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Ergenlerde Anne Eğitim Seviyesinin Vücut Kitle İndeksi ve Vücut Yağ Yüzdesi ile İlişkisi: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 132 - 142, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1191950

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, ergenlerin aşırı kilo/obezitesini vücut kitle indeksleri ve vücut yağ oranı değişkenlerini dikkate alarak annelerin eğitim seviyeleri ile nasıl ilişkili olduğunu belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır.

Materyal ve Metot: Araştırma, Türkiye/Ankara kentinden küme yöntemi ile belirlenen 9 ilköğretim okulundan rasgele yöntemi ile seçilen ve araştırmaya; (n=1290) %52,86’sını erkek; (n=1150) %47,14’ünü ise kız toplam 2440 ergen öğrenci gönüllü katılmıştır. Anne eğitim seviyesine ilişkin veriler öz bildirim yoluyla elde edilmiştir. Vücut kitle indeksi hesaplaması ve deri kıvrımı ölçümü yapılmıştır. Normallik varsayımı Shapiro Wilk testi ve basıklık çarpıklık değeri ±1.5 değeri göz önünde bulundurularak belirlenmiş normallik varsayımı karşılandığından tek grup ortalamasının karşılaştırılmasında t test, üç veya daha fazla grup ortalamasının karşılaştırılmasında Oneway ANOVA (posthoc: Tukey HSD) kullanılmış, sürekli değişkenler arsındaki ilişki pearson korelasyon testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Tek değişkenli analizlerde anlamlı çıkan değişkenler lineer regresyon analizi ile incelenmiştir.

Bulgular: Araştırma gurubundaki anne eğitim seviyesi ile ergen kızların vücut kitle indeksleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır, ancak deri kıvrım kalınlığı 35mm altında ve 35mm üstünde olanların vücut yağ yüzdelerinin arttığı gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca araştırma gurubundaki anne eğitim seviyesi arttıkça erkek ergenlerin vücut kitle indekslerinde düşüşler gözlenmiştir. Ancak deri kıvrım kalınlığı 35mm üstündeki ergenlerde; anne eğitim seviyesi arttıkça vücut yağ yüzdelerinde de artış söz konusu olup bu etki deri kıvrım kalınlığı 35mm altında olanlar için ise ilişki anlamlı bulunmamıştır (p<0,05).

Sonuç: Elde edilen veriler, anne eğitim seviyesinin kız ve deri kıvrım kalınlığı 35mm üstünde olan erkek ergenlerde aşırı kilolu olma olasılığını etkilediğini düşündürmektedir. Araştırmamızın bulguları, aşırı kilo/obezitenin yetişkinlikten önce önlenebilmesi açısından stratejiler belirlenmesine dair katkı sağlayacağı varsayılabilir.

