Objective Approaches to Monitoring Training Internal Loads

Öz

The activity performed during training or competition, regardless of internal features, is referred to as external load. External load indicators in training planning include runback, running speeds, acceleration, weight lifted, etc. Measurements of training internal load offer more precise and unbiased details regarding the physiological functions of the athlete. Methods such as TRIMP (training impulse), lactate concentrations, heart rate, immunologic-hormonal markers, and oxygen consumption are used to measure internal load. Blood samples are usually acquired from athletes to monitor the biochemical-hormonal elements and the training loads caused by these elements in the athlete during the calculation of biochemical parameters while monitoring the training loads in the athlete. However, since this is both costly and challenging for coaches, saliva samples have recently been utilized to measure these physiological markers. Saliva samples are easy for medical professionals to use, and they reduce the cost. Utilizing training load monitoring to calculate the ideal quantity of training needed to maximize an athlete's efficiency has grown to be a crucial practice for coaches and sports scientists. This compilation study was carried out in the light of scientific studies and books reached by using the keywords "Training", "Internal Loading", "Biochemical Parameter" in Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar databases between 2022-2023. When the training load is appropriately studied for each athlete, adaptations to training can be determined, rest times can be altered, distinct individual reactions to training can be understood, and athletes' injury risks can be decreased. In conclusion, the present study aimed to establish theoretical knowledge on the methodologies utilized in internal training load imaging based on the relevant literature, as well as the significance of imaging training loads to prevent injuries and maximize performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Training
• Internal loading
• Objective approaches

Antrenman İç Yüklerinin Görüntülenmesinde Objektif Yaklaşımlar

Öz

Antrenman iç yükü, antrenman veya yarışma esnasında sporcu organizmasının maruz kaldığı stresler sonucunda oluşan fizyolojik ve psikolojik tepkilerdir. Antrenman iç yük ölçümleri sporcudaki fizyolojik süreçlerle ilgili daha detaylı ve objektif bilgiler sunmaktadır. İç yükü ölçebilmek için TRİMP (Training impulse), laktat konsantrasyonları, kalp atım hızı, immünolojik-hormonal belirteçler, oksijen tüketimi gibi yöntemler bulunmaktadır. Sporcuda oluşan antrenman iç yükleri takip edilirken biyokimyasal parametrelerin hesaplanmasında genellikle sporculardan kan örnekleri alınarak biyokimyasal-hormonal unsurlar ve bu unsurların sporcuda oluşturduğu antrenman yükleri görüntülenmeye çalışıldığı bilinmektedir ancak bu uygulama hem maliyetli hem de antrenörler için uygulama açısından zorlayıcı olması sebebiyle, yakın zamanda bu fizyolojik belirteçlerin ölçülmesinde tükürük örneklerinin kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Tükürük örneklerinin kullanılması uygulayıcılar açısından kullanım kolaylığı sağlayarak maliyetin de düşmesini sağlamaktadır. Antrenörler ve spor bilimcilerin, sporcularda maksimum verimliliğe ulaşabilmek için gerekli olan en uygun antrenman miktarını belirlemede antrenman yükü takibinden faydalanmaları oldukça önemli bir uygulama haline gelmiştir. Bu derleme çalışması, 2022-2023 yılları arasında, Web of Science, Pub Med, Elsevier, Semantic Scholar ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında, "Training", "İnternal Loading", " Biochemical Parameter" anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak ulaşılan bilimsel çalışmalar ve kitaplar ışığında yapılmıştır.Antrenman iç yükü her sporcu için doğru analiz edilirse, sporcularda antrenmanlara karşı oluşan uyumlar belirlenebilir, ihtiyaç duyulan dinlenme süreleri ayarlanabilir, antrenmanlara verilen farklı bireysel yanıtlar anlaşılabilir ve sporcuların sakatlık riskleri azaltılabilir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma ile literatürdeki ilgili çalışmalardan yola çıkarak antrenman iç yük görüntülenmesinde kullanılan yöntemler için teorik bilgiler vermek, sakatlıkların önüne geçmek ve performansı optimum düzeye getirmek için antrenman yüklerini görüntülemenin önemi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antrenman
• İç Yüklenme
• Objektif Yaklaşımlar

Kaynakça

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