Effects of Static Stretching of Antagonist Muscles on Lower Extremity Power Output in Elite Female Volleyball Players

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of antagonist static stretching on lower-body peak power output in elite volleyball players. Methods: Twenty-one elite female volleyball players (age: 23.955.04 years, height: 181.907.54 cm, mass: 70.968.38 kg) were randomly divided into two groups: 1) antagonist static stretching group and 2) dynamic stretching group. After implementing the stretching protocols, peak power output was assessed by performing loaded squat jumps using three different loads: 20%, 40%, and 60% of one-repetition maximum. Forty-eight hours later, on the second testing day, participants in the dynamic stretching group and antagonist static stretching group switched groups and underwent the same procedure. Results: Peak power output obtained at 20% of one repetition maximum in dynamic stretching group was significantly greater than the peak power output at the same load in the antagonist static stretching group (p<0,05); no significant difference was found at the other equal loads between stretching groups (p>0,05). Peak power output values at three different exercise loads within each group were analyzed: in dynamic stretching group, peak power output was significantly greater at 20% compared to 60% of one repetition maximum (p<0,05), and at 40% compared to 60% of one repetition maximum (p<0,05). In antagonist static stretching group, peak power output was significantly greater at 20% compared to 60% of one repetition maximum (p<0,05), and at 40% compared to 60% of the one repetition maximum (p<0,05). Conclusion: Antagonist static stretching did not produce any beneficial effects in elite female volleyball players when compared to dynamic stretching.

Keywords

• Volleyball
• Peak power output
• Static stretching
• Antagonist static stretching

Kadın Voleybolcularda Antagonist Kasa Yapılan Statik Germenin Alt Ekstremite Güç Çıktısına Etkisi

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, elit voleybol oyuncularında antagonist statik germe uygulamasının alt vücut zirve güç çıktısı üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Yöntem: Çalışmaya 21 elit kadın voleybolcu (yaş: 23,95±5,04 yıl, boy: 181,90±7,54 cm, vücut kütlesi: 70,96±8,38 kg) katılmıştır. Katılımcılar, birinci test gününde rastgele iki gruba dağıtılmıştır: 1) antagonist statik germe grubu ve 2) dinamik germe grubu. Germe protokolleri uygulandıktan sonra zirve güç çıktısı, %20, %40 ve %60 bir tekrar maksimum ağırlık ile yapılan skuat sıçramaları sırasında değerlendirilmiştir. 48 saat sonra, ikinci test gününde, dinamik germe grubu ve antagonist statik germe grubu katılımcıları grup değiştirmiştir ve aynı prosedür uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Dinamik germe grubunda bir tekrar maksimumun %20’sinde elde edilen zirve güç çıktısı, antagonist statik germe grubunda aynı yükte elde edilen zirve güç çıktısından anlamlı derecede yüksektir (p<0,05). Diğer eşit yüklerde gruplar arasında zirve güç çıktısında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Her iki germe grubunda üç farklı yük altında üretilen zirve güç çıktısı değerleri analiz edilmiştir. Dinamik germe grubunda zirve güç çıktısı, bir tekrar maksimumun %20'sinde, bir tekrar maksimumun %60'ına kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,05); ek olarak, bir tekrar maksimumun %40'ında zirve güç çıktısı, bir tekrar maksimumun %60'ına kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Antagonist statik germe grubunda ise, zirve güç çıktısı, bir tekrar maksimumun %20'sinde, bir tekrar maksimumun %60'ına kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,05); bir tekrar maksimumun %40'ında ise bir tekrar maksimumun %60'ına kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Sonuç: Antagonist statik germe, dinamik germe ile karşılaştırıldığında elit kadın voleybol oyuncularında herhangi bir faydalı etki üretmemiştir.

