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ATIKSU ARITMA ÇAMURUNUN İNŞAAT SEKTÖRÜNDE KULLANIMI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 211 - 217, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.62301/usmtd.1592727

Abstract

Kanalizasyon çamuru, atık su arıtma tesislerinde ayrıştırılan bir atık çeşididir. Bu atık malzeme düzgün bir şekilde bertaraf edilmezse insan sağlığına zarar verebilir. Atık su arıtma çamurunun inşaat sektöründe kullanımın araştırıldığı bu çalışmada, atık su arıtma çamurunun CO2 emisyonuna etkisi ve sürdürülebilirliğe olan katkısının irdelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, atık su arıtma çamurunun kalsinasyon süreci sonunda kül haline getirilmesi ile puzolanik özellik kazandığı ve çimento-beton üretiminde kısmen de olsa kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca atık su arıtma çamurunun çimento ve beton içerisinde değerlendirilmesiyle hem CO2 emisyonlarının düşürülmesine hem de sürdürülebilirliğe katkı sağlanmış olunacaktır.

References

  • B. Huang, Y. Chen, W. McDowall, S. Türkeli, R. Bleischwitz, Y. Geng, Embodied GHG emissions of building materials in Shanghai, J. Clean. Prod. 210 (2019) 777–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.11.030.
  • E. Benhelal, G. Zahedi, E. Shamsaei, A. Bahadori, Global strategies and potentials to curb CO2 emissions in cement industry, J. Clean. Prod. 51 (2013) 142–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2012.10.049.
  • Ö. Ersoy, M. Özbay, Marmara Bölgesinde Bulunan Organize Sanayi Bölgelerinin Atık Su Arıtma Tesislerinde Oluşan Arıtma Çamurlarının Enerji Kaynağı Olarak Kullanımının Değerlendirilmesi, 6 (2023) 64–81.
  • V. Pinarli, G. Kaymal, An innovative sludge disposal optionreuse of sludge ash by incorporation in construction materials, Environ. Technol. (United Kingdom). 15 (1994) 843–852. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593339409385491.
  • D.F. Lin, K.L. Lin, W.C. Chang, H.L. Luo, M.Q. Cai, Improvements of nano-SiO2 on sludge/fly ash mortar, Waste Manag. 28 (2008) 1081–1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.03.023.
  • S. Donatello, C.R. Cheeseman, Recycling and recovery routes for incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA): A review, Waste Manag. 33 (2013) 2328–2340.
  • S. Chakraborty, B.W. Jo, J.H. Jo, Z. Baloch, Effectiveness of sewage sludge ash combined with waste pozzolanic minerals in developing sustainable construction material: An alternative approach for waste management, J. Clean. Prod. 153 (2017) 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.059.
  • D. Vouk, D. Nakic, N. Stirmer, C. Cheeseman, Influence of combustion temperature on the performance of sewage sludge ash as a supplementary cementitious material, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 20 (2018) 1458–1467. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10163-018-0707-8.
  • M. Oliva, F. Vargas, M. Lopez, Designing the incineration process for improving the cementitious performance of sewage sludge ash in Portland and blended cement systems, J. Clean. Prod. 223 (2019) 1029–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2019.03.147.
  • B. Krejcirikova, L.M. Ottosen, G.M. Kirkelund, C. Rode, R. Peuhkuri, Characterization of sewage sludge ash and its effect on moisture physics of mortar, J. Build. Eng. 21 (2019) 396–403.
  • Y. fan Zhou, J. shan Li, J. xin Lu, C. Cheeseman, C.S. Poon, Recycling incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) as a cementitious binder by lime activation, J. Clean. Prod. 244 (2020).
  • X. Cong, S. Lu, Y. Gao, Y. Yao, M. Elchalakani, X. Shi, Effects of microwave, thermomechanical and chemical treatments of sewage sludge ash on its early-age behavior as supplementary cementitious material, J. Clean. Prod. 258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120647.
  • C. Gu, Y. Ji, Y. Zhang, Y. Yang, J. Liu, T. Ni, Recycling use of sulfate-rich sewage sludge ash (SR-SSA) in cement-based materials: Assessment on the basic properties, volume deformation and microstructure of SR-SSA blended cement pastes, J. Clean. Prod. 282 (2021) 124511. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.124511.
  • D. Pang, Y. Mao, Y. Jin, Z. Song, X. Wang, J. Li, W. Wang, Review on the use of sludge in cement kilns: Mechanism, technical, and environmental evaluation, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 172 (2023) 1072–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.03.004.
  • Y. Huang, Z. Chen, Y. Liu, J.X. Lu, Z. Bian, M. Yio, C. Cheeseman, F. Wang, C. Sun Poon, Recycling of waste glass and incinerated sewage sludge ash in glass-ceramics, Waste Manag. 174 (2024) 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WASMAN.2023.12.007.
  • Y. Alrefaei, H.A. Ali, J.C. Lao, J.G. Dai, C.S. Poon, Micro and macro properties of silico-aluminophosphate geopolymer: Role of incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA), Constr. Build. Mater. 416 (2024) 135231. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2024.135231.
