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THE ARCHITECTURAL THEORY BEFORE AND AFTER KANT IN THE INTERSECTION OF THE PHILOSOPHY AND ARCHITECTURE

Year 2020, Issue: 4, 691 - 714, 22.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.804650

Abstract

With the philosophical system he established, Kant has become one of the leading actors that need to be reckoned, overcome, and expounded in the history of philosophy, especially since the end of the 19th century. Kant's significance for Architectural Theory is not only due to his profound influence on 20th Century Western Philosophy. Kant's centricity is maybe due to creating his critical philosophy through synthesising European Continental Rationalism and Anglo-Saxon Empiricism in the Western Philosophy Tradition that precedes before him and underlining the limitations of our knowledge by questioning the preceding Western metaphysics and reversing of some its concepts and principles. Kant's approach found its most competent expression in Neo-Kantian philosophy, and the legacy left by Neo-Kantians played a central role in the formation of 20th-century philosophical approaches. In this context, Neo-Kantians paved the way for the analysis of the ontological character of architectural works within different epistemological constructs, and consequently the theoretical and philosophical character of architectural knowledge. Based on this idea, it is possible to divide the epistemological approaches produced in the field of architecture into two as before and after Kant. The aim of this essay is to underline the importance of Kant's philosophy in terms of architectural theory and philosophy, along with its influence on its contemporary architectural theorists, why it is still valid currently. This article follows a theoretical approach as a method to decipher the storyline of the architectural theory before and after Kant. As the article shows Kant is an important figure not only in western philosophy but also in the development of architectural theory thinking.

References

  • Addison, J., & Making of America Project. (2004). The works of Joseph Addison complete in three volumes embracing the whole of the "Spectator," &c. Ann Arbor, Mich: Making of America, University of Michigan.
  • Ballantyne, A. (2005). Architecture theory: A reader in philosophy and culture. LONDON: Continuum.
  • Baudrillard, J., & Proto, F. (2003). Mass, identity, architecture: Architectural writings of Jean Baudrillard. Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley Academy.
  • Bencivenga, E. (1987). Kant's Copernician revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Benjamin, A. (2000). Architectural philosophy. London: Athlone Press.
  • Bermúdez, J. C. (2015). Transcending architecture: Contemporary views on sacred space. Washington, D.C: The Catholic University of America Press.
  • Bochenski, J. M. (1982). Contemporary European philosophy. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
  • Braham, W. W., Hale, J., & Sadar, J. S. (2007). Rethinking technology: A reader in architectural theory. London: Routledge.
  • Brewer, D. (2018). The Cambridge Companion to the French Enlightenment. Cambridge: Proquest LLC.
  • Costelloe, T. M. (2012). The sublime: From antiquity to the present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dallery, A. B., Scott, C. E., & Roberts, P. H. (1990). The crises in continental philosophy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Deleuze, G., & Leibniz, G. W. (1993). The fold: Leibniz and the Baroque. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Fasel, G. W., & G.K. Hall & Company. (1999). Edmund Burke. New York: G.K. Hall & Co.
  • Fischer, B., & Fox, T. C. (2010). A companion to the works of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Columbia, S.C.: Camden House, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
  • Flage, D. E. (2014). Berkeley. Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity Press.
  • Gallagher, S. (2012). Phenomenology. Houndmills, Basingstoke, England; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Garber, D., & Nadler, S. M. (2006). Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Gilly, F., Neumeyer, F., Britt, D., & J. Paul Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities,. (1994). Friedrich Gilly: Essays on architecture, 1796-1799. Chicago: Distributed by the University of Chicago Press.
  • Graafland, A. (2000). The socius of architecture: Amsterdam, Tokyo, New York. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers.
  • Guyer, P. (2010). The Cambridge companion to Kant's Critique of pure reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hale, J. A. (2000). Building ideas: An introduction to architectural theory. Chichester: John Wiley.
  • Hass, L. (2008). Merleau-Ponty's philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Herrmann, W. (1973). The theory of Claude Perrault. London: Zwemmer.
  • Hicks, M., & Asplund, C. (2017). Christian Wolff. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Hight, C. (2008). Architectural principles in the age of cybernetics. New York: Routledge.
  • Hutcheson, F. (1990). Collected works of Francis Hutcheson: Vol. 4. Hildesheim: G. Olms Verlag.
  • Johnson, P.A. (1995). The theory of architecture: Concepts, themes & practices. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  • Kant, I., & Bernard, J. H. (2007). Critique of judgment. New York: Cosimo.
  • Kant, I., Denis, L., & Gregor, M. (2017). Kant. West Nyack: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kruft, H.-W., & Taylor, R. (2014). A history of architectural theory: From Vitruvius to the present. New York, New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
  • Mallgrave, H. F. (2007). Architectural theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Mallgrave, H. F. (2009). Modern architectural theory: A historical survey, 1673-1968. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mallgrave, H. F. (2013). The architect's brain: Neuroscience, creativity, and architecture. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Mallgrave, H. F., Contandriopoulos, C. (2006). Architectural theory. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
  • Mendelssohn, M. (1975). Moses Mendelssohn: Selections from his writings. New York: Viking Press.
  • Muchnik, P. & North American Kant Society. (2008). Rethinking Kant. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishers.
  • O'Brien, C. C. & McCue, J. (2002). Edmund Burke. London: Vintage.
  • O'Sullivan, M. (2017). Critique of Pure Reason. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Otero-Pailos, J. (2010). Architecture's Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Parkinson, G. H. R. (2000). Spinoza: Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Phillipson, N. (1989). Hume. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  • Pitcher, G. (2009). Berkeley. London: Routledge.
  • Purdy, D. L. (2016). On the Ruins of Babel: Architectural Metaphor in German Thought. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Rockmore, T. (2006). In Kant's Wake: Philosophy in the Twentieth Century. Malden, Mass: Blackwell.
  • Rosenberg, J. F. (2005). Accessing Kant: A Relaxed Introduction to the Critique of Pure Reason. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Schwarzer, M. (1995). German Architectural Theory and the Search for Modern Identity. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shaftesbury, L., Klein, L. E., Ameriks, K. & Clarke, D. M. (2000). Shaftesbury: Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Spellman, W. M. (1997). John Locke. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Thoenes, C. & Evers, B. (2003). Architectural Theory: from Renaissance to the Present; 89 essays on 117 Treatises. Köln, London: Taschen.
  • Timmermans, B. (2006). Perspective Leibniz, Whitehead, Deleuze. Paris: Librairie J. Vrin.
  • Tournikiotis, P. (2001). The Historiography of Modern Architecture. Cambridge, Mass: MIT.
  • Winckelmann, J. J. (2006). History of the Art of Antiquity. Los Angeles, Calif: Getty Research Institute.
  • Winters, E. (2007). Aesthetics and Architecture. London: Continuum.