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References

  • Abarca-Gómez, L., Abdeen, Z. A., Hamid, Z. A., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Acosta-Cazares, B., Acuin, C. & Cho, Y. et al. (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128· 9 million children, adolescents, and adults. The lancet, 390(10113), 2627-2642.
  • Ball, K., Verity J. Cleland, V. J., Timperio, A. F., Salmon, J. & Crawford, D. A. (2009). Socioeconomic Position and Children’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors: Longitudinal Findings from the CLAN Study, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6, 289-298.
  • Barsh, G. S., Farooqi, I. S., & O'rahilly, S. (2000). Genetics of body-weight regulation. Nature, 404(6778), 644-651.
  • Brožek, J. (1966). Body composition: models and estimation equations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 24(2), 239-246.
  • Butte, N. F., Puyau, M. R., Adolph, A. L., Vohra, F. A., & Zakeri, I. S. S. A. (2007). Physical activity in nonoverweight and overweight Hispanic children and adolescents. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(8), 1257-1266.
  • Cárdenas-Fuentes, G., Homs, C., Ramírez-Contreras, C., Juton, C., Casas-Esteve, R., Grau, M., Aguilar- Palacio, I., Fitó, M., Gomez, SF. & Schröder, H. (2021). Prospective Association of Maternal Educational Level with Child’s Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Diet Quality. Nutrients, 14(1), 160.
  • Chinn, S., Rona, R. J., Gulliford, M. C., & Hammond, J. (1992). Weight-for-height in children aged 4-12 years. A new index compared to the normalized body mass index. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 46(7), 489-500.
  • Choa, Y., Kang, J., Kim, K. & Song, J. (2009). The relationship between low maternal education level and children’s overweight in the Korean society, Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 3, 133-140.
  • Craig, L. C., McNeill, G., Macdiarmid, J. I., Masson, L. F., & Holmes, B. A. (2010). Dietary patterns of school-age children in Scotland: association with socio-economic indicators, physical activity and obesity. British Journal of Nutrition, 103(3), 319-334.
  • Dhana, K., Haines, J., Liu, G., Zhang, C., Wang, X., Field, A. E., Chavarro, J. E. & Sun Q. (2018). Association between maternal adherence to healthy lifestyle practices and risk of obesity in offspring: results from two prospective cohort studies of mother-child pairs in the United States. bmj, 362.
  • Ekelund, U., Neovius, M., Linne, Y., Brage, S., Wareham, N. J., & Rössner, S. (2005). Associations between physical activity and fat mass in adolescents: the Stockholm Weight Development Study1–3, Am J Clin Nutr; 81:355– 60.
  • Ferreira, I., Van Der Horst, K., Wendel‐Vos, W., Kremers, S., Van Lenthe, F. J., & Brug, J. (2007). Environmental correlates of physical activity in youth–a review and update. Obesity reviews, 8(2), 129-154.
  • Garrido-Miguel, M., Oliveira, A., Cavero-Redondo, I., Álvarez-Bueno, C., Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D.P., Soriano-Cano, A. & MartínezVizcaíno, V. (2019). Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among European Preschool Children: A Systematic Review and MetaRegression by Food Group Consumption. Nutrients, 11, 1698.
  • Gordon-Larsen, P., McMurray, R.G., & Popkin, B. M. (2000). Determinants of adolescent physical activity and inactivity patterns. Pediatrics 105: E83.
  • Gupta, N., Goel, K., Shah, P. & Misra, A. (2012) Childhood obesity in developing countries: epidemiology, determinants, and prevention. Endocr Rev. 33:48-70
  • Hall, D. M. B. & Cole, T. J. (2006). What use is the BMI? Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91(4), 283–286.
  • Hedley, A. A., Ogden, C. L., Johnson, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., Flegal, K. M. (2004) Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999—2002. JAMA, 291:2847-50.
  • Hesketh, K., Crawford, D., Salmon, J., Jackson, M. & Campbell, K. (2007) Associations between family circumstance and weight status of Australian children. Int J Pediatr Obes.; 2:86-96.
  • Ho, T. F. (1985). Eleventh Haridas memorial lecture. Childhood obesity in Singapore primary school children: epidemiological review and anthropometric evaluation. J Singapore Paediatr Soc; 27:5-40
  • Jiang, J., Rosenqvist. U., Wang, H., Greiner, T., Ma, Y. & Toschke, A. M. (2006). Risk factors for overweight in 2- to 6-year-old children in Beijing, China. Int J Pediatr Obes.; 1:103-8.
  • Kahn, J. A., Bin Huang, M. P. H., Gillman, M. W., S.M. Alison, S. M. E. Field, Sc.D. S. Bryn Austin, S.D., Colditz, G. A., M.D. & A. Lindsay Frazier, A. F. (2008). Patterns and Determinants of Physical Activity in U.S. Adolescents, Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 369–377