  • D. Orhon, Evolution of the activated sludge process: The first 50 years, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 90 (2015) 608–640. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4565.
  • C.J. Lynn, R.K. Dhir, G.S. Ghataora, R.P. West, Sewage sludge ash characteristics and potential for use in concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 98 (2015) 767–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2015.08.122.
  • M.A. Tantawy, A.M. El-Roudi, E.M. Abdalla, M.A. Abdelzaher, Evaluation of the Pozzolanic Activity of Sewage Sludge Ash, ISRN Chem. Eng. 2012 (2012) 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/487037.
  • L. Wang, G. Skjevrak, J.E. Hustad, M.G. Grønli, Sintering characteristics of sewage sludge ashes at elevated temperatures, Fuel Process. Technol. 96 (2012) 88–97.
  • X. Zhou, X. Zhou, L. He, Y. Zhang, Effect of sewage sludge ash on mechanical properties, drying shrinkage and high-temperature resistance of cement mortar, Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 20 (2024) e03101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03101.
  • M.A. Mosaberpanah, S.B. Olabimtan, A.P. Balkis, B.O. Rabiu, B.O. Oluwole, C.S. Ajuonuma, Effect of Biochar and Sewage Sludge Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement in Cementitious Composites: Mechanical, and Durability Properties, Sustain. 16 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041522.
  • Y. Li, X. Guo, Coupling evaluation of carbon emissions and strength: Early carbonation curing of cement mortar containing incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA), Constr. Build. Mater. 427 (2024) 136278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136278.
  • Y. Zhou, P. Yu, H. Yang, S. Li, S. He, Pore structure and compressive strength of alkali activated mortar with sewage sludge ash (SSA) under optimal incineration conditions, Constr. Build. Mater. 433 (2024) 136745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136745.
  • F. Azarhomayun, M. Haji, M. Kioumarsi, A. Kheyroddin, Combined Use of Sewage Sludge Ash and Silica Fume in Concrete, Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 17 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-023-00593-5.
  • Y.L. Yaphary, S.F.Y. Li, Enhanced immobilization of metal pollutants in sewage sludge ash (SSA)-cement pastes by calcium chloride and nitrate: Experimental and DFT studies, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11 (2023) 110888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.110888.
  • S. Al Shanti, A. El-Dieb, M.A. Maraqa, Utilization of Sewage Sludge Ash in Self-Compacted Concrete, in: Int. Conf. Civil, Struct. Transp. Eng., 2021: pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.11159/iccste21.126.
  • M.A. Azed, D.S. Ing, Properties of concrete containing microwaved sewage sludge ash, J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 15 (2021) 8469–8479. https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.15.4.2021.01.0667.
  • M. Mejdi, M. Saillio, T. Chaussadent, L. Divet, A. Tagnit-Hamou, Hydration mechanisms of sewage sludge ashes used as cement replacement, Cem. Concr. Res. 135 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2020.106115.
  • M. Záleská, Z. Pavlík, M. Pavlíková, L. Scheinherrová, J. Pokorný, A. Trník, P. Svora, J. Fořt, O. Jankovský, Z. Suchorab, R. Černý, Biomass ash-based mineral admixture prepared from municipal sewage sludge and its application in cement composites, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy. 20 (2018) 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1465-3.
  • J.S. Li, M.Z. Guo, Q. Xue, C.S. Poon, Recycling of incinerated sewage sludge ash and cathode ray tube funnel glass in cement mortars, J. Clean. Prod. 152 (2017) 142–149.
  • W. Piasta, M. Lukawska, The Effect of Sewage Sludge Ash on Properties of Cement Composites, Procedia Eng. 161 (2016) 1018–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.842.
  • T.C. Mahutjane, L.N. Tchadjié, T.N. Sithole, The feasibility of utilizing sewage sludge as a source of aluminosilicate to synthesise geopolymer cement, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 25 (2023) 3314–3323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.116.
  • M. Cyr, M. Coutand, P. Clastres, Technological and environmental behavior of sewage sludge ash (SSA) in cement-based materials, Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (2007) 1278–1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2007.04.003.
  • M. Coutand, M. Cyr, P. Clastres, Use of sewage sludge ash as mineral admixture in mortars, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Constr. Mater. 159 (2006) 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1680/COMA.2006.159.4.153.
  • S. Saxena, A.R. Tembhurkar, Developing biotechnological technique for reuse of wastewater and steel slag in bio-concrete, J. Clean. Prod. 229 (2019) 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.363.
  • D. Nakic, Environmental evaluation of concrete with sewage sludge ash based on LCA, Sustain. Prod. Consum. 16 (2018) 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SPC.2018.08.003.