FELSEFE VE MİMARLIK KESİŞİMİNDE KANT ÖNCESİ VE SONRASI MİMARLIK TEORİSİ

Year 2020, Issue: 4, 691 - 714, 22.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.804650

Abstract

Kant kurduğu felsefi sistemi ile kendinden sonra özellikle 19. Yüzyıl’ın sonlarından itibaren felsefe tarihi içerisinde hesaplaşılması, aşılması, açımlanması gereken baş aktörlerden biri olmuştur. Kant’ın Mimarlık Teorisi için önemi, yalnızca 20. Yüzyıl Batı Felsefesi üzerindeki derin etkisinden kaynaklanmaz. Kant’ın bu merkeziliğinin belki de en önemli nedeni Batı Felsefesi geleneği içerisindeki kendisinden önce gelen Kıta Avrupa’sı Rasyonalizmi ile Anglo-Sakson Ampirizmini birleştirerek kendi Eleştirel Felsefesini içerisinde bu iki geleneği sentezlemesi, kendinden önceki Batı metafiziğini sorgulayarak insan bilgisinin sınırlılığının altını çizmesi ve bazı kavramlarını ve ilkelerini ters yüz edişidir. Kant’ın yaklaşımı en yetkin ifadesini Yeni-Kantçı felsefe içerisinde bulmuş ve Yeni-Kantçılar’ın bıraktığı miras 20. Yüzyıl felsefi yaklaşımlarının oluşumunda merkezi bir rol oynamıştır. Bu bağlamda Yeni-Kantçılar mimari eserlerin ontolojik karakterinin farklı epistemolojik kurgular içerisinde çözümlenmesini ve dolayısıyla da mimari bilginin kuramsal ve felsefi bir nitelik kazanmasının önünü açmıştır. Bu düşünceden hareketle mimarlık alanında üretilen epistemolojik yaklaşımları Kant öncesi ve sonrası olarak ikiye ayırmak mümkündür. Bu denemenin amacı Kant felsefesinin kendi çağdaşı mimarlık kuramcıları üzerindeki etkisi ile günümüz açısından hala geçerliliğini neden koruduğunun mimarlık kuramı ve felsefe açısından öneminin altını çizmektir. Bu makale, mimarlık teorisinin Kant öncesi ve sonrası hikayesini teorik bir metotla deşifre etmektedir. Makale göstermektedir ki, Kant sadece bati felsefesi alanında değil mimarlık düşüncesinin gelişiminde de çok önemli bir paya sahip bir figürdür.