  • Kantomaa, M. T., Tammelin, T. H., Demakakos, P., Ebeling, H. E., & Taanila, A. M., (2010). Physical activity, emotional and behavioural problems, maternal education and self-reported educational performance of adolescents, Health Education Research Vol.25 no.2 Pages 368–379
  • Klein-Platat, C., Wagner, A., Haan, M. C., Arveiler, D., Schlienger. J. L. & Simon, C. (2003). Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of overweight in young French adolescents. Diabetes Metab Res Rev; 19:153– 8.
  • Koplan, J. P. & Dietz, W. H. (1999). Caloric imbalance and public health policy. JAMA; 282:1579-81.
  • Kristiansen, H., Júlíusson, P.B., Eide, G.E., Roelants, M., Bjerknes, R. (2013).TV Viewing and Obesity amongNorwegian Children: The Importance of Parental Education. Acta Paediatr., 102, 199–205. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  • Lobstein, T. J., James, W. P. & Cole, T. J. (2003). Increasing levels of excess weight among children in England. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord;27: 1136 – 8
  • Mackenzie, B. (2005). Performance Evaluation Tests, Electric Word plc 67-71 Goswell Road London EC1V 7EP
  • Marfell-Jones, M. J, Stewart, A. D. & De Ridder, J. H. (2006). International standards for anthropometric assessment. Potchefstroom, South Africa: International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.
  • Maric, D., Kvesic, I., Kujundzic, L. I., Bianco, A., Zenic, N., Separovic, V., Terzic, A., Versic, S., & Sekulic, D. (2020). Parental and Familial Factors Influencing Physical Activity Levels in Early Adolescence: A Prospective Study, Healthcare, 8, 532.
  • Mei, Z., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., Pietrobelli, A., Goulding, A., Goran, M. I. & Dietz, W. H. (2002). Validity of body mass index compared with other bodycomposition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr, 75:978-985.
  • Moreira, M. A., Cabral, P. C., Ferreira, H. S. & Lira, P. I. (2012). Overweight and associated factors in children from northeasten Brazil. J Pediatr (Rio J).; 88:347-52.
  • Muthuri, S. K., Wachira L-J. M., Leblanc, A. G., Francis, C. E., Sampson, M., Onywera, V. O. & Tremblay, M. S. (2014). Temporal trends and correlates of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and physical fitness among schoolaged children in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. IntJEnviron Res Public Health; 11(3): 3327–3359.
  • Nutbeam, D., Aar, L. & Catford, J. (1989). Understanding children’s health behaviour: the implications for health promotion for young people. Soc Sci Med; 29: 317–325.
  • Peters, J. C. (1998). Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science; 280:1371– 4 .
  • Rodrigues, D., Padez, C. & Machado-Rodrigues, A. M. (2018). Active parents, active children: The importance of parental organized physical activity in children’s extracurricular sport participation, Journal of Child Health Care, 22(1), 159–170
  • Sandercock, G. R. H., Lobelo, F., Correa-Bautista, J. E., Tovar, G., Cohen, D. D., Knies, G. & Velez, R. R. (2017). The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status, Family Income, and Measures of Muscular and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Colombian Schoolchildren. J Pediatr.; 185:81-87. e2.
  • Santos-Beneit, G. & Marrodán Serrano, M. D. (2020). Estamos en el camino correcto para reducir la obesidad infantil? Rev. Esp. Cardiol., 73, 277–279. [CrossRef]
  • Sherar, L. B., Muhajarine, N., Esliger, D. W. & Baxter-Jones, A. D. (2009). The relationship between girls’ (8-14 years) physical activity and maternal education. Ann Hum Biol.; 36:573-83.
  • Siri, W. E. (1956). The Gross Composition of the Body. Advances in Biological and Medical Physics, 239– 280. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-3110-5.50011-x
  • Slaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G., Boileau, R.A., Horswill, C.AR., Stillman, J., Van Loan, M.D. & Bemben, D.A. (1988). Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol; 60:709–723.
  • Tambalis, K. D & Labros S. S. (2021). Maternal Education Level but not Physical Activity in Pregnancy was Associated with Fitness and Fatness in Childhood, Journal of Physical Activity Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, 93-100
  • Wang, Y. & Lim, H. (2012). The global childhood obesity epidemic and the association between socio- economic status and childhood obesity. Int Rev Psychiatry. 24(3): 176-188.
  • World Health Organization. (1998). Obesity-preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization.