A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 211 - 217, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.62301/usmtd.1592727

Abstract

Sewage sludge is a type of waste generated during the wastewater treatment process. If not properly disposed of, this waste can pose a risk to human health. This study explores the use of wastewater treatment sludge in the construction sector, with a focus on evaluating its impact on CO2 emissions and its contribution to sustainability. The findings suggest that, following the calcination process, wastewater treatment sludge acquires pozzolanic properties, which enable its partial incorporation into cement and concrete production. Moreover, the incorporation of wastewater treatment sludge into cement and concrete will contribute to both the reduction of CO2 emissions and the promotion of sustainability.

References

  • B. Huang, Y. Chen, W. McDowall, S. Türkeli, R. Bleischwitz, Y. Geng, Embodied GHG emissions of building materials in Shanghai, J. Clean. Prod. 210 (2019) 777–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.11.030.
  • E. Benhelal, G. Zahedi, E. Shamsaei, A. Bahadori, Global strategies and potentials to curb CO2 emissions in cement industry, J. Clean. Prod. 51 (2013) 142–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2012.10.049.
  • Ö. Ersoy, M. Özbay, Marmara Bölgesinde Bulunan Organize Sanayi Bölgelerinin Atık Su Arıtma Tesislerinde Oluşan Arıtma Çamurlarının Enerji Kaynağı Olarak Kullanımının Değerlendirilmesi, 6 (2023) 64–81.
  • V. Pinarli, G. Kaymal, An innovative sludge disposal optionreuse of sludge ash by incorporation in construction materials, Environ. Technol. (United Kingdom). 15 (1994) 843–852. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593339409385491.
  • D.F. Lin, K.L. Lin, W.C. Chang, H.L. Luo, M.Q. Cai, Improvements of nano-SiO2 on sludge/fly ash mortar, Waste Manag. 28 (2008) 1081–1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.03.023.
  • S. Donatello, C.R. Cheeseman, Recycling and recovery routes for incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA): A review, Waste Manag. 33 (2013) 2328–2340.
  • S. Chakraborty, B.W. Jo, J.H. Jo, Z. Baloch, Effectiveness of sewage sludge ash combined with waste pozzolanic minerals in developing sustainable construction material: An alternative approach for waste management, J. Clean. Prod. 153 (2017) 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.059.
  • D. Vouk, D. Nakic, N. Stirmer, C. Cheeseman, Influence of combustion temperature on the performance of sewage sludge ash as a supplementary cementitious material, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 20 (2018) 1458–1467. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10163-018-0707-8.
  • M. Oliva, F. Vargas, M. Lopez, Designing the incineration process for improving the cementitious performance of sewage sludge ash in Portland and blended cement systems, J. Clean. Prod. 223 (2019) 1029–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2019.03.147.
  • B. Krejcirikova, L.M. Ottosen, G.M. Kirkelund, C. Rode, R. Peuhkuri, Characterization of sewage sludge ash and its effect on moisture physics of mortar, J. Build. Eng. 21 (2019) 396–403.
  • Y. fan Zhou, J. shan Li, J. xin Lu, C. Cheeseman, C.S. Poon, Recycling incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) as a cementitious binder by lime activation, J. Clean. Prod. 244 (2020).
  • X. Cong, S. Lu, Y. Gao, Y. Yao, M. Elchalakani, X. Shi, Effects of microwave, thermomechanical and chemical treatments of sewage sludge ash on its early-age behavior as supplementary cementitious material, J. Clean. Prod. 258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120647.
  • C. Gu, Y. Ji, Y. Zhang, Y. Yang, J. Liu, T. Ni, Recycling use of sulfate-rich sewage sludge ash (SR-SSA) in cement-based materials: Assessment on the basic properties, volume deformation and microstructure of SR-SSA blended cement pastes, J. Clean. Prod. 282 (2021) 124511. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.124511.
  • D. Pang, Y. Mao, Y. Jin, Z. Song, X. Wang, J. Li, W. Wang, Review on the use of sludge in cement kilns: Mechanism, technical, and environmental evaluation, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 172 (2023) 1072–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.03.004.
  • Y. Huang, Z. Chen, Y. Liu, J.X. Lu, Z. Bian, M. Yio, C. Cheeseman, F. Wang, C. Sun Poon, Recycling of waste glass and incinerated sewage sludge ash in glass-ceramics, Waste Manag. 174 (2024) 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WASMAN.2023.12.007.
  • Y. Alrefaei, H.A. Ali, J.C. Lao, J.G. Dai, C.S. Poon, Micro and macro properties of silico-aluminophosphate geopolymer: Role of incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA), Constr. Build. Mater. 416 (2024) 135231. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2024.135231.
  • D. Orhon, Evolution of the activated sludge process: The first 50 years, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 90 (2015) 608–640. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4565.