References

  • Addison, J., & Making of America Project. (2004). The works of Joseph Addison complete in three volumes embracing the whole of the "Spectator," &c. Ann Arbor, Mich: Making of America, University of Michigan.
  • Ballantyne, A. (2005). Architecture theory: A reader in philosophy and culture. LONDON: Continuum.
  • Baudrillard, J., & Proto, F. (2003). Mass, identity, architecture: Architectural writings of Jean Baudrillard. Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley Academy.
  • Bencivenga, E. (1987). Kant's Copernician revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Benjamin, A. (2000). Architectural philosophy. London: Athlone Press.
  • Bermúdez, J. C. (2015). Transcending architecture: Contemporary views on sacred space. Washington, D.C: The Catholic University of America Press.
  • Bochenski, J. M. (1982). Contemporary European philosophy. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
  • Braham, W. W., Hale, J., & Sadar, J. S. (2007). Rethinking technology: A reader in architectural theory. London: Routledge.
  • Brewer, D. (2018). The Cambridge Companion to the French Enlightenment. Cambridge: Proquest LLC.
  • Costelloe, T. M. (2012). The sublime: From antiquity to the present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dallery, A. B., Scott, C. E., & Roberts, P. H. (1990). The crises in continental philosophy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Deleuze, G., & Leibniz, G. W. (1993). The fold: Leibniz and the Baroque. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Fasel, G. W., & G.K. Hall & Company. (1999). Edmund Burke. New York: G.K. Hall & Co.
  • Fischer, B., & Fox, T. C. (2010). A companion to the works of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Columbia, S.C.: Camden House, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
  • Flage, D. E. (2014). Berkeley. Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity Press.
  • Gallagher, S. (2012). Phenomenology. Houndmills, Basingstoke, England; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Garber, D., & Nadler, S. M. (2006). Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Gilly, F., Neumeyer, F., Britt, D., & J. Paul Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities,. (1994). Friedrich Gilly: Essays on architecture, 1796-1799. Chicago: Distributed by the University of Chicago Press.
  • Graafland, A. (2000). The socius of architecture: Amsterdam, Tokyo, New York. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers.
  • Guyer, P. (2010). The Cambridge companion to Kant's Critique of pure reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hale, J. A. (2000). Building ideas: An introduction to architectural theory. Chichester: John Wiley.
  • Hass, L. (2008). Merleau-Ponty's philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Herrmann, W. (1973). The theory of Claude Perrault. London: Zwemmer.
  • Hicks, M., & Asplund, C. (2017). Christian Wolff. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Hight, C. (2008). Architectural principles in the age of cybernetics. New York: Routledge.
  • Hutcheson, F. (1990). Collected works of Francis Hutcheson: Vol. 4. Hildesheim: G. Olms Verlag.
  • Johnson, P.A. (1995). The theory of architecture: Concepts, themes & practices. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  • Kant, I., & Bernard, J. H. (2007). Critique of judgment. New York: Cosimo.
  • Kant, I., Denis, L., & Gregor, M. (2017). Kant. West Nyack: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kruft, H.-W., & Taylor, R. (2014). A history of architectural theory: From Vitruvius to the present. New York, New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
  • Mallgrave, H. F. (2007). Architectural theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Mallgrave, H. F. (2009). Modern architectural theory: A historical survey, 1673-1968. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mallgrave, H. F. (2013). The architect's brain: Neuroscience, creativity, and architecture. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Mallgrave, H. F., Contandriopoulos, C. (2006). Architectural theory. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
  • Mendelssohn, M. (1975). Moses Mendelssohn: Selections from his writings. New York: Viking Press.
  • Muchnik, P. & North American Kant Society. (2008). Rethinking Kant. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishers.
  • O'Brien, C. C. & McCue, J. (2002). Edmund Burke. London: Vintage.
  • O'Sullivan, M. (2017). Critique of Pure Reason. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Otero-Pailos, J. (2010). Architecture's Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Parkinson, G. H. R. (2000). Spinoza: Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Phillipson, N. (1989). Hume. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  • Pitcher, G. (2009). Berkeley. London: Routledge.
  • Purdy, D. L. (2016). On the Ruins of Babel: Architectural Metaphor in German Thought. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Rockmore, T. (2006). In Kant's Wake: Philosophy in the Twentieth Century. Malden, Mass: Blackwell.
  • Rosenberg, J. F. (2005). Accessing Kant: A Relaxed Introduction to the Critique of Pure Reason. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Schwarzer, M. (1995). German Architectural Theory and the Search for Modern Identity. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shaftesbury, L., Klein, L. E., Ameriks, K. & Clarke, D. M. (2000). Shaftesbury: Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Spellman, W. M. (1997). John Locke. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Thoenes, C. & Evers, B. (2003). Architectural Theory: from Renaissance to the Present; 89 essays on 117 Treatises. Köln, London: Taschen.
  • Timmermans, B. (2006). Perspective Leibniz, Whitehead, Deleuze. Paris: Librairie J. Vrin.
  • Tournikiotis, P. (2001). The Historiography of Modern Architecture. Cambridge, Mass: MIT.
  • Winckelmann, J. J. (2006). History of the Art of Antiquity. Los Angeles, Calif: Getty Research Institute.
  • Winters, E. (2007). Aesthetics and Architecture. London: Continuum.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hasan Basri Kartal 0000-0003-1586-9596

Asiye Nisa Kartal 0000-0002-6805-6778

Publication Date December 22, 2020
Acceptance Date November 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Kartal, H. B., & Kartal, A. N. (2020). THE ARCHITECTURAL THEORY BEFORE AND AFTER KANT IN THE INTERSECTION OF THE PHILOSOPHY AND ARCHITECTURE. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi(4), 691-714. https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.804650

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