The Relationship of Maternal Education Level with Body Mass Index and Body Fat Percentage in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 132 - 142, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1191950

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to determine how the overweight/obesity of adolescents is related to the educational levels of mothers by taking into account the variables of body mass indices and body fat ratio. Data on maternal education level were obtained through self-report.

Methods: The research was carried out from 9 primary schools determined by the cluster method from the city of Turkey/Ankara, which were randomly selected and included in the research; (n=1290) 52,86% were male; (n=1150) A total of 2440 adolescent students, 47,14% of whom were female, participated voluntarily. Body mass index calculation and skinfold measurement were made. Assumption of normality Shapiro Wilk test and kurtosis skew value ±1,5 were taken into account, assumption of normality was met, t test was used to compare one-group mean, One-Way ANOVA (Posth Dec: Tukey HSD) was used to compare three or more group mean, and the relationship between continuous variables was evaluated by pearson correlation test. In the univariate analysis, significant variables were examined by linear regression analysis.

Results: While there was no significant relationship between maternal education level and body mass index of adolescent girls in the research group, it was observed that body fat percentages increased in those with skinfold thickness below and above 35 mm. In addition, decreases were observed in the body mass index of male adolescents as the educational level of the mothers in the study group increased. However, in adolescents with skinfold thickness over 35 mm; As maternal education level increases, body fat percentages also increase, and this effect was not found to be significant in those with skinfold thickness below 35 mm (p<0,05).

Conclusion: The data obtained show that the level of maternal education affects the likelihood of obesity in men and women with a skin thickness of more than 35mm. It is thought that the findings of our study will contribute to the determination of strategies to prevent overweight/obesity before adulthood.