  • C.J. Lynn, R.K. Dhir, G.S. Ghataora, R.P. West, Sewage sludge ash characteristics and potential for use in concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 98 (2015) 767–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2015.08.122.
  • M.A. Tantawy, A.M. El-Roudi, E.M. Abdalla, M.A. Abdelzaher, Evaluation of the Pozzolanic Activity of Sewage Sludge Ash, ISRN Chem. Eng. 2012 (2012) 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/487037.
  • L. Wang, G. Skjevrak, J.E. Hustad, M.G. Grønli, Sintering characteristics of sewage sludge ashes at elevated temperatures, Fuel Process. Technol. 96 (2012) 88–97.
  • X. Zhou, X. Zhou, L. He, Y. Zhang, Effect of sewage sludge ash on mechanical properties, drying shrinkage and high-temperature resistance of cement mortar, Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 20 (2024) e03101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03101.
  • M.A. Mosaberpanah, S.B. Olabimtan, A.P. Balkis, B.O. Rabiu, B.O. Oluwole, C.S. Ajuonuma, Effect of Biochar and Sewage Sludge Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement in Cementitious Composites: Mechanical, and Durability Properties, Sustain. 16 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041522.
  • Y. Li, X. Guo, Coupling evaluation of carbon emissions and strength: Early carbonation curing of cement mortar containing incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA), Constr. Build. Mater. 427 (2024) 136278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136278.
  • Y. Zhou, P. Yu, H. Yang, S. Li, S. He, Pore structure and compressive strength of alkali activated mortar with sewage sludge ash (SSA) under optimal incineration conditions, Constr. Build. Mater. 433 (2024) 136745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136745.
  • F. Azarhomayun, M. Haji, M. Kioumarsi, A. Kheyroddin, Combined Use of Sewage Sludge Ash and Silica Fume in Concrete, Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 17 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-023-00593-5.
  • Y.L. Yaphary, S.F.Y. Li, Enhanced immobilization of metal pollutants in sewage sludge ash (SSA)-cement pastes by calcium chloride and nitrate: Experimental and DFT studies, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11 (2023) 110888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.110888.
  • S. Al Shanti, A. El-Dieb, M.A. Maraqa, Utilization of Sewage Sludge Ash in Self-Compacted Concrete, in: Int. Conf. Civil, Struct. Transp. Eng., 2021: pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.11159/iccste21.126.
  • M.A. Azed, D.S. Ing, Properties of concrete containing microwaved sewage sludge ash, J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 15 (2021) 8469–8479. https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.15.4.2021.01.0667.
  • M. Mejdi, M. Saillio, T. Chaussadent, L. Divet, A. Tagnit-Hamou, Hydration mechanisms of sewage sludge ashes used as cement replacement, Cem. Concr. Res. 135 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2020.106115.
  • M. Záleská, Z. Pavlík, M. Pavlíková, L. Scheinherrová, J. Pokorný, A. Trník, P. Svora, J. Fořt, O. Jankovský, Z. Suchorab, R. Černý, Biomass ash-based mineral admixture prepared from municipal sewage sludge and its application in cement composites, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy. 20 (2018) 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1465-3.
  • J.S. Li, M.Z. Guo, Q. Xue, C.S. Poon, Recycling of incinerated sewage sludge ash and cathode ray tube funnel glass in cement mortars, J. Clean. Prod. 152 (2017) 142–149.
  • W. Piasta, M. Lukawska, The Effect of Sewage Sludge Ash on Properties of Cement Composites, Procedia Eng. 161 (2016) 1018–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.842.
  • T.C. Mahutjane, L.N. Tchadjié, T.N. Sithole, The feasibility of utilizing sewage sludge as a source of aluminosilicate to synthesise geopolymer cement, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 25 (2023) 3314–3323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.116.
  • M. Cyr, M. Coutand, P. Clastres, Technological and environmental behavior of sewage sludge ash (SSA) in cement-based materials, Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (2007) 1278–1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2007.04.003.
  • M. Coutand, M. Cyr, P. Clastres, Use of sewage sludge ash as mineral admixture in mortars, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Constr. Mater. 159 (2006) 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1680/COMA.2006.159.4.153.
  • S. Saxena, A.R. Tembhurkar, Developing biotechnological technique for reuse of wastewater and steel slag in bio-concrete, J. Clean. Prod. 229 (2019) 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.363.
  • D. Nakic, Environmental evaluation of concrete with sewage sludge ash based on LCA, Sustain. Prod. Consum. 16 (2018) 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SPC.2018.08.003.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Construction Materials
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yusuf Tahir Altuncı 0000-0002-5418-7742

