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A Comparison of body mass index and daily step numbers of secondary school and high school students according to age and gender

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 142 - 152, 15.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.337683

Abstract

Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the body mass index and daily steps number of secondary and high school students in Mugla region according to age and gender.


Material and Methods: A total of 1851 volunteer students (682 secondary school students and 1169 high school students) participated in this study. Physical activity level was determined by measuring daily step numbers of students with a pedometer. Body mass index (kg/m2) was calculated by utilizing from height and weight measurements in order to find body composition. Acquired data was recorded in SPSS (18.0) program. In order to find a difference in body composition and physical activity level between gender, Independent t-test was applied. One-way Anova was applied in order to find the differences among ages. Tukey HSD Analysis was used to find from which age the difference stemmed from. Frequencies and percentages values were calculated to assess the number of daily steps and body mass index standards, and chi-square analysis was used to find differences according to sex.


Results: As a result of the statistical analyse; statistically significant difference was found in the physical activity level of secondary school students,  it was also found both high school student’s  body composition and physical activity levels of high school students according to gender (p<0.05). While the body mass index values of both male and female students tend to increase with age, the physical activity level of both students tends to decrease with age. Statistically, a significant difference was found when the daily step count standards were compared by sex (X2=23.999 p=0.000). It was found that 65.91% (n=698) of the female students and 49.87% (n=395) of the male students were below the normal values of the daily step counts. Statistically, a significant difference was found when the body mass index standards were compared by sex (X2=15.702, p=0.000). It was seen that 16.90% of female students (n=179) and 18.81% of male students (n=149) were overweight according to body mass index value; 2.92% of female students (n=31) and 6.81% of male students (n=54) were obese compared to the body mass index value.


Conclusion: Consequently; to raise awareness and acquire positive habits of children about physical activity behaviours and eating habits in early ages, it is believed that this will provide an important contribution to alleviating the problem of obesity that will arise in later years.     

