accessed: 07.04.2017).
  • Russia Today (2016b). “Shanghai Cooperation Organization was never designed to compete with NATO’- John Mearsheimer”. 05 July 2016. https://www.rt.com/op-edge/349544-sco-nato-summit-russia/ (Accessed: 07.04.2017).
  • Russia Today (2016a). “ISIS, oil & Turkey: What RT found in Syrian town liberated from jihadists by Kurds (EXCLUSIVE)”. 24 March 2016. https://www.rt.com/news/336967-isis-files-oil-turkey-exclusive/ (Accessed: 28.04.2017).
  • Russian International Affairs Council (2015). “Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: Model 2014-2015”. Moscow: Working Paper 21/2015. https://russiancouncil.ru/upload/RIAC-WP-SCO-En.pdf (Accessed: 17.04.2017).
  • Sputnik Türkiye (2016). “Erdoğan: ‘Şanghay Beşlisi içerisinde Türkiye niye olmasın?’ diyorum”. 20 November 2016. https://tr.sputniknews.com/turkiye/201611201025892702-erdogan-ab-sanghay-beslisi/ (Accessed: 3.4.2017).
  • Starosta, Gabe (2013). “The Role of the US Air Force in the French Mission in Mali”. 04 November 2013. http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/the-role-of-the-us-air-force-in-the-french-mission-in-mali (Accessed: 22.9.2019).
  • Stent, Angele (2016). “Russia, China and the West after Crimea”. 2015-2016 Paper Series, No. 8. Washington D.C.: Transatlantic Academy. https://www.gmfus.org/publications/russia-china-and-west-after-crimea (Accessed: 04.05.2017).
  • The Guardian (2010). “Britain and France sign landmark 50-year defence deal”. 02 November 2010. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/nov/02/britain-france-landmark-50-year-defence-deal (Accessed: 05.07.2018).
  • The Guardian (2015). “Annexation of Crimea has magnified divisions inside Kazakhstan”. 03 May 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/03/annexation-of-crimea-magnified-divisions-inside-kazkhstan (Accessed: 22.04.2017).
  • The Guardian (2017). “Russia and China veto UN resolution to impose sanctions on Syria”. 01 March 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/01/russia-and-china-veto-un-resolution-to-impose-sanctions-on-syria (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2001a). “The Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism”. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 22.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2001b). “Declaration on the Establishment of the SCO”. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2002). “Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation”. 07 June 2002. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2008). “Dushanbe Declaration”. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 17.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2014a). “Khudoberdi Kholiqnazar: RATS makes advances in fighting terrorism”. 10 September 2014. http://en.sco-russia.ru/interviews/20140910/1013188768.html (Accessed:07.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (2014b). “DUSHANBE DECLARATION: By the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”. 12 September 2014. Dushanbe. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2012). “DECLARATION: By the Heads of MemberStatesof the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on Building a Region of Lasting Peace and Common Prosperity”, 07 June 2012. Beijing. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2013). “BISHKEK DECLARATION: By the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”. 13 September 2013. Bishkek. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2016). “The Tashkent Declaration of the Fifteenth Anniversary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”. 24 June 2016. Tashkent. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/ (Accessed: 13.04.2017).
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There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Guner Özkan 0000-0003-1931-5910

Publication Date November 15, 2020
Submission Date July 27, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özkan, G. (2020). Security Promises of the East: Meeting the Expectations of Turkey in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 135-158. https://doi.org/10.31454/usb.774666
AMA Özkan G. Security Promises of the East: Meeting the Expectations of Turkey in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). USBdergi. November 2020;5(2):135-158. doi:10.31454/usb.774666
Chicago Özkan, Guner. “Security Promises of the East: Meeting the Expectations of Turkey in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)”. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 5, no. 2 (November 2020): 135-58. https://doi.org/10.31454/usb.774666.
EndNote Özkan G (November 1, 2020) Security Promises of the East: Meeting the Expectations of Turkey in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 5 2 135–158.
IEEE G. Özkan, “Security Promises of the East: Meeting the Expectations of Turkey in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)”, USBdergi, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 135–158, 2020, doi: 10.31454/usb.774666.
ISNAD Özkan, Guner. “Security Promises of the East: Meeting the Expectations of Turkey in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)”. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 5/2 (November 2020), 135-158. https://doi.org/10.31454/usb.774666.
JAMA Özkan G. Security Promises of the East: Meeting the Expectations of Turkey in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). USBdergi. 2020;5:135–158.
MLA Özkan, Guner. “Security Promises of the East: Meeting the Expectations of Turkey in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)”. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 2, 2020, pp. 135-58, doi:10.31454/usb.774666.
Vancouver Özkan G. Security Promises of the East: Meeting the Expectations of Turkey in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). USBdergi. 2020;5(2):135-58.
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