Project Number

-

References

  • Abarca-Gómez, L., Abdeen, Z. A., Hamid, Z. A., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Acosta-Cazares, B., Acuin, C. & Cho, Y. et al. (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128· 9 million children, adolescents, and adults. The lancet, 390(10113), 2627-2642.
  • Ball, K., Verity J. Cleland, V. J., Timperio, A. F., Salmon, J. & Crawford, D. A. (2009). Socioeconomic Position and Children’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors: Longitudinal Findings from the CLAN Study, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6, 289-298.
  • Barsh, G. S., Farooqi, I. S., & O'rahilly, S. (2000). Genetics of body-weight regulation. Nature, 404(6778), 644-651.
  • Brožek, J. (1966). Body composition: models and estimation equations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 24(2), 239-246.
  • Butte, N. F., Puyau, M. R., Adolph, A. L., Vohra, F. A., & Zakeri, I. S. S. A. (2007). Physical activity in nonoverweight and overweight Hispanic children and adolescents. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(8), 1257-1266.
  • Cárdenas-Fuentes, G., Homs, C., Ramírez-Contreras, C., Juton, C., Casas-Esteve, R., Grau, M., Aguilar- Palacio, I., Fitó, M., Gomez, SF. & Schröder, H. (2021). Prospective Association of Maternal Educational Level with Child’s Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Diet Quality. Nutrients, 14(1), 160.
  • Chinn, S., Rona, R. J., Gulliford, M. C., & Hammond, J. (1992). Weight-for-height in children aged 4-12 years. A new index compared to the normalized body mass index. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 46(7), 489-500.
  • Choa, Y., Kang, J., Kim, K. & Song, J. (2009). The relationship between low maternal education level and children’s overweight in the Korean society, Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 3, 133-140.
  • Craig, L. C., McNeill, G., Macdiarmid, J. I., Masson, L. F., & Holmes, B. A. (2010). Dietary patterns of school-age children in Scotland: association with socio-economic indicators, physical activity and obesity. British Journal of Nutrition, 103(3), 319-334.
  • Dhana, K., Haines, J., Liu, G., Zhang, C., Wang, X., Field, A. E., Chavarro, J. E. & Sun Q. (2018). Association between maternal adherence to healthy lifestyle practices and risk of obesity in offspring: results from two prospective cohort studies of mother-child pairs in the United States. bmj, 362.
  • Ekelund, U., Neovius, M., Linne, Y., Brage, S., Wareham, N. J., & Rössner, S. (2005). Associations between physical activity and fat mass in adolescents: the Stockholm Weight Development Study1–3, Am J Clin Nutr; 81:355– 60.
  • Ferreira, I., Van Der Horst, K., Wendel‐Vos, W., Kremers, S., Van Lenthe, F. J., & Brug, J. (2007). Environmental correlates of physical activity in youth–a review and update. Obesity reviews, 8(2), 129-154.
  • Garrido-Miguel, M., Oliveira, A., Cavero-Redondo, I., Álvarez-Bueno, C., Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D.P., Soriano-Cano, A. & MartínezVizcaíno, V. (2019). Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among European Preschool Children: A Systematic Review and MetaRegression by Food Group Consumption. Nutrients, 11, 1698.
  • Gordon-Larsen, P., McMurray, R.G., & Popkin, B. M. (2000). Determinants of adolescent physical activity and inactivity patterns. Pediatrics 105: E83.
  • Gupta, N., Goel, K., Shah, P. & Misra, A. (2012) Childhood obesity in developing countries: epidemiology, determinants, and prevention. Endocr Rev. 33:48-70
  • Hall, D. M. B. & Cole, T. J. (2006). What use is the BMI? Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91(4), 283–286.
  • Hedley, A. A., Ogden, C. L., Johnson, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., Flegal, K. M. (2004) Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999—2002. JAMA, 291:2847-50.
  • Hesketh, K., Crawford, D., Salmon, J., Jackson, M. & Campbell, K. (2007) Associations between family circumstance and weight status of Australian children. Int J Pediatr Obes.; 2:86-96.
  • Ho, T. F. (1985). Eleventh Haridas memorial lecture. Childhood obesity in Singapore primary school children: epidemiological review and anthropometric evaluation. J Singapore Paediatr Soc; 27:5-40
  • Jiang, J., Rosenqvist. U., Wang, H., Greiner, T., Ma, Y. & Toschke, A. M. (2006). Risk factors for overweight in 2- to 6-year-old children in Beijing, China. Int J Pediatr Obes.; 1:103-8.
  • Kahn, J. A., Bin Huang, M. P. H., Gillman, M. W., S.M. Alison, S. M. E. Field, Sc.D. S. Bryn Austin, S.D., Colditz, G. A., M.D. & A. Lindsay Frazier, A. F. (2008). Patterns and Determinants of Physical Activity in U.S. Adolescents, Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 369–377
  • Kantomaa, M. T., Tammelin, T. H., Demakakos, P., Ebeling, H. E., & Taanila, A. M., (2010). Physical activity, emotional and behavioural problems, maternal education and self-reported educational performance of adolescents, Health Education Research Vol.25 no.2 Pages 368–379