References

  • Allafi, A., Al-Haifi, A. R., Al-Fayez, M. A., Al-Athari, B. I., Al-Ajmi, F. A., Al-Hazzaa, H. M., Musaiger, A. O., Ahmed, F., (2014).
  • Physical activity, sedentary behaviours and dietary habits among Kuwaiti adolescents: gender differences. Public Health Nutrition 17(9), 2045-2052.
  • Al-Sobayel, H., Al-Hazzaa, H. M., Abahussain, N. A., Qahwaji, D. M., & Musaiger, A. O. (2015). Gender differences in leisure-time versus non-leisure-time physical activity among Saudi adolescents. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 22(2), 344-348.
  • Barreira, T.V., Schuna, J.M., Mire, E.F., Broyles, S.T., Katzmarzyk, P.T. et al. (2015). Normative steps/day and peak cadence values for United States Children and adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. The Journal of Pediatrics, 166(1): 139-143.
  • Bergier, J., Bergier, B., & Tsos, A. (2017). Variations in physical activity of male and female students from the Ukraine in health-promoting lifestyle. Ann Agric Environ Med, 24(2), 217-221.
  • Bodur, S., Uğuz, M.A. (2007). 11-15 yaş çocuklarda vücut yağ yüzdesinin beden kütle indeksi ve biyoelektriksel impedans analizi ile değerlendirilmesi, Genel Tıp Dergisi, 17(1): 21-27.
  • Bouchard, C., Blair, S. N., & Haskell, W. (2012). Physical activity and health (2. Edition). USA: Human Kinetics
  • Cole, T.J., Marry, C.B., Katherine, M.F., William, H.D. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International Survey. BMJ, 320: 1240-1243.
  • Craig, C. L., Cameron, C., Griffiths, J. M., & Tudor-Locke, C. (2010). Descriptive epidemiology of youth pedometer-determined physical activity: CANPLAY. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(9), 1639-1643
  • Dagcı, G., & Saygın, Ö. (2015). Investigation of physical activity levels and body compositions of adolescent boys and girls. Studies on Ethno-Medicine, 9(3), 385-390.
  • Da Silva, M. P., Fontana, F. E., Callahan, E., Mazzardo, O., & De Campos, W. (2015). Step-count guidelines for children and adolescents: A Systematic Review. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 12(8), 1181-1194.
  • Harding, S. K., Page, A. S., Falconer, C., & Cooper, A. R. (2015). Longitudinal changes in sedentary time and physical activity during adolescence. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1):44
  • Hardman, A. E., & Stensel, D. J. (2009). Physical activity and health: The evidence explained. London and Newyork: Routledge.
  • Hopepa, M., Schofield, G., Kolt, G.S., Scragg, R. ve Garrett, N. (2008). Pedometer determined physical activity levels of adolescent: differences by age, sex, time of week, and transportation mode to school. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 5(1),140-S152. Human Kinetics.
  • Imes, C. C., Ye, L., Zheng, Y., Mancino, J., Danford, C. A., Mattos, M., ... & Sereika, S. M. (2015). Mean daily pedometer step count is associated with weight loss. Circulation, 131(Suppl 1)
  • Inchley, J., Kirby, J., Currie, C., (2011). Longitudinal Changes in Physical Self- Perceptions and Associations with Physical Activity During Adolescence. Pediatric Exercise Science, 23(2), 237-249.
  • Kantanista, A., Król-Zielińska, M., Borowiec, J., Glapa, A., Lisowski, P., & Bronikowski, M. (2015). Physical activity of female children and adolescents based on step counts: meeting the recommendation and relation to BMI. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 7(1), 66-72
  • Meydanlıoğlu, A. (2015). Çocuklarda fiziksel aktivitenin biyo-psikososyal yararları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 7(2), 125-135.
  • Micklesfield, L. K., Pedro, T. M., Kahn, K., Kinsman, J., Pettifor, J. M., Tollman, S., Norris, S. A., (2014). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour among adolescents in rural South Africa: levels, patterns and correlates. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 40.
  • Overstreet, B. S., Crouter, S. E., Butler, G. A., Springer, C. M., & Bassett, D. R. (2016). Validity of self-reported pedometer steps per day in college students. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 1-6.
  • Öztora, S. (2005). İlköğretim çağındaki çocuklarda obezite prevalansının belirlenmesi ve risk faktörlerinin araştırılması (Uzmanlık Tezi). Sağlık Bakanlığı Bakırköy Sadi Konak Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul.
  • Pitta, F., Troosters, T., Probst, V. S., Spruit, M. A., Decramer, M., & Gosselink, R. (2006). KOAH’ta anketler ve hareket sensörleri ile günlük yaşamdaki fiziksel aktiviteyi belirleme. Eur Respir J, 27, 1040-1055.
  • Raustorp, A., Pagels, P., Froberg, A., & Boldemann, C. (2015). Physical activity decreased by a quarter in the 11‐to 12‐year‐old Swedish boys between 2000 and 2013 but was stable in girls: a smartphone effect? Acta Paediatrica, 104(8), 808-814.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Araştırmaları Genel Müdürlüğü (2014). Türkiye Beslenme ve Sağlık Araştırması 2010: Beslenme durumu ve alışkanlıklarının değerlendirilmesi sonuç raporu. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 931, Ankara.
  • Smith, A. L., Biddle, S. (2008). Youth physical activity and sedentary behaviour: challenges and solutions. USA: Human Kinetics.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü (2010). Türkiye obezite (şişmanlık) ile mücadele ve kontrol programı (2010-2014). Ankara: Kuban Matbaacılık.
  • Telama, R., Yang, X. (2000). Decline of physical activity from youth to young adulthood in Finland. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(9), 1617-1622.
  • Telama, R., Yang, X., Viikari, J., Valimaki, I., Wanne, O., & Raitakari, O. (2005). Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(3), 267-273.
  • Toriola, O., Monyeki, M. (2012). Health-related fitness, body composition and physical activity status among adolescent learners: The PAHL study. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD),18, 4(1), 795-811
  • Trost S.G., Pate, R.R., Sallis, J.F., Freedson, P.S., Taylor, W.C., Dowda, M., Sirard, J. (2002). Age and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity in youth. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34 (2), 350-355.
  • Tudor-Locke, C., McClain, J. J., Hart, T. L., Sisson, S. B., & Washington, T. L. (2009). Expected values for pedometer-determined physical activity in youth. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(2), 164-174.
  • Tudor-Locke, C., Pangrazi, R.P., Corbin, C.B., Rutherford, W.J., Vincent, S.D., Raustorp, A., Cuddihy, T.F., (2004). BMI-referenced standards for recommended pedometer-determined steps/day in children. Prev Med., 38(6), 857–64.
  • Tudor-Locke, C., Craig, C. L., Rowe, D. A., Spence, J. C., Tanaka, S., Blair, S. N., ... & Hatano, Y. (2011). How many steps/day are enough? for children and adolescents. The University of Newcastle's Digital Repository. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8, 78.
  • Türk Halk Sağlığı Kurumu (2014). Çocuk ve ergenlerde fiziksel aktivite. Türkiye Fiziksel Aktivite Rehberi. Ankara: Kuban Matbaacılık
  • Türk Halk Sağlığı Kurumu (2016). Fiziksel Aktivite- Dünya Sağlık Örgütü 2015. http://fizikselaktivite.gov.tr/tr/fiziksel-aktivite-dunya-saglik-orgutu-2015/
  • Zorba, E., Saygın, Ö., (2013). Fiziksel aktivite ve fiziksel uygunluk. Ankara: Fırat Matbaacılık