Keywords

• Voleybol
• Zirve güç çıktısı
• Statik germe
• Antagonist statik germe

References

1. Aagaard, P. (2011). Neural adaptations to resistance exercise. In M. Cardinale, R. Newton, & K. Nosaka (Eds.), Strength and Conditioning: Biological Principles and Practical Applications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
2. Behm, D. G., Alizadeh, S., Drury, B., Granacher, U., & Moran, J. (2021). Non-local acute stretching effects on strength performance in healthy young adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(6), 1517–1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04657-w
3. Behm, D. G., Blazevich, A. J., Kay, A. D., & McHugh, M. (2016). Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: A systematic review. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0235
4. Behm, D. G., Kay, A. D., Trajano, G. S., & Blazevich, A. J. (2021). Mechanisms underlying performance impairments following prolonged static stretching without a comprehensive warm-up. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(1), 67–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04538-8
5. Bredeweg, S. (2003). The elite volleyball athlete. In J. C. Reeser & R. Bahr (Eds.), Volleyball: Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Science Ltd.
6. Cè, E., Coratella, G., Doria, C., Rampichini, S., Borrelli, M., Longo, S., & Esposito, F. (2021). No effect of passive stretching on neuromuscular function and maximum force-generating capacity in the antagonist muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(7), 1955–1965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04646-z
7. Chaabene, H., Behm, D. G., Negra, Y., & Granacher, U. (2019). Acute effects of static stretching on muscle strength and power: an attempt to clarify previous caveats. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1468. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01468
8. Chang, E., Norcross, M. F., Johnson, S. T., Kitagawa, T., & Hoffman, M. (2015). Relationships between explosive and maximal triple extensor muscle performance and vertical jump height. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(2), 545–551. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000652

