The Impact of Differential Learning and Functional Strength Training on Biomechanical Performance Parameters in Tennis Athletes

Abstract

Aim: The study aimed to investigate the effects of tennis athletes engaging in differential learning and functional strength training, alongside their routine tennis training, for 8 weeks on performance parameters in tennis, including serve speed, serve accuracy, serve depth, racquet path, and racquet speed, by interpreting it from a biomechanical perspective. Methods: A total of 45 tennis athletes from the Turkish Interuniversity Tennis League were divided into three separate groups: the differential learning group (age: 20.7 ± 1.4 years; height: 171.4 ± 6.4 cm), the functional strength training group (age: 20.3 ± 0.9 years; height: 169.6 ± 4.3 cm), and the control group (age: 20.1 ± 1.3 years; height: 169.2 ± 4.5 cm). The functional strength training group engaged in modified biceps push-ups, modified triceps push-ups, and shoulder raise exercises, whilst the differential learning group participated in tennis serve modeling using soft materials, racquet throwing, and serving practice involving various distances and styles, alongside their functional training regimen. Before and after these training programs, which were conducted twice a week before routine tennis training for a duration of 8 weeks, biomechanical assessments and serve measurements were taken. Results: There was a significant improvement favoring the differential learning group in the racquet side path, racquet behind head velocity, racquet side head velocity, total racquet head velocity, racquet behind path, total racquet path compared to the functional strength training group and the control group (p <0.05). Conclusion: When combined with functional strength training, differential learning seems to enhance the biomechanical parameters among tennis athletes compared to those who only undergo functional strength training.

Keywords

• Differential Learning
• Functional Strength Training
• Tennis
• Biomechanics

Tenis Sporunda Uygulanan Farklılıkla Öğrenme ve Fonksiyonel Kuvvet Antrenmanlarının Biyomekaniksel Perspektif Açısından Performans Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Amaç: Tenis sporcularının 8 hafta süresince rutin tenis antrenmanlarına ek olarak farklılıkla öğrenme ve fonksiyonel kuvvet antrenmanı yapmalarının teniste performans parametrelerinden servis hızı, servis isabeti, servis derinliği, raket yolu ve raket hızına etkisini biyomekanik perspektiften araştırmak amaçlanmaktadır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya Türkiye Üniversitelerarası Tenis Ligi oyuncusu olan 45 tenis sporcusu farklılıkla öğrenme antrenman grubu (yaş: 20,69 ± 1,44 yıl; boy: 171,35 ± 6,39 cm), fonksiyonel kuvvet antrenman grubu (yaş: 20,31 ± 0,91 yıl; boy: 169,62 ± 4,30 cm) ve kontrol grubu (yaş: 20,08 ± 1,26 yıl; boy: 169,16 ± 4,47 cm) olarak katılmıştır. Fonksiyonel kuvvet antrenman grubu modifiye biceps şınavı, modifiye triceps şınavı ve shoulder rise egzersizlerini yapmıştır. Farklılıkla öğrenme antrenman grubuna fonksiyonel kuvvet antrenmanlarına ek olarak yumuşak materyal ile tenis servisi modellemesi, raket fırlatma ve farklı mesafelerden servis çalışması uygulanmıştır. 8 hafta boyunca rutin tenis antrenmanları öncesinde haftada 2 kez uygulanmış olan bu antrenman programlarının öncesi ve sonrasında sporculara biyomekanik ve servis ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Farklılıkla öğrenme antrenman grubu, kontrol grubu ve fonksiyonel kuvvet antrenman grubunun arkadan raket yolu, yandan raket yolu, toplam raket yolu, arkadan raket kafası hızı, yandan raket kafası hızı, toplam raket kafası hızı gelişim farkı yüzdesi değerleri arasında farklılıkla öğrenme grubunun lehine pozitif olarak istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Sonuç: Farklılıkla öğrenme antrenmanları fonksiyonel kuvvet antrenmanları ile uygulandığında sadece fonksiyonel kuvvet antrenmanı uygulayan gruba göre tenis sporcularının biyomekanik parametrelerinde daha fazla gelişim sağlamaktadır.