Ortaokul ve lise öğrencilerinin beden kütle indeksi ile günlük adım sayısının yaşa ve cinsiyete göre karşılaştırılması

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 142 - 152, 15.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.337683

Abstract

Amaç:
Bu çalışmanın amacı, ortaokul
ve lise öğrencilerinin beden kütle indeksi ile günlük adım sayısı değerlerinin
yaşa ve cinsiyete göre karşılaştırılmasıdır.


Materyal
ve Yöntem:
Çalışmaya, 682 ortaokul
öğrencisi ve 1169 lise öğrenci olmak üzere toplam 1851 öğrenci gönüllü olarak
katılmıştır. Öğrencilerin pedometre aracılığıyla günlük adım sayıları ölçülerek
fiziksel aktivite düzeyi belirlenmiştir. Beden kompozisyonunu bulmak için, boy
ve ağırlık ölçümlerinden yararlanarak, beden kütle indeksi (kg/m2)
hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler SPSS (18.0) programına
kaydedilmiştir. Beden kompozisyonu ve günlük adım sayısında cinsiyetler
arasındaki farkları bulmak için Bağımsız Örneklem t testi, yaşlar arasında
farklılıkların tespitinde Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA), farkın hangi
gruptan kaynaklandığını bulmak için ise Tukey HSD testi uygulanmıştır. Günlük
adım sayısı ve beden kütle indeksi standartlarının değerlendirilmesi için
frekans ve yüzde değerleri hesaplanmış, cinsiyete göre farklarını bulmak için
ise Ki-kare analizi yapılmıştır. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul
edilmiştir.


Bulgular:
İstatiksel analiz sonucunda;
ortaokul öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktivite düzeyinde, lise öğrencilerinin hem
beden kompozisyonu hem de fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinde cinsiyete göre
istatiksel olarak anlamlı farka rastlanılmıştır (p<0,05). Hem kız hem de erkek öğrencilerin beden
kompozisyonu değerleri yaş ile birlikte artma, fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ise
yaşla birlikte azalma eğilimi göstermektedir. Günlük adım sayısı
standartları cinsiyete göre karşılaştırıldığında istatiksel olarak anlamlı fark
bulunmuştur (X2=23,999 p=0,000). Kız öğrencilerin %65,91’inin
(n=698), erkek öğrencilerin %49,87’sinin (n=395) günlük adım sayılarının normal
değerlerin altında olduğu görülmüştür. Beden kütle indeksi standartlarını
cinsiyete göre karşılaştırıldığında istatiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmuştur
(X2=15,702, p=0,000). Kız öğrencilerin %16,90’ının (n=179), erkek
öğrencilerin ise %18,81’inin (n=149) hafif şişman; kız öğrencilerin %2,92’sinin
(n=31), erkek öğrencilerin ise %6,81’inin (n=54) şişman olduğu görülmüştür.