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date November 28, 2024
Acceptance Date December 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Altuncı, Y. T. (2024). A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR. Uluslararası Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8(2), 211-217. https://doi.org/10.62301/usmtd.1592727
AMA Altuncı YT. A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR. Uluslararası Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik ve Teknoloji Dergisi. December 2024;8(2):211-217. doi:10.62301/usmtd.1592727
Chicago Altuncı, Yusuf Tahir. “A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR”. Uluslararası Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik Ve Teknoloji Dergisi 8, no. 2 (December 2024): 211-17. https://doi.org/10.62301/usmtd.1592727.
EndNote Altuncı YT (December 1, 2024) A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR. Uluslararası Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik ve Teknoloji Dergisi 8 2 211–217.
IEEE Y. T. Altuncı, “A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR”, Uluslararası Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik ve Teknoloji Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 211–217, 2024, doi: 10.62301/usmtd.1592727.
ISNAD Altuncı, Yusuf Tahir. “A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR”. Uluslararası Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik ve Teknoloji Dergisi 8/2 (December 2024), 211-217. https://doi.org/10.62301/usmtd.1592727.
JAMA Altuncı YT. A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR. Uluslararası Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2024;8:211–217.
MLA Altuncı, Yusuf Tahir. “A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR”. Uluslararası Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 2, 2024, pp. 211-7, doi:10.62301/usmtd.1592727.
Vancouver Altuncı YT. A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR. Uluslararası Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2024;8(2):211-7.