  • Klein-Platat, C., Wagner, A., Haan, M. C., Arveiler, D., Schlienger. J. L. & Simon, C. (2003). Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of overweight in young French adolescents. Diabetes Metab Res Rev; 19:153– 8.
  • Koplan, J. P. & Dietz, W. H. (1999). Caloric imbalance and public health policy. JAMA; 282:1579-81.
  • Kristiansen, H., Júlíusson, P.B., Eide, G.E., Roelants, M., Bjerknes, R. (2013).TV Viewing and Obesity amongNorwegian Children: The Importance of Parental Education. Acta Paediatr., 102, 199–205. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  • Lobstein, T. J., James, W. P. & Cole, T. J. (2003). Increasing levels of excess weight among children in England. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord;27: 1136 – 8
  • Mackenzie, B. (2005). Performance Evaluation Tests, Electric Word plc 67-71 Goswell Road London EC1V 7EP
  • Marfell-Jones, M. J, Stewart, A. D. & De Ridder, J. H. (2006). International standards for anthropometric assessment. Potchefstroom, South Africa: International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.
  • Maric, D., Kvesic, I., Kujundzic, L. I., Bianco, A., Zenic, N., Separovic, V., Terzic, A., Versic, S., & Sekulic, D. (2020). Parental and Familial Factors Influencing Physical Activity Levels in Early Adolescence: A Prospective Study, Healthcare, 8, 532.
  • Mei, Z., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., Pietrobelli, A., Goulding, A., Goran, M. I. & Dietz, W. H. (2002). Validity of body mass index compared with other bodycomposition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr, 75:978-985.
  • Moreira, M. A., Cabral, P. C., Ferreira, H. S. & Lira, P. I. (2012). Overweight and associated factors in children from northeasten Brazil. J Pediatr (Rio J).; 88:347-52.
  • Muthuri, S. K., Wachira L-J. M., Leblanc, A. G., Francis, C. E., Sampson, M., Onywera, V. O. & Tremblay, M. S. (2014). Temporal trends and correlates of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and physical fitness among schoolaged children in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. IntJEnviron Res Public Health; 11(3): 3327–3359.
  • Nutbeam, D., Aar, L. & Catford, J. (1989). Understanding children’s health behaviour: the implications for health promotion for young people. Soc Sci Med; 29: 317–325.
  • Peters, J. C. (1998). Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science; 280:1371– 4 .
  • Rodrigues, D., Padez, C. & Machado-Rodrigues, A. M. (2018). Active parents, active children: The importance of parental organized physical activity in children’s extracurricular sport participation, Journal of Child Health Care, 22(1), 159–170
  • Sandercock, G. R. H., Lobelo, F., Correa-Bautista, J. E., Tovar, G., Cohen, D. D., Knies, G. & Velez, R. R. (2017). The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status, Family Income, and Measures of Muscular and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Colombian Schoolchildren. J Pediatr.; 185:81-87. e2.
  • Santos-Beneit, G. & Marrodán Serrano, M. D. (2020). Estamos en el camino correcto para reducir la obesidad infantil? Rev. Esp. Cardiol., 73, 277–279. [CrossRef]
  • Sherar, L. B., Muhajarine, N., Esliger, D. W. & Baxter-Jones, A. D. (2009). The relationship between girls’ (8-14 years) physical activity and maternal education. Ann Hum Biol.; 36:573-83.
  • Siri, W. E. (1956). The Gross Composition of the Body. Advances in Biological and Medical Physics, 239– 280. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-3110-5.50011-x
  • Slaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G., Boileau, R.A., Horswill, C.AR., Stillman, J., Van Loan, M.D. & Bemben, D.A. (1988). Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol; 60:709–723.
  • Tambalis, K. D & Labros S. S. (2021). Maternal Education Level but not Physical Activity in Pregnancy was Associated with Fitness and Fatness in Childhood, Journal of Physical Activity Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, 93-100
  • Wang, Y. & Lim, H. (2012). The global childhood obesity epidemic and the association between socio- economic status and childhood obesity. Int Rev Psychiatry. 24(3): 176-188.
  • World Health Organization. (1998). Obesity-preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section MOVEMENT and TRAINING SCIENCES
Authors

Numan Alpay 0000-0002-1137-7888

Project Number -
Publication Date December 15, 2022
Submission Date October 20, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 8 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Alpay, N. (2022). Ergenlerde Anne Eğitim Seviyesinin Vücut Kitle İndeksi ve Vücut Yağ Yüzdesi ile İlişkisi: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences - IJSETS, 8(4), 132-142. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1191950