Nft, Sanat ve Yapay Zeka: Dijital Yaratıcılık ve Sanatın Dönüşümü

Abstract

“Değiştirilemez ve benzersiz varlıklar” şeklinde ifade edilen NFT’ler (Non-Fungible Token), kripto para teknolojisinin bir uzantısı olarak doğmuş olmasına rağmen kısa süre içerisinde sanat ve estetik konularıyla iç içe geçmiştir. Dijital sanatın bir göstergesi olan NFT’ler, sadece estetik ve etik açıdan değil, aynı zamanda orijinallik, koleksiyonerlik ve ticarileşme gibi pek çok açıdan incelenmeye değer bir konudur. Yapay zekâ destekli algoritmaların etken bir faktör olarak NFT’lerde yer alması, sanatçının rolünü birçok açıdan dönüştürmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra sanat eserlerinin mülkiyetinin dijitalleşmesi, eserden beklentilerin de değişmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu değişimde NFT’ler üzerinden sanatın ticarî bir meta hâline getirilmesinin büyük bir etkisi bulunmaktadır. Yapay zekâ desteğiyle üretilen sanat eserlerinin, yine yapay zekâ tarafından manipüle edilerek para piyasalarını kontrol altına alabilmesi pek çok spekülasyona yol açsa da Refik Anadol, Murat Pak, Selçuk Erdem, Cem Yılmaz gibi bazı öncü Türk NFT sanatçıları küresel ölçekte yeni bir sanat zemini oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışmada yapay zekâ ile desteklenen NFT’lerin sanat dünyasındaki yeri, Türk NFT sanatçıları örnekleminde değerlendirilecektir. Aynı zamanda sanatın doğuşundan kitlelere uzanan yolda yapay zekânın etkisi ve önemi ile yaratıcılık ve orijinallik kavramlarının nasıl değişime uğradığı tartışılacak, NFT’lerin sanatı yayma gücü ve potansiyeli irdelenirken, dijital teknolojilerin sanatçı ve sanatın alımlayıcısı arasındaki yeni ve doğrudan ilişkiyi nasıl dönüştürdüğü üzerinde de durulacaktır.

Keywords

• NFT
• Yapay Zekâ
• Sanat
• Dijitalleşme

Nft, Art and Artificial Intelligence: Digital Creativity and The Transformation of Art

Abstract

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), defined as “irreplaceable and unique assets,” initially emerged as an extension of cryptocurrency technology. However, they rapidly became intertwined with art and aesthetics. NFTs, which symbolize the digital art movement, merit examination not only from aesthetic and ethical perspectives but also in terms of originality, collectibility, and commercialization. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven algorithms as an influential factor in the creation of NFTs has significantly reshaped the artist's role. Furthermore, the digitalization of art ownership has led to shifting expectations regarding artworks. The commodification of art through NFTs has been a key driver in this transformation. While there are numerous speculations that AI-generated artworks could be manipulated by AI to influence financial markets, pioneering Turkish NFT artists like Refik Anadol, Murat Pak, Selçuk Erdem, and Cem Yılmaz have laid the groundwork for a new artistic paradigm on a global scale. This study will examine the role of AI-supported NFTs within the art world, focusing specifically on the contributions of Turkish NFT artists. Additionally, the research will explore how AI has impacted the trajectory of art from its origins to mass dissemination, discussing the evolving definitions of creativity and originality. The study will also investigate the potential of NFTs to democratize art and analyze how digital technologies are transforming the relationship between artists and their audiences in unprecedented ways.

Keywords

• Artificial Intelligence
• NFT
• Art
• Digitalization

References

1. Alshurideh, M., Salloum, S. A., Al Kurdi, B., & Al-Emran, M. (2019, February). Factors affecting the social networks acceptance: an empirical study using PLS-SEM approach. In Proceedings of the 2019 8th International Conference on Software and Computer Applications (pp. 414-418).
2. Brown, D., & Fiorella, S. (2013). Influencer Marketing: How to Create, Manage, and Measure Brand Influencers in Social Media Marketing. Que Publishing.
3. Chae, J. (2018). Explaining Females’ Envy Toward Social Media Influencers. Media Psychology, 21(2), 246-262.
4. Croes, E., & Bartels, J. (2021). Young adults’ motivations for following social influencers and their relationship to identification and buying behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, volume 124, 1-10.
5. De Veirman, M., Cauberghe, V., & Hudders, L. (2017). Marketing through Instagram influencers: the impact of number of followers and product divergence on brand attitude. International Journal of Advertising, 36(5), 798-828
6. Dhanesh, G. S., & Duthler, G. (2019). Relationship management through social media influencers: Effects of followers’ awareness of paid endorsement. Public Relations Review, 45(3), 101765.
7. Djafarova, E., & Rushworth, C. (2017). Exploring the credibility of online celebrities' Instagram profiles in influencing the purchase decisions of young female users. Computers in Human Behavior, volüme 68, 1-7. Evans, D. (2008). Social Media Marketing: An Hour a Day. Sybex, New York, NY.
8. Freberg, K., Graham, K., McGaughey, K., & Freberg, L. A. (2011). Who are the social media influencers? A study of public perceptions of personality. Public relations review, 37(1), 90-92.

9. Heinonen, K. (2011), Consumer activity in social media: managerial approaches to consumers’ social behavior. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, Vol. 10 No. 6, pp. 356-364.
10. Jin, S. V., & Phua, J. (2014). Following celebrities’ tweets about brands: The impact of Twitter-based electronic word-of-mouth on consumers’ source credibility, brand attitudes, and purchase intentions. Journal of Advertising, 43(2), 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2013.827606
11. Khamis, S., Ang, L., & Welling, R. (2017). Self-branding, ‘micro-celebrity and the rise of Social Media Influencers. Celebrity studies, 8(2), 191-208.
12. Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, Vol. 54, pp. 241-251.
13. Kondort, G., Pelau, C., Gati, M., & Cıofu, I. (2023). The Role of Fashion Influencers in Shaping Consumers’ Buying Decisions and Trends. 17. International Conference on Business Excellence. DOI: 10.2478/picbe-2023-0092, pp. 1009-1018, ISSN 2558-9652.
14. Lin, H.C., Bruning, P. F., & Swarna, H. (2018). Using online opinion leaders to promote the hedonic and utilitarian value of products and services. Business Horizons, 61(3), 431-442.
15. Parson, A. (2013). How does social media influence the buying behavior of consumers? available at: http://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/social-media-influence-buying-behavior-consumers-17017.html, Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2024.
16. Pew Research Center. (2019). Social Media Fact Sheet. Retrieved 21 July 2019 from: Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/10/share-of-u-s-adults-using socialmedia-including-facebook-is-mostly unchanged-since-2018.
17. Schouten, A. P., Janssen, L., & Verspaget, M. (2020). Celebrity vs. Influencer endorsements in advertising: the role of identification, credibility, and Product-Endorser fit. International journal of advertising, 39(2), 258-281.
18. Statisca (2024). Most popular social networks worldwide as of April 2024, by number of monthly active users. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/, Erişim tarihi: 19.09.2024.
19. Taşdelen, B. (2020). Dijital çağın yeni trendi sosyal medya etkileyicileri: vloggerların üniversite öğrencilerinin satın alma davranışı üzerindeki etkisi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(3), 1071-1098. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (1999). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.