Sonuçlar: fiziksel aktivite ve beslenme alışkanlıkları
konusunda, çocukların erken yaşlarda bilinçlendirilmesi ve olumlu alışkanlık
kazanmalarının ileriki yaşlarda ortaya çıkabilecek obezite sorununu engelleme
de önemli katkılar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
    

References

  • Allafi, A., Al-Haifi, A. R., Al-Fayez, M. A., Al-Athari, B. I., Al-Ajmi, F. A., Al-Hazzaa, H. M., Musaiger, A. O., Ahmed, F., (2014).
  • Physical activity, sedentary behaviours and dietary habits among Kuwaiti adolescents: gender differences. Public Health Nutrition 17(9), 2045-2052.
  • Al-Sobayel, H., Al-Hazzaa, H. M., Abahussain, N. A., Qahwaji, D. M., & Musaiger, A. O. (2015). Gender differences in leisure-time versus non-leisure-time physical activity among Saudi adolescents. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 22(2), 344-348.
  • Barreira, T.V., Schuna, J.M., Mire, E.F., Broyles, S.T., Katzmarzyk, P.T. et al. (2015). Normative steps/day and peak cadence values for United States Children and adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. The Journal of Pediatrics, 166(1): 139-143.
  • Bergier, J., Bergier, B., & Tsos, A. (2017). Variations in physical activity of male and female students from the Ukraine in health-promoting lifestyle. Ann Agric Environ Med, 24(2), 217-221.
  • Bodur, S., Uğuz, M.A. (2007). 11-15 yaş çocuklarda vücut yağ yüzdesinin beden kütle indeksi ve biyoelektriksel impedans analizi ile değerlendirilmesi, Genel Tıp Dergisi, 17(1): 21-27.
  • Bouchard, C., Blair, S. N., & Haskell, W. (2012). Physical activity and health (2. Edition). USA: Human Kinetics
  • Cole, T.J., Marry, C.B., Katherine, M.F., William, H.D. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International Survey. BMJ, 320: 1240-1243.
  • Craig, C. L., Cameron, C., Griffiths, J. M., & Tudor-Locke, C. (2010). Descriptive epidemiology of youth pedometer-determined physical activity: CANPLAY. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(9), 1639-1643
  • Dagcı, G., & Saygın, Ö. (2015). Investigation of physical activity levels and body compositions of adolescent boys and girls. Studies on Ethno-Medicine, 9(3), 385-390.
  • Da Silva, M. P., Fontana, F. E., Callahan, E., Mazzardo, O., & De Campos, W. (2015). Step-count guidelines for children and adolescents: A Systematic Review. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 12(8), 1181-1194.
  • Harding, S. K., Page, A. S., Falconer, C., & Cooper, A. R. (2015). Longitudinal changes in sedentary time and physical activity during adolescence. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1):44
  • Hardman, A. E., & Stensel, D. J. (2009). Physical activity and health: The evidence explained. London and Newyork: Routledge.
  • Hopepa, M., Schofield, G., Kolt, G.S., Scragg, R. ve Garrett, N. (2008). Pedometer determined physical activity levels of adolescent: differences by age, sex, time of week, and transportation mode to school. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 5(1),140-S152. Human Kinetics.
  • Imes, C. C., Ye, L., Zheng, Y., Mancino, J., Danford, C. A., Mattos, M., ... & Sereika, S. M. (2015). Mean daily pedometer step count is associated with weight loss. Circulation, 131(Suppl 1)
  • Inchley, J., Kirby, J., Currie, C., (2011). Longitudinal Changes in Physical Self- Perceptions and Associations with Physical Activity During Adolescence. Pediatric Exercise Science, 23(2), 237-249.
  • Kantanista, A., Król-Zielińska, M., Borowiec, J., Glapa, A., Lisowski, P., & Bronikowski, M. (2015). Physical activity of female children and adolescents based on step counts: meeting the recommendation and relation to BMI. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 7(1), 66-72
  • Meydanlıoğlu, A. (2015). Çocuklarda fiziksel aktivitenin biyo-psikososyal yararları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 7(2), 125-135.
  • Micklesfield, L. K., Pedro, T. M., Kahn, K., Kinsman, J., Pettifor, J. M., Tollman, S., Norris, S. A., (2014). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour among adolescents in rural South Africa: levels, patterns and correlates. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 40.