Keywords

• Farklılıkla Öğrenme
• Fonksiyonel Kuvvet Antrenmanları
• Tenis
• Biyomekanik

References

1. Adnan, N. M. N., Ab Patar, M. N. A., Lee, H., Yamamoto, S. I., Jong-Young, L., & Mahmud, J. (2018). Biomechanical analysis using Kinovea for sports application. In IOP conference series: Materials science and engineering, 342(1), 012096.
2. Antúnez, R. M., Hernández, F. J. M., García, J. P. F., Vaíllo, R. R., & Arroyo, J. S. D. (2012). Relationship between motor variability, accuracy, and ball speed in the tennis serve. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33- 45.
3. Behringer, M., Neuerburg, S., Matthews, M., & Mester, J. (2013). Effects of two different resistance-training programs on mean tennis-serve velocity in adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 25(3), 370-384.
4. Benko, U., & Lindinger, S. (2007). Differential coordination and speed training for tennis footwork. Coaching and Sport Science Review, 41, 10-11.
5. Cohen, D. B., Mont, M. A., Campbell, K. R., Vogelstein, B. N., & Loewy, J. W. (1994). Upper extremity physical factors affecting tennis serve velocity. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 22(6), 746-750.
6. Çakıt, İ., Çamlıgüney, A.F., & Erdil, G. (2022). The Impact of Differential Learning Model on Motor Skills and Handball-Specific Coordination Performance in 11-13-Year-Old Beginners in Handball. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences, 8(4), 152-160.
7. Delgado-García, G., Coll, J. S., Infantes, S. C., Malagón, E. J. R., Colio, B. B., & Fernández, F. T. G. (2022). Validation of wearables for technical analysis of tennis players. International Journal of Racket Sports Science, 4(2), 56-60.
8. Ellenbecker, T. S., & Roetert, E. P. (2004). Strength in Elite Tennis Players. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 195(9131/04), 1959.

9. Elliott, B. (2006). Biomechanics and tennis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(5), 392-396.
10. Erdil, G. (2016). Farklılıkla öğrenme motor becerilerin öğrenimine farklı bir bakış. Marmara Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 39-48.
11. Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Ulbricht, A., & Ferrauti, A. (2014). Fitness testing of tennis players: How valuable is it? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(Suppl 1), 22-31.
12. Gelen, E., Dede, M., Bingul, B. M., Bulgan, C., & Aydın, M. (2012). Acute effects of static stretching, dynamic exercises, and high volume upper extremity plyometric activity on tennis serve performance. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 11(4), 600.
13. Giblin, G., Whiteside, D., & Reid, M. (2017). Now you see, now you don’t… the influence of visual occlusion on racket and ball kinematics in the tennis serve. Sports Biomechanics, 16(1), 23-33.
14. Hayes, M. J., Spits, D. R., Watts, D. G., & Kelly, V. G. (2021). Relationship between tennis serve velocity and select performance measures. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(1), 190-197.
15. Hegen, P., Rizzi, N., & Schöllhorn, W. I. (2016). Comparison of the differential learning approach in the form of games and traditional tennis training. In Book of Abstract of 21st Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. Wien (Vol. 459).
16. Karasar, N. (2007). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler (2). Nobel yayın dağıtım.
17. Kermen, O. (2002). Tenis: teknik ve taktikleri (1). Nobel yayın dağıtım.
18. Kibler, W. B. (1995). Biomechanical analysis of the shoulder during tennis activities. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 14(1), 79-85.
19. Kovacs, M. S., Roetert, E. P., & Ellenbecker, T. S. (2008). Efficient deceleration: The forgotten factor in tennis-specific training. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 30(6), 58-69.
20. Martin, C., Bideau, B., Delamarche, P., & Kulpa, R. (2016). Influence of a prolonged tennis match play on serve biomechanics. PloS One, 11(8), e0159979.
21. Meffert, D., O’Shannessy, C., Born, P., Grambow, R., & Vogt, T. (2018). Tennis serve performances at break points: Approaching practice patterns for coaching. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(8), 1151-1157.
22. Meier, C., Frank, C., Gröben, B., & Schack, T. (2020). Verbal instructions and motor learning: How analogy and explicit instructions influence the development of mental representations and tennis serve performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2.
23. Mont, M. A., Cohen, D. B., Campbell, K. R., Gravare, K., & Mathur, S. K. (1994) Isokinetic concentric versus eccentric training of shoulder rotators with functional evaluation of performance enhancement in elite tennis players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 22(4), 513-517.
24. Oftadeh, S., Bahram, A., Yaali, R., Ghadiri, F., & Schöllhorn, W. I. (2022). External Focus or Differential Learning: Is There an Additive Effect on Learning a Futsal Goal Kick? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 317.
25. Sawczyn, M. (2020). Effects of a periodized functional strength training program (FST) on Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in physical education students. Physical Education of Students, 24(3), 162-167.
26. Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2018). Physics for scientists and engineers. Cengage learning.
27. Şener, M. (2018) 13-15 yaş genç amatör futbolcularda farklılıkla öğrenme metodunun bilateral gelişime etkisinin incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
28. Treiber, F. A., Lott, J., Duncan, J., Slavens, G., & Davis, H. (1998). Effects of Theraband and lightweight dumbbell training on shoulder rotation torque and serve performance in college tennis players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(4), 510-515.
29. Williams, J. A. (2020). Effect of specific strength and power training on serving velocity in tennis players. Journal of Australian Strength & Conditioning, 28(5), 80-92.