9. Cogley, D., Byrne, P., Halstead, J., & Coyle, C. (2021). Responses to a combined dynamic stretching and antagonist static stretching warm-up protocol on isokinetic leg extension performance. Sports Biomechanics, 1–16. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2021.1944290
10. Cormie, P., McBride, J. M., & McCaulley, G. O. (2008). Power-time, force-time, and velocity-time curve analysis during the jump squat: Impact of load. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 24(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.24.2.112
11. Cormie, P., McCaulley, G. O., Triplett, N. T., & McBride, J. M. (2007). Optimal loading for maximal power output during lower-body resistance exercises. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(2), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000246993.71599.bf
12. Cormie, P., McGuigan, M. R., & Newton, R. U. (2011). Developing maximal neuromuscular power: Part 1--biological basis of maximal power production. Sports Medicine, 41(1), 17–38. https://doi.org/10.2165/11537690-000000000-00000
13. Cramer, J. T., Housh, T. J., Weir, J. P., Johnson, G. O., Coburn, J. W., & Beck, T. W. (2005). The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, electromyography, and mechanomyography. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(5-6), 530–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1199-x
14. Dugan, E. L., Doyle, T. L., Humphries, B., Hasson, C. J., & Newton, R. U. (2004). Determining the optimal load for jump squats: A review of methods and calculations. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(3), 668–674.
15. Fields, J. B., Merrigan, J. J., White, J. B., & Jones, M. T. (2018). Body composition variables by sport and sport-position in elite collegiate athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(11), 3153–3159. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002865
16. Ford, K. R., Van den Bogert, J., Myer, G. D., Shapiro, R., & Hewett, T. E. (2008). The effects of age and skill level on knee musculature co-contraction during functional activities: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(7), 561–566. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.044883
17. Harman, E., & Garhammer, J. P. (2008). Administration, scoring, and interpretation of selected tests. In T.R. Baechle & R.W. Earle (Eds.), Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
18. Herda, T. J., Cramer, J. T., Ryan, E. D., McHugh, M. P., & Stout, J. R. (2008). Acute effects of static versus dynamic stretching on isometric peak torque, electromyography, and mechanomyography of the biceps femoris muscle. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(3), 809–817. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816a82ec
19. Jeffreys, I. (2008). Warm-up and stretching. In T.R. Baechle & R.W. Earle (Eds.), Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
20. Kerkoski, M. J., Da Silva, L. H. M., Hodeck, A., Tuchel, J., & Hente, L. (2019). Jumping in the Brazilian women's volleyball “B” super-league. Proceedings of the International Seminar of Physical Education, Leisure and Health, Portugal, 14(4proc), 1453-1455. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.Proc4.82
21. Kons, R. L., Ache-Dias, J., Detanico, D., Barth, J., & Dal Pupo, J. (2018). Is vertical jump height an indicator of athletes' power output in different sport modalities?. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(3), 708–715. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001817
22. Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
23. Kushner, R. F. (1992). Bioelectrical impedance analysis: A review of principles and applications. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 11(2), 199–209.
24. Latash, M. L. (2018). Muscle coactivation: definitions, mechanisms, and functions. Journal of Neurophysiology, 120(1), 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00084.2018
25. Miranda, H., Maia, M.de. F., Paz, G. A., & Costa, P. B. (2015). Acute effects of antagonist static stretching in the inter-set rest period on repetition performance and muscle activation. Research in Sports Medicine, 23(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2014.975812
26. Montalvo, S. (2021). Effects of different stretching modalities on the antagonist and agonist muscles on isokinetic strength and vertical jump performance. Doctoral dissertation. The University of Texas at El Paso. Open Access Theses & Dissertations. https://scholarworks.utep.edu/open_etd/3299
27. Pessoa, D., Penfold, H., Pegado, S., Gonçalves, M., Brandão, J., Willardson, J., & Miranda, H. (2023). Effect of static stretching on agonists, antagonists, and agonist-antagonist combination on total training volume. International Journal of Exercise Science, 16(4), 665–675.
28. Ryan, E. D., Herda, T. J., Costa, P. B., Herda, A. A., & Cramer, J. T. (2014). Acute effects of passive stretching of the plantarflexor muscles on neuromuscular function: the influence of age. Age, 36(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-014-9672-x
29. Sandberg, J. B., Wagner, D. R., Willardson, J. M., & Smith, G. A. (2012). Acute effects of antagonist stretching on jump height, torque, and electromyography of agonist musculature. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(5), 1249–1256. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31824f2399
30. Schoenfeld, B. J. (2010). Squatting kinematics and kinetics and their application to exercise performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(12), 3497–3506. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bac2d7
31. Serefoglu, A., Sekir, U., Gür, H., & Akova, B. (2017). Effects of static and dynamic stretching on the isokinetic peak torques and electromyographic activities of the antagonist muscles. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 16(1), 6–13.
32. Sheppard, J. M., & Triplett, N. T. (2016). Program design in resistance training. In G. G. Haff & N. T. Triplett (Eds.), Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
33. Simsek, D., & Ertan, H. (2014). Motor beceri öğreniminde kas ko-aktivasyon ve rekürrent inhibisyon aktivitesinin fonksiyonel önemi [Functional Significance of Muscle Co-activation and Recurrent Inhibition Activity at Motor Skill Learning]. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000253
34. Smith C. A. (1994). The warm-up procedure: To stretch or not to stretch. A brief review. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 19(1), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1994.19.1.12
35. Soriano, M. A., Jiménez-Reyes, P., Rhea, M. R., & Marín, P. J. (2015). The optimal load for maximal power production during lower-body resistance exercises: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 45(8), 1191–1205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0341-8
36. Thompson, S. W., Lake, J. P., Rogerson, D., Ruddock, A., & Barnes, A. (2023). Kinetics and kinematics of the free-weight back squat and loaded jump squat. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 37(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004186
37. Turner, T. S., Tobin, D. P., & Delahunt, E. (2015). Optimal loading range for the development of peak power output in the hexagonal barbell jump squat. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(6), 1627–1632. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000802
38. VanHeest, J. L. (2003). Energy demands in the sport of volleyball. In J.C. Reeser & R. Bahr (Eds.), Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Volleyball (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Science Ltd.
39. Wakefield, C. B., & Cottrell, G. T. (2015). Changes in hip flexor passive compliance do not account for improvement in vertical jump performance after hip flexor static stretching. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(6), 1601–1608. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000794
40. Ziv, G., & Lidor, R. (2010). Vertical jump in female and male volleyball players: A review of observational and experimental studies. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(4), 556–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01083.x