  • Overstreet, B. S., Crouter, S. E., Butler, G. A., Springer, C. M., & Bassett, D. R. (2016). Validity of self-reported pedometer steps per day in college students. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 1-6.
  • Öztora, S. (2005). İlköğretim çağındaki çocuklarda obezite prevalansının belirlenmesi ve risk faktörlerinin araştırılması (Uzmanlık Tezi). Sağlık Bakanlığı Bakırköy Sadi Konak Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul.
  • Pitta, F., Troosters, T., Probst, V. S., Spruit, M. A., Decramer, M., & Gosselink, R. (2006). KOAH’ta anketler ve hareket sensörleri ile günlük yaşamdaki fiziksel aktiviteyi belirleme. Eur Respir J, 27, 1040-1055.
  • Raustorp, A., Pagels, P., Froberg, A., & Boldemann, C. (2015). Physical activity decreased by a quarter in the 11‐to 12‐year‐old Swedish boys between 2000 and 2013 but was stable in girls: a smartphone effect? Acta Paediatrica, 104(8), 808-814.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Araştırmaları Genel Müdürlüğü (2014). Türkiye Beslenme ve Sağlık Araştırması 2010: Beslenme durumu ve alışkanlıklarının değerlendirilmesi sonuç raporu. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 931, Ankara.
  • Smith, A. L., Biddle, S. (2008). Youth physical activity and sedentary behaviour: challenges and solutions. USA: Human Kinetics.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü (2010). Türkiye obezite (şişmanlık) ile mücadele ve kontrol programı (2010-2014). Ankara: Kuban Matbaacılık.
  • Telama, R., Yang, X. (2000). Decline of physical activity from youth to young adulthood in Finland. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(9), 1617-1622.
  • Telama, R., Yang, X., Viikari, J., Valimaki, I., Wanne, O., & Raitakari, O. (2005). Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(3), 267-273.
  • Toriola, O., Monyeki, M. (2012). Health-related fitness, body composition and physical activity status among adolescent learners: The PAHL study. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD),18, 4(1), 795-811
  • Trost S.G., Pate, R.R., Sallis, J.F., Freedson, P.S., Taylor, W.C., Dowda, M., Sirard, J. (2002). Age and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity in youth. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34 (2), 350-355.
  • Tudor-Locke, C., McClain, J. J., Hart, T. L., Sisson, S. B., & Washington, T. L. (2009). Expected values for pedometer-determined physical activity in youth. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(2), 164-174.
  • Tudor-Locke, C., Pangrazi, R.P., Corbin, C.B., Rutherford, W.J., Vincent, S.D., Raustorp, A., Cuddihy, T.F., (2004). BMI-referenced standards for recommended pedometer-determined steps/day in children. Prev Med., 38(6), 857–64.
  • Tudor-Locke, C., Craig, C. L., Rowe, D. A., Spence, J. C., Tanaka, S., Blair, S. N., ... & Hatano, Y. (2011). How many steps/day are enough? for children and adolescents. The University of Newcastle's Digital Repository. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8, 78.
  • Türk Halk Sağlığı Kurumu (2014). Çocuk ve ergenlerde fiziksel aktivite. Türkiye Fiziksel Aktivite Rehberi. Ankara: Kuban Matbaacılık
  • Türk Halk Sağlığı Kurumu (2016). Fiziksel Aktivite- Dünya Sağlık Örgütü 2015. http://fizikselaktivite.gov.tr/tr/fiziksel-aktivite-dunya-saglik-orgutu-2015/
  • Zorba, E., Saygın, Ö., (2013). Fiziksel aktivite ve fiziksel uygunluk. Ankara: Fırat Matbaacılık
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section MOVEMENT and TRAINING SCIENCES
Authors

Özcan Saygın 0000-0003-0380-586X

Halil İbrahim Ceylan 0000-0003-1133-5511

Publication Date December 15, 2017
Submission Date September 11, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 3 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Saygın, Ö., & Ceylan, H. İ. (2017). A Comparison of body mass index and daily step numbers of secondary school and high school students according to age and gender. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences - IJSETS, 3(4), 142-152. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.337683